弹性蛋白酶基因的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

本研究以一株产弹性蛋白酶的铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA为模板,经PCR扩增得到的弹性蛋白基因,与GenBank中的序列对比发现同源性为99%。将弹性蛋白酶基因连入到表达载体pPIC3.5K中,经过酶切和测序鉴定证实弹性蛋白酶基因已插入到载体启动子下游,成功构建了质粒pPIC3.5K/PAE。将pPIC3.5K/PAE线性化,通过电转化将目的基因转入毕赤酵母KM71中,利用MD培养基筛选到近400个转化子,再经G418抗性的筛选,获得48株含高拷贝的重组毕赤酵母转化子并用PCR和弹性蛋白平板验证。经过甲醇诱导表达得到高表达的重组酵母菌株,酶活为1060U/mL是出发菌株的26倍。本研究成功克隆到铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶基因,为实现活性弹性蛋白酶的高效表达奠定了基础。     

家蚕肠道产蛋白酶菌株的分离与鉴定及其发酵条件

为探明家蚕肠道中产蛋白酶细菌的种类分布及其作用效果,本研究以家蚕(Bombyx mori)4龄幼虫肠道内容物为材料,采用牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基和酪蛋白培养基分离筛选产蛋白酶细菌菌株,利用16SrDNA序列分析鉴定其种属,并研究其产酶能力和产酶活力较高菌株的最适发酵条件。结果获得3株产蛋白酶菌株皓月NA1、951NA3和951NA6,均归属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),其中皓月NA1号细菌产酶能力最强,最佳产酶量为29.5U/mL。以玉米粉10000mg/L、黄豆粉10000mg/L、MgSO4400mg/L、NaC115000mg/L和K2HPO41000mg/L作为发酵培养基成分,在35℃、起始pH9.0、装液量为80mL/150mL、180r/min振荡培养48h的优化发酵条件下,皓月NA1号细菌最大产酶量可达50U/m L。研究结果对家蚕肠道微生物的分布及肠道益生菌的作用效果调控有着十分重要的意义。     

一个新的内切葡聚糖酶基因umcel5K的克隆、表达及其表达产物的酶学特性

从水牛瘤胃内容物的添加滤纸为碳源的富集培养物中提取未培养微生物的总DNA,以柯斯质粒为载体构建了1个含约8000个克隆的宏基因组文库,对文库进行活性筛选获得1个既表达CMCase活性又表达4-MUCase酶活性的克隆。亚克隆及测序分析发现1个潜在的可编码333个氨基酸的ORF(Open Reading Frame),其蛋白质产物与1个来源于未培养细菌的糖苷水解酶家族5的纤维素酶Cel A的同源性最高,两者的一致性为53%,相似性为68%。将PCR扩增的该基因完整的ORF克隆入表达载体pET30a(+),在大肠杆菌中得到其过量表达产物。经过Ni-NTA纯化后,该表达产物(Umcel5K)具有CMCase活性和4-MUCase酶活性,其最适pH是4.5~5.0,最适温度是50°C。pH耐受性检测表明,该酶在pH4~4.5比较稳定。温度耐受性实验表明该酶不耐高温,在55°C以下比较稳定。经过镍柱纯化的酶液比活为26.15 U/mg。部分金属离子如Fe3+、Cr2+或Cu2+会抑制该酶的酶活,而另外一些金属离子如K+、Li+等对Umcel5K的活性影响不大。     

嗜热子囊菌光孢变种cbh1基因的cDNA克隆及在毕赤酵母的高效表达

以嗜热子囊菌光孢变种(Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus)总RNA为模板，通过RT-PCR克隆出外切纤维二糖水解酶基因cbh1片段，采用RACE方法获得全长cDNA克隆，其全长为1 710 bp，编码一种由457个氨基酸组成的单肽，推导的氨基酸序列中1～19位为信号肽序列，GenBank的登录号为AY840982。将该片段克隆到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)分泌型表达载体pPIC9K上，获得表达重组质粒pPIC9K/cbh1，转化毕赤酵母GS115，所得重组子经PCR验证后进行诱导表达，筛选出一重组子GSp-15,经144 h诱导后，外切纤维二糖水解酶表达量为1.17 mg/mL，产酶活力为20.3 U/mL。     

蓝园鱼参深度水解过程中蛋白质降解研究(英)

利用风味蛋白酶深度酶解蓝园鱼参蛋白,通过比较酶解液的水解度曲线和蛋白质利用率曲线之间的差异、对TCA不溶性氮的变化趋势以及不同酶解时间的凝胶过滤图谱进行分析,探讨了深度酶解过程中蛋白质的降解。酶解6 h后大部分蛋白质在酶的作用下降解为水溶性多肽,蛋白质利用率达到83.3％;6 h以后蛋白质利用率增长速度降低,这可能是由于可被降解的底物含量降低。此后,风味蛋白酶以水溶性多肽为底物将其进一步降解为小分子肽和氨基酸;21 h时水解度达到59.7％。21 h以后水解度增长速度降低,这可能是由于亮氨酸氨肽酶难于分解氨基末端上带有甘氨酸和酸性氨基酸的肽。21 h以后酶解的主要底物分子量范围在6214到10700的多肽。     

宏基因组文库中的组成型启动子在大肠杆菌中的克隆

启动子是决定基因表达水平的重要因素之一。组成型表达启动子被认为是工业上表达重要蛋白质的理想启动子。本研究利用蔗糖为唯一碳源的基本培养基对榨糖废水浸润的土壤微生物宏基因组文库进行筛选,获得两个阳性克隆。对其中一个克隆的柯斯质粒进行亚克隆,利用在线启动子预测和序列比对工具对其中一个亚克隆子进行分析,获得一个启动子序列。然后,利用PCR方法将该启动子和地衣芽孢杆菌的α-淀粉酶基因一起克隆到T载体上。结果表明该启动子在不加诱导剂的条件下能够在大肠杆菌中启动外源基因的高效表达。本研究结果为在生物领域中组成型启动子的应用研究提供了基础。     

哈茨木霉A25-2纤维二糖水解酶I基因的克隆及其编码催化功能域的序列在绿色木酶HP35-3中的表达

本研究从哈茨木霉（rrichoderma harzianMm）A25—2总RNA中利用RT—PCR的方法扩增到其纤维二糖水解酶I基因的cDNA序列,并对该基因编码的氨基酸序列进行分析,得到cbhI基因中编码催化功能域的序列。将催化功能域编码序列克隆到表达载体pCP—GH中,用PEG—CaCl2介导的原生质体转化方法将重组质粒转化到绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride）HP35—3中,筛选得到12个转化子。以P-NPC为底物,测定了该12个转化子的酶活力,获得比活力最高的转化子Tv／CDHI-CBM-5,其纤维二糖水解酶活力是HP35—3的3．8倍。SDS—PAGE分析表明,绿色木霉表达了导入的含A25—2纤维二糖水解酶I催化功能域的编码序列。     

蓝园鲹深度水解过程中蛋白质降解研究

利用风味蛋白酶深度酶解蓝园鲹蛋白，通过比较酶解液的水解度曲线和蛋白质利用率曲线之间的差异、对TCA不溶性氮的变化趋势以及不同酶解时间的凝胶过滤图谱进行分析，探讨了深度酶解过程中蛋白质的降解。酶解6h后大部分蛋白质在酶的作用下降解为水溶性多肽，蛋白质利用率达到83。3％；6h以后蛋白质利用率增长速度降低，这可能是由于可被降解的底物含量降低。此后。风味蛋白酶以水溶性多肽为底物将其进一步降解为小分子肽和氨基酸；21h时水解度达到59．7％。21h以后水解度增长速度降低．这可能是由于亮氨酸氨肽酶难于分解氨基末端上带有甘氨酸和酸性氨基酸的肽。21h以后酶解的主要底物分子量范围在6214到10700的多肽。     

基于非理性设计的肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌甘油脱水酶的分子定向进化

1,3-丙二醇是一种具有广泛应用前景和巨大市场潜力的平台化合物。在生物体转化甘油合成1,3-丙二醇的代谢途径中,甘油脱水酶是代谢途径的限速酶,然而自然界中的甘油脱水酶却存在着诸多的不足。本研究采用易错PCR技术对来源于肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌的甘油脱水酶进行非理性设计的分子定向进化,通过高通量筛选方法筛选获得了一个酶学性质得到了改善的突变酶γ-F97G。当以甘油作为酶催化的底物时,突变酶的酶比活力为（583.8±49.4）U/mg,相比较野生型的酶比活力提高了约94%;当以1,2-丙二醇作为酶催化底物时,突变酶的酶比活力为（147.9±5.5）U/mg,相比较野生型的酶比活力提高了约72%。经分析酶蛋白的三维结构后发现酶蛋白发生突变的位点属于远距离突变位点,实验结果表明远距离突变有时同样是一条优化和改善酶的酶学性质的好途径。     

Collimonas sp.ZL261蛋白酶基因的克隆、表达及其酶学特性

分离自西藏色季拉山海拔4530 m高山草甸土壤的山冈单胞菌(Collimonas sp.)ZL261代谢产物具有很高的蛋白酶活性,为了明确其蛋白酶种类及其作用特点,本文采用限制性内切酶法构建了菌株ZL261的基因组文库,利用透明圈法筛选其胞外蛋白酶活性克隆,对其基因及蛋白结构进行了分析,进一步研究了该酶的表达和酶学特性。结果表明:该蛋白酶基因(命名为capro)包含一个长为1092 bp的完整开放阅读框(GenBank:KF992845),其编码蛋白由363个氨基酸组成;序列比对和同源性分析结果显示,该氨基酸序列与食真菌山冈单胞菌(Collimonas fungivorans)Ter331胞外蛋白酶序列(NC015856)相似性最高,为83%;一级、二级和三级结构分析均显示该蛋白含M35金属蛋白酶家族(EC 3.4.24.20)保守结构域。蛋白酶基因在大肠杆菌DH5α中异源表达获得了约38 kDa的目的蛋白。ZL261粗酶液对金属蛋白酶抑制剂EDTA敏感,最适作用pH值为7,最适温度30℃,在10℃时仍保持70%以上酶活力。综合分析可知,该蛋白酶为中性低温金属蛋白酶。具有较好的开发应用潜能。研究结果为微生物蛋白酶的开发提供了新型种质资源,也为探求不同生境微生物蛋白酶的系统进化关系提供了基础信息。     

A protease-insensitive feruloyl esterase from China Holstein cow rumen metagenomic library: expression, characterization, and utilization in ferulic acid release from wheat straw

A metagenomic library of China Holstein cow rumen microbes was constructed and screened for novel gene cluster. A novel feruloyl esterase (FAE) gene was identified with a length of 789 bp and encoded a protein displaying 56% identity to known esterase sequences. The gene was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the total molecular weight of the recombined protein was 32.4 kDa. The purified enzyme showed a broad specificity against the four methyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids and high activity (259.5 U/mg) to methyl ferulate at optimum conditions (pH 8.0, 40 °C). High thermal and pH stability were also observed. Moreover, the enzyme showed broad resistance to proteases. FAE-SH1 can enhance the release of ferulic acid from wheat straw with cellulase, β-1,4-endoxylanase, β-1,3-glucanase, and pectase. These features suggest FAE-SH1 as a good candidate to enhance biomass degradation and improve the health effects of food and forage.     

Lunasin and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrations of protein extracts from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans

Lunasin and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) are two soybean peptides to which health-promoting properties have been attributed. Concentrations of these peptides were determined in skim fractions produced by enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) of extruded full-fat soybean flakes (an alternative to extracting oil from soybeans with hexane) and compared with similar extracts from hexane-defatted soybean meal. Oil and protein were extracted by using countercurrent two-stage EAEP of soybeans at 1:6 solids-to-liquid ratio, 50 °C, pH 9.0, and 120 rpm for 1 h. Protein-rich skim fractions were produced from extruded full-fat soybean flakes using different enzyme strategies in EAEP: 0.5% protease (wt/g extruded flakes) used in both extraction stages; 0.5% protease used only in the second extraction stage; no enzyme used in either extraction stage. Countercurrent two-stage protein extraction of air-desolventized, hexane-defatted soybean flakes was used as a control. Protein extraction yields increased from 66% to 89-96% when using countercurrent two-stage EAEP with extruded full-fat flakes compared to 85% when using countercurrent two-stage protein extraction of air-desolventized, hexane-defatted soybean flakes. Extruding full-fat soybean flakes reduced BBI activity. Enzymatic hydrolysis reduced BBI contents of EAEP skims. Lunasin, however, was more resistant to both enzymatic hydrolysis and heat denaturation. Although using enzymes in both EAEP extraction stages yielded the highest protein and oil extractions, reducing enzyme use to only the second stage preserved much of the BBI and Lunasin.     

cDNA clone of a putative peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) trypsin inhibitor has homology with peanut allergens Ara h 3 and Ara h 4

Trypsin inhibitors are pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which play an important role in the plant defense mechanism against insects and pathogens. Peanut trypsin inhibitors are low molecular mass seed storage proteins. Like peanut allergens, they are stable to acid and heat, resistant to digestion, and can have a negative impact on human health. In peanut, five Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitors (BBTI) have been isolated and amino acid sequences published. However, to date, no peanut BBTI sequence is available at both the cDNA and the genomic levels. The objectives of this investigation were (i) to synthesize degenerate oligonucleotides based on conserved regions of published amino acid sequences of BBTI, BII, and BIII; (ii) to isolate, sequence, and analyze at least one positive peanut trypsin inhibitor cDNA clone using the synthesized (32)P-labeled oligonucleotides as probes; and (iii) to determine its trypsin inhibitory activity. Thirty-two degenerate oligonucleotides DNA primers of 24 nucleotides each were synthesized based on the published amino acid sequences of peanut BBTI, and two were selected as probes to screen a peanut Lambda gt 11 cDNA library. Three putative positive clones were isolated, purified, and subcloned, and one was sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed a partial cDNA clone of 643 bp with a start codon. This clone shares 93 and 96% nucleotide sequence homology with peanut allergens Ara h 3 and Ara h 4 cDNA clones, respectively. A trypsin inhibitor assay revealed that peanut allergen Ara h 3 has a trypsin inhibitory activity of 11 238 TIA/mg protein. We concluded that peanut allergen Ara h 3 may also function as a trypsin inhibitor.     

水稻白叶枯病菌GX1329基因组文库的构建及含编码TAL效应物基因的克隆的分离

由革兰氏阴性细菌水稻白叶枯病菌引起的水稻白叶枯病是亚洲、北美以及非洲部分地区最严重的水稻病害之一,水稻白叶枯病可使水稻减产高达50％以上。研究表明水稻白叶枯病菌的毒力主要依靠三型分泌系统所分泌的效应物。为了解水稻白叶枯病菌广西菌株GX1329中含有avrBs3／pthA家族基因的情况,本研究应用Alu I部分酶切其基因组DNA,构建了含有736个克隆的菌株GX1329的基因组文库。BamHI酶切分析随机挑取的15个文库克隆表明,克隆的外源DNA随机性良好,克隆的最小片段为27．7kb,最大为58．5kb,平均大小为39．9kb,文库克隆容量约为2．8×10^3Mb,该文库中包含基因组中任一个基因的概率为99．4％。利用来自水稻白叶枯病菌菲律宾菌株PX086的无毒基因avrXa10的第252位～第486位核苷酸序列作为探针,通过菌落原位杂交从GX1329基因组文库中筛选到37个含avrBs3／pthA家族基因的克隆。再通过Southern杂交分析,得到了17个独立克隆。这17个克隆中至少含有13个不同的avrBs3／pthA家族基因。这些基因在GX1329基因组中有的单独存在,有的两个或两个以上串联存在。本工作基本上明确了菌株GX1329基因组中avrBs3／pthA家族基因的数量,为进一步研究菌株GX1329中avrBs3／pthA家族基因的功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a soil microbial community in a soybean field

We report here the phylogenetic characterization of small subunit rRNA gene sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mixed population DNA extracted directly from soil in a soybean field without culturing the organisms. The phylogenetic analysis of 17 soil clones by the neighbour-joining method shows that the soil sample contained broadly diverse prokaryotes; a clone related to archaea, a clone to gram-positive bacteria with high G+C contents, two clones to green sulphur bacteria, four clones to proteobacteria, and nine clones were not in clusters of any previously reported bacterial groups, which suggests they belong to members of novel groups in Bacteria. In addition, the archaeal sequence, FIE16, is phylogenetically similar to ANTARCTIC 12, a clone obtained from surface waters of Antarctica by PCR. Their occurrence in both the ocean and soil suggests a global distribution of this archaeal group. In conclusion, rRNA gene sequences recovered from soil biomass document the occurrence of many more bacterial lingeages than have been recognized previously through cultivation-based techniques.     

Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular tripeptidyl peptidase from Rhizopus oligosporus

A novel extracellular tripeptidyl peptidase (TPP) was homogenously purified from the culture supernatant of Rhizopus oligosporus by sequential fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme was a 136.5 kDa dimer composed of identical subunits. The effects of inhibitors and metal ions indicated that TPP is a metallo- and serine protease. TPP was activated by divalent cations, such as Co(2+) and Mn(2+), and completely inhibited by Cu(2+). Enzyme activity was optimal at pH 7.0 and 45 °C with a specific activity of 281.9 units/mg for the substrate Ala-Ala-Phe-pNA. The purified enzyme catalyzed cleavage of various synthetic tripeptides but not when proline occupied the P1 position. Purified TPP cleaved the pentapeptide Ala-Ala-Phe-Tyr-Tyr and tripeptide Ala-Ala-Phe, confirming the TPP activity of the enzyme.     

酶解法制备豆粕水解肽工艺优化

为制备苦味低且生物活性高的豆粕水解肽,本试验在综合考虑水解酶酶切位点后选取7种酶组合对低温豆粕进行水解,以蛋白质转化率、水解度、分子量分布及智能感官评价等作为水解肽的评价指标,比较不同酶组合的作用效果。结果表明,优化得到豆粕水解肽的最佳酶法制备工艺条件:复合酶的最佳组合为碱性蛋白酶+中性蛋白酶+脱苦蛋白酶,酶解pH值依次为8.5、7.5、7.5,反应温度保持55℃,反应时间分别为3、2、2 h,经最佳酶组合制得的水解肽水解度为16%,分子量≤1 000 Da的水解肽可达89.8%,制备的水解肽理化性质及口感更优。本研究结果为豆粕资源开发及功能性肽产品的应用奠定了理论基础。     

华东葡萄白河-35-1株系抗霜霉病基因cDNA文库构建及EST分析

以中国原产抗霜霉病葡萄野生种华东葡萄（Vitis pseudoreticulata）白河-35-1为材料,用SMARTTM技术构建葡萄霜霉菌（Plasmopara viticola）诱导的葡萄叶片cDNA文库。经检测,原始文库滴度0.92×106 pfu/mL,重组率97%,插入片段500～2 200 bp,扩增文库滴度为5×109 pfu/mL。随机挑取克隆5'端测序,获得254条有效EST序列（GenBank登录号：FG269201~FG269449和FG396006~FG396010）。经BlastX分析,有56.3% ESTs与GenBank中功能已知基因有较高同源性,14.6%ESTs与功能尚未确定的假设蛋白或未知蛋白同源性很高,20.9%ESTs在GenBank中无匹配的同源产物。