2007／2008年滇东南植胶区橡胶树寒害与恢复情况

2007／2008年冬春,受太平洋出现的拉尼娜事件影响,我国南方地区出现了历史上罕见的持续低温雨雪冰冻天气,滇东南植胶区出现了连续多次日均温≤15℃的长达41天的强降温及连续低温阴雨冻害天气过程,造成滇东南植胶区橡胶树严重寒害。2009年底对寒害恢复情况同访调查,目前该植胶区生产上种植的各橡胶品系间的抗寒力和寒害后的恢复能力存在较大的差异,生产上抗寒减灾救灾技术还有待进一步提高和研究。     

2009年滇东南植胶区橡胶树寒害回访调查报告

2009年对滇东南植胶区2007/2008年冬春橡胶树寒害后的实际损失和恢复状况进行回访调查认为,目前使用的各橡胶品种抗寒力和寒害后的恢复能力存在很大的差异,各植胶单位主要品种的配置仍很单一,以致削弱整体的抗灾减灾能力,灾后各单位的减灾措施各行其是,没有严格按技术规范去做,不能实现胶林应有的恢复效果。建议加强抗寒减灾救灾技术研究和应用,合理配置品种,严格执行和实施规程,才能建立和完善滇东南植胶区长效防御灾害科技体系。     

2010／2011年冬春滇东南河口、文山植胶区橡胶树寒害调查报告

报道了滇东南河口和文山植胶区2010／2011年冬春低温特点和橡胶树寒害灾情及规律,提出以严格控制植胶海拔上限、调整热带作物种植结构为主的抗寒植胶对策和建议。     

巴西橡胶树抗寒机制研究进展

中国橡胶种植区属于非传统植胶区,橡胶树种植经常性遭受寒害的影响。为了辅助抗寒品种资源选育和推广,本文简述了橡胶树寒害类型和危害、橡胶树抗寒栽培、抗寒品种选育、抗寒生理机制和抗寒分子标记研发等方面进展,并对该领域今后的研究方向提出建议。     

滇东南橡胶树寒害后次期性害虫危害状况调查

调查了2011年1月云南滇东南橡胶树遭受特大寒害后,引发了以橡胶树小蠹虫类为主的次期性害虫的严重发生和危害,共调查橡胶树6541株,其中受小蠹虫危害株418株,橡胶树虫蛀率6％,共采集成虫标本232头,种类分属小蠹科Scolytidae、长小蠹科Platypodidae、锯谷盗科Siovanidae、露甲科Nitidulidae等4科4属5种,暗翅材小蠹（Xyleborus semiopacus）和对粒材小蠹（Xyleborus perforans）为优势种;调查还对由于频繁的自然灾害和长年的营养失衡导致橡胶树群体衰退是橡胶林次期性害虫大发生的潜在和根本的原因进行探讨;提出需要对滇东南植胶环境重新研究和评价,对植胶半个多世纪所依循的技术体系和经营体制进行重新审视,以期实现重大变革,使滇东南植胶业得以持续发展。     

化学刺激能否提高胶树抗寒力

为了提高胶树抗寒力,地处重寒害区的广大科技人员和工人在抗寒选育种及其它农业抗寒措施研究和使用上做了许多工作,取得了显著的成效.化学刺激能否作为一项提高胶树抗寒力的农业技术措施,下面谈点粗浅的看法:一、正确使用化学刺激收到了减轻胶树割面寒害的实际效果1、从《华南四省(区)橡胶寒害调查总结会议资料汇编》(农林部农垦局编印1976年5月)(下简称《汇编》)看到,广西和湛江局的调查材料一致表明,施用化学刺激对减轻当年和往年的割面寒害都有明显的作用.广西东方场电石刺激月割6刀的林段查61个     

不同树龄橡胶树林地土壤有机碳含量与储量特征

研究幼林早期(2龄)、幼林晚期(7龄)、开割树(16龄)和老龄即将更新树(30龄)4种不同树龄橡胶树林地的土壤有机碳含量与储量特征.结果表明:(1)不同树龄橡胶树林地各土壤层次土壤有机碳含量变化不大,但普遍表现为表层土壤(0～15 cm土层)有机碳含量高于平均值,下层土壤(45～60cm土层)有机碳含量低于平均值,中间两层的(15～30cm土层、30～45 cm土层)变化不大,在平均值的上下浮动;(2)不同树龄橡胶树林地土壤有机碳含量介于6.03～7.78g/kg之间,相互间存在显著差异,高低排序为幼林晚期(7龄)老龄即将更新树(30龄)幼林早期(2龄)开割树(16龄);(3)胶林有机碳储量主要决定于其土壤有机碳含量和土壤容重,不同树龄橡胶树林地土壤有机碳储量介于61.33～74.29t/hm2之间.相互间存在差异,高低排序为老龄即将更新树(30龄)幼林晚期(7龄)幼林早期(2龄)开割树(16龄).     

南亚橡胶种质圃部分橡胶品系幼树2007/2008年的寒害调查与分析

对南亚热带作物研究所橡胶繁育圃2007/2008年低温寒害后的不同橡胶树品系的受害情况进行调查。橡胶品系随苗龄的增长其抗寒性逐步提高;湛试系列橡胶品系抗寒性总体较好;用抗寒品系作亲本与高产品系常规杂交有选育出抗寒高产新品系的可选择性。     

橡胶树闽热64—5有性系的选育

众所周知,巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）,从南纬6°左右的巴西他帕卓斯河（Tapajos River）附近的巴颜姆（Boim）热带原产地东迁北移到南亚热带地区的我国华南植胶区,因纬度偏北,某些年份冬期气温偏低,给橡胶生产造成不同程度的损失,解决橡胶树寒害问题虽有多种手段,诸如环境地形的选择与改造,防寒、避寒等栽培措施。但实践证明,选育抗寒高产品系对于减少寒害,建立高产稳产胶园,不断北移——扩大植胶面积,增加产量,满足我国四个现代化建设需要是一项经济而有效、积极而重要的途径。     

2011年第1季度我国天然橡胶生产与市场形势

1 生产情况 　　海南南部于2011年1月20日结束2010年度的割胶。1-2月份云南、广东植胶区都处于停割期,无产量。 　　2010年冬天至2011年春天,受异常低温天气影响,我国部分植胶区橡胶树出现严重寒害,所有植胶区在2011年均推迟割胶。     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

Changes in daily rainfall characteristics in major rice producing provinces in Laos

In order to find the changes in rainfall characteristics and to examine the flood damage to lowland rice, a statistical analysis was carried out on the 40-year daily rainfall record at four rainfall stations (Thangon, Paksane, Seno, and Pakse) in Laos. The rainfall record was divided into two periods of 20 years each. The results of this analysis revealed the trends in changes regarding the frequency and the timing of the heavy daily rainfall events at the four stations. In Paksane in particular, heavy daily rainfall events tended to occur in the latter half of the rainy season.     

兜兰离体快繁技术研究进展

由于生境破坏和人工过度采挖及繁殖的障碍,兜兰已是世界上最濒危的植物物种之一,所有野生种均被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录I而被禁止交易。突破其种苗繁殖技术瓶颈有利于兜兰种质资源的保护和可持续利用。本文对兜兰属植物无菌播种、共生萌发和组织培养技术等离体快繁技术的进展进行综述,并提出了目前存在的问题和解决方法,以期为兜兰属植物离体繁殖技术的深入研究和优质种苗的规模化生产提供参考。     

Sugar and dry matter changes in potatoes overwintered in soil in Greece

Summary Potatoes were left in the soil from December, when the vines died, until February (cvs Claustar and Sebago) or April (cv. Spunta) in a location of central Greece with light, well drained soils and a mild climate. Tubers were analysed every two months for dry matter and sugar content and usually the dry matter content did not change significantly from December to February or April. The reducing sugars increased from December to February in tubers of all cultivars and significantly decreased in cv. Spunta from February to April.     

中国马铃薯单倍体诱导进展

马铃薯产量、品质、加工等方面都较其他作物有更大的提升空间,但由于四倍体马铃薯存在遗传基础狭窄且复杂、难以创新等诸多问题阻碍了相关研究的深入开展。利用马铃薯单倍体或双单倍体植株有望解决上述诸多难题。马铃薯单倍体具有加速育种过程、提高选择效率等优点。马铃薯单倍体的获得包括花药培养、花粉培养、孤雌生殖、子房培养。其中,花药培养因更易取材,并且得到胚性细胞团、愈伤组织或胚状体的几率更大等优点而研究最为广泛。获得单倍体植株的成功率与试验材料的基因型、培养条件、培养基添加物等诸多因素相关。根据不同的诱导方法简要阐述了中国马铃薯单倍体研究的历史及进展。