添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。     

接种菌剂对猪粪高温堆肥中酶活性的影响

在静态通气条件下,以猪粪为原料,以小麦秸秆作为调节物质,分别用接种复合微生物和常规堆肥两个处理研究了高温堆肥过程中酶活性的变化特征,并对其与堆料E4/E6和电导率（EC）的相互关系进行了探讨。结果表明,接种菌剂堆肥显著地提高了堆料的温度,延长了高温腐解期,有效地提高了猪粪堆肥过程中各种酶的活性和峰值。酶活性的大小因酶种类和堆肥时期的不同而各异;纤维素酶和蔗糖酶在高温期的活性高,在低温期急速下降;脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性峰值出现在堆肥后期低温阶段;脱氢酶活性峰值出现在堆肥中期,过氧化氢酶活性在整个堆肥过程中呈持续下降的趋势。接种菌剂处理和CK处理堆肥期间的EC值均与纤维素酶和脱氢酶活性呈显著的正相关（p＜0.01）;E4/E6与过氧化氢酶活性成显著正相关（p＜0.01）,说明酶活性大小是反映堆肥过程中矿质化过程和腐殖化过程生物化学进程的很好指标。     

氧化还原类酶活性在小麦秸秆静态高温堆肥过程中的变化

选取小麦秸秆为试验材料,采取发酵罐处理方法,在静态通气条件下研究了堆腐过程中堆体温度变化、氧化还原类酶活性变化、温度与酶活性变化的关系、不同酶活性之间的关系。结果表明：（1）添加微生物菌剂处理较不添加微生物菌剂处理（CK）升温快、温度高、高温持续时间长;添加微生物菌剂处理堆体温度第2d上升到50℃以上,第3d达最高温度67.1℃,50℃以上持续6d;CK堆肥第3d达到50℃,第4d达最高温度59.5℃,50℃以上持续5d。（2）过氧化氢酶活性初期较低,中期迅速升高,并维持在较高水平,堆肥第10d到堆肥结束,添加微生物菌剂处理的过氧化氢酶活性明显高于CK;添加菌剂处理多酚氧化酶活性在堆肥前期和后期高于CK,说明添加菌剂可加速木质素的降解及其产物的转化;添加菌剂处理的脱氢酶活性在堆肥中期显著高于CK;添加菌剂处理的过氧化物酶从堆肥第12d到堆肥结束活性均高于CK的过氧化物酶活性,表明添加微生物菌剂可促进物质的氧化。（3）脱氢酶活性和过氧化物酶活性在堆肥中期达到最高值,两者变化趋势相同;过氧化氢酶活性、脱氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性在堆腐后期比较稳定,多酚氧化酶活性堆腐后期呈增长趋势。     

复合微生物菌剂在污泥高温好氧堆肥中的应用

试验研究复合微生物菌剂在污泥高温好氧堆肥中的应用结果表明,污泥高温好氧堆肥中接种复合微生物菌剂对缩短达到高温期的时间以及增加堆体中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量效果不显著,但接种复合微生物菌剂处理高温持续时间相对较长,且提前3d达到腐熟。     

不同禽畜粪便静态高温堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化

在静态通气条件下,以养殖场鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪为材料,小麦秸秆作为堆肥调节物质,分别研究了接种微生物菌剂（接种菌剂处理）和不加菌剂（对照处理）堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化特征及其与温度的关系。结果表明,接种菌剂处理与对照处理在堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,即在高温腐解期蔗糖酶活性持续较高,在低温腐殖化期蔗糖酶活性急剧下降,且维持较低水平。接种菌剂能明显地提高堆肥过程蔗糖酶的活性,酶活性峰值高且出现时间较对照早4～8d。供试的3种物料蔗糖酶活性差异不显著,接种菌剂处理鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪蔗糖酶活性的最高值分别为87．84、81．3和86．8mg·（g·d）^-1,对照处理分别为62．9、60．9和63．79mg·（g·d）^-1,但3种物料接种菌剂和对照处理酶活性峰值出现的时间不尽相同,鸡粪的两种处理相同,猪粪加菌剂比对照提早8d,牛粪加菌剂较对照早4d出现。整个堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性与堆体温度变化关系密切,对照处理堆体温度与蔗糖酶活性的关系为一元二次方程,表现为高温腐解期为显著性直线负相关,低温腐殖化期为显著性直线正相关,而加菌剂处理堆体温度和蔗糖酶活性间为极显著直线正相关。     

外源微生物对堆肥理化性质及酶活影响的研究

利用牛粪和稻草为原料进行堆肥实验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、含水率等物理、化学指标以及酶活性的变化,研究了接种外源微生物对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明,接种外源微生物比对照提前2d达到高温期,并且维持时间长。大肠杆菌数量及植物毒性比不接种大幅度降低,纤维素酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶均有所增加。说明接种外源微生物可以使堆肥中微生物数量增多,加速堆料中有机物的分解,加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥反应的进程,对优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义。     

生活垃圾微生物强化堆肥对放线菌群落的影响

为了探讨微生物强化堆肥对生活垃圾好氧堆肥过程及堆肥过程中放线菌群落的影响,在堆肥过程中接种高效细菌复合菌剂和真菌复合菌剂,并以不接种的堆体为对照,对堆肥过程的温度变化和木质纤维素的降解效率进行了测定,并借助于PCR-DGGE方法对堆肥过程中放线菌群落的动态变化和种群多样性进行研究。结果表明：微生物强化堆肥能缩短堆体起爆时间,并能有效提高堆体降温期和二次发酵期的温度;和自然堆肥相比微生物强化堆肥使半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别提高8.95%、12.72%和10.13%。DGGE图谱显示：2种堆肥方式的放线菌多样性指数表现出极显著差异,微生物强化堆肥能增加堆体中优势菌群的种类和数量,能有效提高腐熟期的放线菌群落多样性,有利于堆肥腐熟。优势条带测序结果表明：在接种堆肥过程中检测到了放线菌门的棒杆菌属、分支杆菌属、链霉菌属、热孢菌属、迪茨菌属、糖丝菌属和放线菌属。     

微生物菌剂浓度对梨树废弃枝条堆肥化处理的影响

研究了不同菌剂接种浓度下,梨树废弃枝条堆制成的有机肥的腐熟程度和养分状况,结果表明,接种菌剂处理可以延长高温期时间,提高堆体温度,且与菌剂浓度成正比,堆体全氮、磷、钾、钙含量显著提高,有效的提升了堆肥产物的腐熟程度和营养成分。接种菌剂浓度为0.20%～0.30%时处理效果最佳。     

重金属Cu对堆肥过程中微生物群落代谢和水解酶活性的影响

为了探讨重金属Cu对堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪、麦秸、废菌糠为原料并接种复合微生物菌剂,在静态堆肥条件下,研究了Cu对堆肥过程中温度、微生物群落代谢能力和水解酶活性的变化。结果表明,CK处理（不添加Cu）高温期维持5d（其中55℃以上维持4d）达到无害化的温度要求;添加Cu处理后,L处理（Cu浓度为100mg.kg-1）高温期（〉50℃）只持续4d;H处理（Cu浓度为500mg.kg-1）在整个堆肥过程中只有1d超过55℃,高温期只维持2d,L、H处理均未达到无害化的温度要求。以Biolog方法为主要检测手段并结合聚类分析和主成分分析方法,分析了重金属Cu对堆肥过程中微生物群落代谢能力的影响,结果表明,低剂量Cu能提高微生物群落对聚合物类碳源的转化与利用的能力,高剂量Cu对微生物群落利用中间代谢物和复杂大分子类碳源产生一定的抑制作用。水解酶活性分析结果表明,低剂量Cu对水解酶有一定的激活效应,高剂量Cu对水解酶有一定的抑制效应。     

添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

为明确添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥启动期和高温期微生物数量及酶活性变化规律,探讨微生物影响堆肥温度的机制,揭示影响畜禽粪便堆肥持续高温的主要微生物,该研究比较了猪粪自然堆肥与添加腐熟猪粪(质量分数3%)堆肥过程中有机质降解及嗜温、嗜热微生物数量和脱氢酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶活性变化特征。结果表明,24 h内添加腐熟猪粪堆肥温度比自然堆肥高出5℃,但高温期平均温度较自然堆肥低8℃,高温（＞50℃）期比自然堆肥短4 d。自然堆肥和添加腐熟猪粪堆肥嗜温菌数量先高后低,嗜热菌数量随着温度的升高而上升。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥升温期嗜温、嗜热细菌和纤维素降解菌增殖速度较快,且数量分别比自然堆肥高出12.2%、152.6%、60.3%。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥脱氢酶、纤维素酶活性高峰提前,并使蛋白酶活性增加4.9%。但高温期后,嗜热纤维素降解菌数量比自然堆肥少22.5%,纤维素酶活性及有机质损失率也分别比对照低25.8%、6.1%。以上结果表明,在猪粪高温好氧堆肥中添加腐熟猪粪可以加快堆肥初期升温速度,但由于高温期嗜热纤维素降解菌数量减少,纤维素酶活性降低,不能促进猪粪堆肥持续高温。该研究为猪粪堆肥菌剂的筛选及适宜的接种时间提供依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.