湛引8号甘蔗的种植表现及配套栽培技术

湛江市甘蔗良种场引进甘蔗新品种，优选出优良株系，暂命名为湛引8号。2006年以来在湛江通过试种，证明该品种具有高产、稳产、早熟、高糖等特点，适合湛江蔗区种植。本文主要介绍该品种在当地的种植表现及配套栽培技术。     

湛江市甘蔗生产的现状、问题与对策

湛江是我国三大甘蔗生产基地之一。最近 ,被国家农业部列为11个优势农产品 (“双高”甘蔗 )生产基地之一。甘蔗生产能否搞好 ,不但关系到湛江经济的发展 ,而且关系到我国食糖的供给。1甘蔗生产的现状1.1甘蔗生产日趋见好一是种植面积调整适当。湛江既是甘蔗主产区 ,也是老蔗区 ,1992年甘蔗生产达到高峰 ,全市种植面积234万亩 ,产蔗1013万吨 ,产糖105万吨。尔后 ,湛江根据食糖市场和农作物种植结构需要 ,适当调减种蔗面积 ,2002年全市种植面积164万亩 ,总产900万吨 ,产糖90万吨。二是区域布局合理。从行政区域来说 ,相对集中于遂溪、雷州、徐…     

打造新一轮湛江甘蔗糖业

湛江是一个具有悠久种蔗历史的糖业大市，也是我国三大蔗糖商品生产基地之一。生产高峰时期，年甘蔗种植面积曾达14．67万hm2，年蔗糖产量达104万t。在漫长的岁月中，甘蔗在给湛江带来“甜”的同时，也不时带来“苦”。于是乎，人们对甘蔗糖业褒贬不一，莫衷一是。近几年，人们不大谈论甘蔗糖业了，更失去过去大抓甘蔗糖业的劲头。本文在分析国内外甘蔗糖业现状的基础上，提出发展湛江甘蔗糖业的对策和措施。     

论雷州半岛旱坡地甘蔗高产高糖栽培技术的实施要点

湛江农垦在二十世纪五十年代就开始种植甘蔗，经过40多年的实践、摸索，总结出许许多多的宝贵经验，对指导农垦甘蔗生产做出了巨大的贡献。     

甘蔗新品种湛引8号的种植表现及配套栽培技术

湛江市甘蔗良种场引进甘蔗新品种,优选出优良株系,暂命名为湛引8号。2006年以来在湛江通过试种,证明该品种具有高产、稳产、早熟、高糖等特点,适合湛江蔗区种植。主要介绍该品种在当地的种植表现及栽培技术。     

湛江市发展甘蔗糖业的四种模式

湛江是我国蔗糖产量最大的地级市，是全国四大糖蔗基地之一。这里气候温和，土地肥沃，十分适宜甘蔗生长。改革开放以来，湛江市甘蔗生长发展迅速，种植面积最高记录达到13万公顷，拥有33家糖厂，日榨能力9．4万吨，榨季产糖量104万吨。长期以来，蔗糖一直是湛江的支柱产业，每年工农业收入高达60亿元，是地方财政主要的经济来源。湛江市发展甘蔗糖业的四种模式是：     

产业链视角下湛江农垦蔗糖产业发展现状、问题及对策分析

蔗糖产业是湛江农垦带动经济增长和发展的支柱性特色产业,在推动农业发展、增加农民收入和地方财政收入方面起到了举足轻重的作用。文章从产业链角度分析了湛江农垦蔗糖产业从生产到流通各环节的发展状况。研究显示,湛江农垦蔗糖产业存在优良品种选育与推广难、甘蔗种植规模化与机械化程度低、甘蔗加工产品单一附加值低、在国内外市场竞争力及影响力较弱等问题,需要加大科技投入、推进甘蔗规模化种植及全程机械化、开发深加工产品及拓宽销售渠道,以促进蔗糖产业健康可持续发展。     

试谈湛江地区甘蔗植期问题

本文论述湛江地区甘蔗栽培制度的演变和现状。甘蔗植期受气象因子的影响,指出春、秋、冬、夏种植甘蔗的特点,建议因地制宜大力发展冬植蔗栽培制度。     

打造新—轮的湛江甘蔗糖业

甘蔗糖业是湛江地方经济的支柱产业，湛江种蔗历史悠久，具有得天独厚的自然条件。因此，打造新一轮的湛江甘蔗糖业必须采取以下对策：1)树立新的湛江甘蔗糖业现；2)千方百计降低制糖成本；3)抓好糖厂建设；4)积极参与国际糖业经济大循环；5)加大政府对甘蔗糖业的调控力度。     

雷州半岛旱坡蔗地生态环境问题及对策

雷州半岛旱坡蔗地生态环境问题及对策何春林，陈彪（湛江农业专科学校，广东湛江５２４０８８）雷州半岛地处我国大陆的最南端，属海洋性季风气候，常年旱坡蔗地甘蔗种植面积达１．３×１０５ｈｍ２，是我国４大食糖生产基地之一。从１９５０年到１９９３年的４０多年里，...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).