小兴安岭天然针阔混交林择伐后土壤呼吸动态变化

采用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统,针对小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场不同择伐强度的针阔混交林样地,测定林地生长季土壤呼吸速率以及10cm土深处的温度和湿度,探讨生长季土壤呼吸的日变化、季节变化和年通量。结果表明：土壤呼吸日变化动态与土壤温度日变化动态基本一致,呈明显的单峰曲线。采伐强度不同间接影响着土壤呼吸速率。研究表明：针阔混交林土壤呼吸速率均值在0．6—8．2μml·m^-2·s^-1之间,高于同纬度其他地区;雨季（6月、7月、8月、9月）土壤呼吸明显大于旱季（5月、10月、11月）;针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸不同月份通量值在1．68～18．82mol·m^-2之间,最大值和最小值分别出现在7月和11月。与北半球温带森林生态系统土壤呼吸变化趋势基本一致。2006年针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸通量为84．37mol·m^-2,与朝鲜半岛硬阔混交林土壤呼吸相似,但比一些热带地区的结果偏大。     

火干扰对土壤呼吸的影响及测定方法研究进展

林火是森林生态系统的重要干扰因子,是导致土壤碳储量发生变化的重要因子。火干扰所排放的含碳气体对物质循环、能量流动和信息传递具有重要影响,进而影响森林生态系统的碳平衡以及气候变化。土壤作为巨大的陆地生态系统储碳库,其与大气碳交换的方式主要是通过土壤呼吸,由于土壤的碳储量巨大,土壤碳库的微小变化都会引起大气CO2浓度的巨大改变,从而影响森林生态系统碳平衡。阐述土壤呼吸的各种测量方法,并对比各种测定方法;火干扰对森林生态系统土壤呼吸速率的影响及其测定方法;火干扰对土壤呼吸环境的影响。最后提出今后在火干扰对土壤呼吸研究中应关注的问题,同时对火干扰与森林生态系统土壤呼吸的研究方向进行展望。     

森林冠层叶片氮浓度高光谱遥感反演研究进展

氮素是植物生命活动所需的重要营养元素,在森林植被的光合作用和生态系统固碳方面起着关键作用。因此,理解森林叶片氮浓度在叶片和冠层（遥感像元）尺度上的高光谱特征,是开展森林冠层叶片氮浓度（CNC）遥感反演、优化森林碳循环模拟、应对气候变化的重要基础工作。当前,森林CNC的光谱特征提取受到冠层结构因素的影响,其高光谱遥感反演的理论亦不明确。文中通过梳理国内外大量植被叶氮高光谱反演的代表性研究成果,以时间为轴线从叶片和冠层2个尺度上进行文献综述,详细阐述当前国内外森林叶氮浓度高光谱遥感反演的主要方法、研究热点和面临的问题,并对近年来学界关于森林冠层结构在冠层叶片氮浓度遥感反演中的影响进行综述,并展望森林冠层叶氮浓度高光谱遥感反演的发展方向。     

火烧强度对苏南地区植被土壤呼吸的影响研究

林火是森林生态系统碳循环的重要影响因子。火干扰引起的土壤碳通量变化会直接影响森林生态系统的碳循环过程。以苏州市光福镇潭山2016年森林火灾后的火烧迹地为研究区域,对不同强度(轻度、中度)火烧迹地和未过火区域(对照)的土壤呼吸速率进行测定。结果表明,火干扰导致该地区一年后土壤呼吸速率显著升高,且中度火烧轻度火烧未过火;轻度、中度火烧迹地和对照样地土壤呼吸速率的数值分别为(3.43±0.15)μmol CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1)、(3.84±0.28)μmol CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1)、(3.02±0.26)μmol CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1)。通过进一步对土壤温湿度测定表明,火烧后土壤温度和土壤含水率对土壤呼吸速率的影响均为正相关且前者影响更为显著。研究结果对苏南地区火干扰后森林生态系统碳循环变化的研究具有重要意义。     

黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤呼吸的季节动态

[目的]分离并量化土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸,探讨各自贡献率及其随季节变化的动态特征。[方法]采用壕沟法和气体红外分析法,研究黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率的季节动态变化、贡献率和环境影响因子。[结果]表明:栓皮栎人工林总土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸均呈夏季速率高、冬季速率低。栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸及异养呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著指数相关,温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值大小为自养呼吸(3.40)异养呼吸(2.90)土壤总呼吸(2.45);栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸、异养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤体积含水量均显著线性相关;土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤电导率显著相关。土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的温度敏感系数Q_(10)值均在冬季最大,夏秋季最小;而自养呼吸的Q_(10)值则呈相反的变化趋势。栓皮栎人工林自养呼吸和异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的月贡献率为13.23%37.33%和62.67%86.76%,且自养呼吸的贡献率与土壤温度的季节变化规律相似。土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸与自养呼吸的CO2年通量分别为1 616.41、1 199.39、417.02 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。[结论]经过区分与定量化土壤总呼吸及其组分,确定异养呼吸为本研究区栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸的主要组分,作用于异养呼吸的生物与非生物因子均能显著影响整个森林生态系统表层CO_2总排放通量的大小,进一步为该研究区森林生态系统碳循环与能量流动的进一步量化研究提供参考。     

北美地区温带针阔叶混交林5个常绿树种叶片呼吸特性

【目的】探讨不同树种叶片的呼吸作用特性及其影响因素,通过呼吸作用的差异量化叶片碳通量估计的影响,以期揭示不同树种叶片呼吸作用的差异以及光对暗呼吸产生的抑制作用。【方法】选取北美地区温带针阔混交林中的尖叶扁柏、刚松、脂松、乔松和铁杉5个常绿树种叶片为试验材料,测量叶片的光响应CO_2响应和呼吸温度响应曲线及叶片结构和生化指标;采用线性回归分析叶片呼吸特性同结构、生化及生理指标间的关系,并运用气孔-光合作用耦合模型和测量得到的参数模拟试验期间叶片碳同化速率。【结果】1)不同树种间叶片比叶面积(SLA)和单位面积氮含量(N_(area))呈显著差异,但单位质量氮含量(N_(mass))差异不显著。叶片单位面积呼吸速率(R_(area))呈现明显种间差异,但同样受到叶片结构性状的调控;2)叶片呼吸同叶片氮含量、净碳同化速率(A)以及SLA间存在显著正相关关系;3)光对5个树种叶片暗呼吸作用均表现出一定的抑制作用,光下线粒体呼吸速率(R_L)同暗呼吸速率(R_n)的比值在0.39~0.90之间。R_L/R_n同Rubisco酶的最大氧化速率(v_(o1500))和最大羧化速率(v_(c1500))均呈显著正相关。此外R_L还和R_n之间具有较强的相关性;4)物种间呼吸作用的Q_(10)为1.44~2.24,不同树种间呼吸作用的总活化能(E_0)虽有差异,但变化幅度较小;5)使用固定的Q_(10)(2.0)并假定R_L=R_n对5个树种叶片碳同化量的模拟均造成一定影响,但影响的方向和大小在物种间各不相同。而此种简化对叶片碳同化量之和造成的影响较小。【结论】不同树种的呼吸生理特性存在种间差异。呼吸速率的种间差异不仅和叶片氮含量有关,同时还和叶片结构形状关系密切。光对暗呼吸的抑制作用受到Rubisco酶羧化和氧化的调控,反映出叶片光合生理和呼吸生理的内在联系。忽视叶片呼吸特性的种间差异及光对暗呼吸的抑制作用将可能导致错误的估计叶片的碳通量,此类误差将会在冠层、生态系统及全球尺度上增大。     

模拟计划火烧对哈尔滨城市林业示范基地典型林型土壤呼吸的影响

火干扰是森林生态系统重要的干扰因素之一,尤其在北方森林生态系统中火干扰的作用更为明显。但是关于火干扰到底如何影响北方森林生态系统的土壤呼吸,以及计划火烧开展对土壤呼吸的影响程度目前研究非常有限,相关科学问题尚不能给出准确答案。因此,本文选择哈尔滨城市林业示范基地的典型3种森林类型白桦林、兴安落叶松林和蒙古栎林,通过小范围控制火烧试验采用LI6400测定火后不同时间(5~9月份)的土壤呼吸,研究计划火烧对3种林型土壤呼吸通量的影响。结果表明,在火后5~9月份中,3种林型火后样地与对照样地相比,白桦林土壤呼吸速率上升了10%,蒙古栎土壤呼吸速率下降了30%,落叶松土壤呼吸速率上升了14%。白桦林、蒙古栎林、落叶松林对照样地与火烧样地的Rc值均呈现出显著的动态变化,但并无一定规律,3种林型中白桦林火后短期内Rc的变化规律并不显著,而蒙古栎林与落叶松林火后短期内Rc的变化规律非常明显,蒙古栎林的Rc值的变化显著降低为34.98%,而落叶松林的Rc值变化却显著升高为13.77%。因为本次小范围计划控制火烧试验对环境温度改变最大,因此研究结果表明本次试验控制土壤呼吸的因素中,温度占主导地位。     

长白山红松阔叶林的净碳交换变化及基于时间卷积神经网络的模拟

【目的】分析长白山红松阔叶林净生态系统碳交换量（NEE）的季节性差异及其气象因子响应,在月尺度下揭示气象因子对NEE的动态影响,为调节研究地区的碳收支提供理论指导。同时研究时间卷积神经网络在森林生态系统净碳交换模拟中的应用,探索NEE模拟的新方法。【方法】基于长白山温带红松阔叶林通量观测站2007—2010年间的30 min观测数据,分析NEE和输入模型的5种气象因子的季节性差异,并分析5种气象因子与NEE的相关性。使用随机森林模型,计算影响NEE的各因子重要性得分,选择得分较高的5种气象因子：潜热通量、显热通量、冠层上方空气湿度、冠层上方水汽压和净辐射作为NEE模拟的输入;分别构建基于时间卷积神经网络（TCN）、长短期记忆网络（LSTM）、人工神经网络（ANN）、支持向量回归（SVR）和极限学习机（ELM）的5种NEE模型,采用决定系数（R²）、平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）评价模型的预测精度和稳定性。【结果】长白山温带红松阔叶林通量观测站NEE全年总量为-74.777 3 gCO₂·m^-2a^...     

暖温带山地天然次生林演替序列根系呼吸速率对林地增温的响应

【目的】通过增温对比试验观测天然次生林演替序列森林内不同层次植物根系呼吸速率生长季的变化,揭示森林演替和模拟增温及其交互作用对根系呼吸速率的影响,为森林更新过程中土壤碳循环对气候变暖响应机制的研究提供数据支持。【方法】以关帝山4种天然次生林(杨桦林、油松林、华北落叶松林和白杄林)为对象,采用野外定点对比试验,以林下地面搭建温室模拟林地增温和用去根试验结合差减法区分根系呼吸组分。于2016—2019年利用Li-6400便携式分析仪观测根系呼吸速率。【结果】增温提高了4种林型细根生物量和根系总呼吸(土壤自养呼吸)的生长季碳通量;增温显著提高了灌木层和草本层根系呼吸速率,提高幅度分别为8.37%～15.26%和10.88%～14.00%,降低了根系呼吸速率的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)。但增温没有改变根系呼吸的生长季单极值变化特征。各林分细根生物量和根系呼吸速率均随演替进程而降低,而根系呼吸速率Q₁₀的值则升高。【结论】灌木和草本层根系呼吸速率对增温和演替及其交互作用的响应程度显著,而乔木层根系呼吸速率对增温和增温与演替的交互作用响应程度不显著。随林地温度...     

黑河森林生态站林内外主要气象因子月变化规律研究

目的:本研究在黑龙江黑河森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站五大连池风景区分站(以下简称景区分站)采用连续长期定位观测的方法测定蒙古栎林内、林外气象因子动态变化分析其差异特征,旨在揭示森林内小气候的月变化规律及森林对小气候的影响。方法:选取2018年1月、5月、8月和11月四个月份的观测数据,分别从温度、湿度、太阳辐射、风速等主要气象因子来探讨森林小气候的月变化规律。结果:(1)林内、林外月均气温变化趋势基本一致,林外温度月均值均高于林内,8月温度最高,1月温度最低;(2)林内外月均湿度变化趋势基本一致,林内湿度月均值均高于林外,8月湿度最高,5月湿度最低;(3)林外太阳辐射强度月均值始终高于林内,5月太阳辐射最高,1月太阳辐射最低;(4)林外风速月均值远高于林内,5月风速最高,1月风速最低。森林可以通过调节小气候具有优化环境的多重功能。结论:由于森林树冠对太阳辐射的吸收可以显著降低林内温度。太阳辐射穿透树木冠层进入林内,冠层的枝条和叶片对太阳辐射都有一定程度的阻挡,使得林内太阳辐射明显低于林外。森林树冠对风能够起到显著的阻挡作用,从而使得林外风速明显高于林内。而森林林冠层对地面进行覆盖,使林内比林外保持了较高的湿度,因而林内湿度又显著高于林外。     

Flux partitioning in an old-growth forest: seasonal and interannual dynamics

Turbulent fluxes of carbon, water and energy were measured at the Wind River Canopy Crane, Washington, USA from 1999 to 2004 with eddy-covariance instrumentation above (67 m) and below (2.5 m) the forest canopy. Here we present the decomposition of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) into gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R(eco)) and tree canopy net CO(2) exchange (DeltaC) for an old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forest. Significant amounts of carbon were recycled within the canopy because carbon flux measured at the below-canopy level was always upward. Maximum fluxes reached 4-6 micromol m(-2) s(-1) of CO(2) into the canopy air space during the summer months, often equaling the net downward fluxes measured at the above-canopy level. Ecosystem respiration rates deviated from the expected exponential relationship with temperature during the summer months. An empirical ecosystem stress term was derived from soil water content and understory flux data and was added to the R(eco) model to account for attenuated respiration during the summer drought. This attenuation term was not needed in 1999, a wet La Ni?a year. Years in which climate approximated the historical mean, were within the normal range in both NEE and R(eco), but enhanced or suppressed R(eco) had a significant influence on the carbon balance of the entire stand. In years with low respiration the forest acts as a strong carbon sink (-217 g C m(-2) year(-1)), whereas years in which respiration is high can turn the ecosystem into a weak to moderate carbon source (+100 g C m(-2) year(-1)).     

基于Prospect,Liberty和Geosail模型的森林叶面积指数的反演

针对传统的统计模型方法反演叶面积指数(LAI)具有不稳定、区域不统一性的缺点,本研究从物理机制角度出发,以Prospect,Liberty和Geosail模型为基础,建立查找表从TM影像上反演LAI,并与TRAC实测的LAI比较。结果表明:基于机制模型与查找表的方法反演的LAI与实测的LAI有较好的一致性,实测精度达到83.7%。     

Differences between coarse woody debris and leaf litter in the response of heterotrophic respiration to rainfall events

Heterotrophic respiration strongly influences carbon cycles at the ecosystem and global scales. We used an automated chamber system to measure the heterotrophic respiration of coarse woody debris (CWD) and leaf litter in a secondary broadleaved forest in southern Kyoto Prefecture. This system, which targeted only organic matter, could detect heterotrophic respiration responses to changes in environmental factors, especially rainfall events. The temporal trends and responses of respiration to environmental factors differed dramatically between CWD and leaf litter. CWD respiration showed a clear diurnal change corresponding to changes in CWD temperature and a clear decrease during rainfall events. Leaf litter respiration did not change clearly but increased at the beginning of rain events and returned to pre-rain rates when soil water content declined. The temporal patterns of the residuals between the observed respiration and baseline respiration, developed from the temperature?Cresponse curves under pre-rain conditions, differed between CWD and leaf litter respiration. The typical trend in CWD respiration response to rainfall events was a clear decrease and then gradual increase in the residuals after the event. The response of leaf litter respiration to wetting was an increase in the residuals during rainfall events and then a gradual decrease during drying. The difference in the responses of these respirations to wetting and drying processes are likely caused by differences in the physical characteristics of the CWD and the leaf litter layer. Measurements targeting only organic matter using an automated chamber system could detect the responses of heterotrophic respiration to environmental factors.     

阿克苏市灰枣园净生态系统碳交换特征及其对气象因子的响应

为了解枣园与大气之间净生态系统碳交换(NEE)特征,运用涡度相关系统、小型自动气象站及HemiView冠层分析系统分别对2017年阿克苏市郊区灰枣园CO2通量、气象因子及叶面积指数进行观测,研究了枣园NEE变化特征、NEE和叶面积指数及气象因子之间的日动态相关性。结果表明:NEE日动态为“U”形曲线。白天NEE为负值,表现为碳吸收,夜间NEE为正值,表现为碳排放。枣园各生育期的晴天与阴天NEE变化特征基本一致。枣园各生育期按照NEE及阶段NEE强度由高到低排序依次为果实发育期、果实成熟期、花期、萌芽期。枣园全生育期叶面积指数和气象因子按照与枣园NEE的相关性由高到低排序依次为叶面积指数、相对湿度、空气温度、光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差。果实发育期碳交换速率和NEE最大,因此在枣树果实发育期应保证水分和无机盐的供应,对枣园NEE影响最大的因素是叶面积指数。     

Component carbon fluxes and their contribution to ecosystem carbon exchange in a pine forest: an assessment based on eddy covariance measurements and an integrated model

We used a combination of eddy flux, canopy, soil and environmental measurements with an integrated biophysical model to analyze the seasonality of component carbon (C) fluxes and their contribution to ecosystem C exchange in a 50-year-old Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) in eastern Finland (62 degrees 47' N, 30 degrees 58' E) over three climatically contrasting years (2000-2002). Eddy flux measurements showed that the growing Scots pine forest was a sink for CO2, with annual net C uptakes of 131, 210 and 258 g C m-2> year-1 in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively. The integrated process model reproduced the annual course of daily C flux above the forest canopy as measured by the eddy covariance method once the site-specific component parameters were estimated. The model explained 72, 66 and 68% of the variation in daily net C flux in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively. Modeled annual C loss by respiration was 565, 629 and 640 g C m-2 year-1, accounting for 77, 77 and 65% of annual gross C uptake, respectively. Carbon fluxes from the forest floor were the dominant contributors to forest ecosystem respiration, with the fractions of annual respiration from the forest floor, foliage and wood being 46-62, 27-44 and 9-10%, respectively. The wide range in daily net C uptake during the growing season was largely attributable to day-to-day fluctuations in incident quantum irradiance. During just a few days in early spring and late autumn, ecosystem net C exchange varied between source and sink as a result of large daily changes in temperature. The forest showed a greater reduction in gross C uptake by photosynthesis than in C loss by respiration during the dry summer of 2000, indicating that interannual variability in ecosystem net C uptake at this site was modified mostly by summer rainfall and vapor pressure deficit.     

Ecosystem-scale biosphere-atmosphere interactions of a hemiboreal mixed forest stand at Järvselja, Estonia

During two measurement campaigns, from August to September 2008 and 2009, we quantified the major ecosystem fluxes in a hemiboreal forest ecosystem in Järvselja, Estonia. The main aim of this study was to separate the ecosystem flux components and gain insight into the performance of a multi-species multi-layered tree stand. Carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance method above and below the canopy in conjunction with the microclimate. Leaf and soil contributions were quantified separately by cuvette and chamber measurements, including fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and biogenic volatile organic compounds (isoprene and monoterpenes). The latter have been as well characterized for monoterpenes in detail. Based on measured atmospheric trace gas concentrations, the flux tower site can be characterized as remote and rural with low anthropogenic disturbances.Our results presented here encourage future experimental efforts to be directed towards year round integrated biosphere-atmosphere measurements and development of process-oriented models of forest-atmosphere exchange taking the special case of a multi-layered and multi-species tree stand into account. As climate change likely leads to spatial extension of hemiboreal forest ecosystems a deep understanding of the processes and interactions therein is needed to foster management and mitigation strategies.     

Soil CO2 efflux in an Afromontane forest of Ethiopia as driven by seasonality and tree species

Variability of soil CO₂ efflux strongly depends on soil temperature, soil moisture and plant phenology. Separating the effects of these factors is critical to understand the belowground carbon dynamics of forest ecosystem. In Ethiopia with its unreliable seasonal rainfall, variability of soil CO₂ efflux may be particularly associated with seasonal variation. In this study, soil respiration was measured in nine plots under the canopies of three indigenous trees (Croton macrostachys, Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus africana) growing in an Afromontane forest of south-eastern Ethiopia. Our objectives were to investigate seasonal and diurnal variation in soil CO₂ flux rate as a function of soil temperature and soil moisture, and to investigate the impact of tree species composition on soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed strong seasonal patterns, being lower during dry periods and higher during wet periods. The dependence of soil respiration on soil moisture under the three tree species explained about 50% of the seasonal variability. The relation followed a Gaussian function, and indicated a decrease in soil respiration at soil volumetric water contents exceeding a threshold of about 30%. Under more moist conditions soil respiration is tentatively limited by low oxygen supply. On a diurnal basis temperature dependency was observed, but not during dry periods when plant and soil microbial activities were restrained by moisture deficiency. Tree species influenced soil respiration, and there was a significant interaction effect of tree species and soil moisture on soil CO₂ efflux variability. During wet (and cloudy) period, when shade tolerant late successional P. falcatus is having a physiological advantage, soil respiration under this tree species exceeded that under the other two species. In contrast, soil CO₂ efflux rates under light demanding pioneer C. macrostachys appeared to be least sensitive to dry (but sunny) conditions. This is probably related to the relatively higher carbon assimilation rates and associated root respiration. We conclude that besides the anticipated changes in precipitation pattern in Ethiopia any anthropogenic disturbance fostering the pioneer species may alter the future ecosystem carbon balance by its impact on soil respiration.     

Photosynthetic capacity in a central Amazonian rain forest

The vertical profile in leaf photosynthetic capacity was investigated in a terra firme rain forest in central Amazonia. Measurements of photosynthesis were made on leaves at five levels in the canopy, and a model was fitted to describe photosynthetic capacity for each level. In addition, vertical profiles of photosynthetic photon flux density, leaf nitrogen concentration and specific leaf area were measured. The derived parameters for maximum rate of electron transport (J(max)) and maximum rate of carboxylation by Rubisco (V(cmax)) increased significantly with canopy height (P < 0.05). The highest J(max) for a single canopy level was measured at the penultimate canopy level (20 m) and was 103.9 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1) +/- 24.2 (SE). The highest V(cmax) per canopy height was recorded at the top canopy level (24 m) and was 42.8 +/- 5.9 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1). Values of J(max) and V(cmax) at ground level were 35.8 +/- 3.3 and 20.5 +/- 1.3 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1), espectively. The increase in photosynthetic capacity with increasing canopy height was strongly correlated with leaf nitrogen concentration when examined on a leaf area basis, but was only weakly correlated on a mass basis. The correlation on an area basis can be largely explained by the concomitant decrease in specific leaf area with increasing height. Apparent daytime leaf respiration, on an area basis, also increased significantly with canopy height (P < 0.05). We conclude that canopy photosynthetic capacity can be represented as an average vertical profile, perturbations of which may be explained by variations in the environmental variables driving photosynthesis.     

林冠结构、辐射传输与冠层光合作用研究综述

林冠内辐射的分布常用泊松分布、二项分布等来描述,主要取决于叶片的空间散布和状态。冠形与辐射分布和冠层光合作用密切相关,影响程度与地理纬度、太阳高度、林分密度等有关。叶片方位角为随机分布通常是合理的假设。叶倾角分布对叶片尺度的辐射吸收和光合作用是十分重要的,但在冠层尺度上的影响则小得多,并与其它冠层结构因素有关。由于叶倾角的测定十分困难,因而球面和椭球面叶倾角分布是常用的假设。不同的树冠分布方式及在