我国北部及中东部地区玉米根际土壤中寄生线虫种类调查研究

对我国北部及中东部9省(直辖市)的57市(县)采集玉米根际土壤样品,从92份土样中共分离到17属植物寄生线虫,即垫刃属(Tylenchus)、丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)、杆垫刃属(Rhabdotylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)、叉针属(Boleodorus)、巴兹尔属(Basiria)、矮化属(Tylenchorhynchus)、短体属(Pratylenchus)、小环属(Criconemella)、茎属(Ditylenchus)、纽带属(Hoplolaimus)、盾属(Scutellonema)、盘旋属(Rotylenchus)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、拟盘旋属(Pararotylenchus)、真滑刃属(Aphelenchus)、滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)。其中,矮化属线虫分布较广,占样本总数的58.70%;螺旋属线虫的相对丰度最大,占线虫总数的47.53%,这两属线虫为玉米根际土壤中的优势属。对不同地区线虫种群进行分析得出,螺旋属线虫为山东、安徽、江苏及河南省的优势属,矮化属线虫为黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、北京和河北省(市)的优势属,垫刃属线虫是吉林省的优势属,短体属线虫为辽宁和河南两省的优势属。     

我国苎麻根际寄生线虫调查和初步研究

2010-2011年,我们在重庆、四川、湖北、湖南、江西等地苎麻主产区进行根腐线虫病调查;采集苎麻根腐病病蔸和病土,并分别利用改良贝曼漏斗法和蔗糖离心浮选法从病根和土壤中分离植物病原线虫,根据形态特征对分离到的植物病原线虫进行鉴定.研究结果表明:1)苎麻根腐病病根及根际土壤中主要发现4种植物寄生线虫,根据形态特征,鉴定为:咖啡短体线虫(Pra-tylenchuscoffeae)、穿刺短体线虫(P.penetran)、长针属线虫(Paratylenchussp.)和丝尾属线虫(Filenchussp.);其中,后2种线虫均在苎麻园中首次报道;2)四种线虫中,咖啡短体线虫发生最为普遍,存在于大多数样品中(约91%);丝尾属线虫次之,存在于54.5%的样品中;穿刺短体线虫较少,存在于少数样品(18.2%)中;长针属线虫最少,仅在13.6%的样品中检测到.3)根际土壤中植物寄生线虫的数量,随麻园种植年限增加而增多;同时,土壤类型也对线虫生长繁殖有一定的影响.     

棉田线虫种类调查研究初报

本研究旨在明确我国主要棉区棉田线虫种类分布,为进一步探讨棉花根病与线虫危害的关系提供依据。两年来调查初步结果表明:我国重要棉区棉田植物寄生线虫种类达16个属。主要有:根结线虫属(Meloidogyne)、滑刃线虫属(Aphelen Choides)、短体线虫属(Pratylenchus)、螺旋线虫属(Helicotylenchus)、茎线虫属(Ditylenchus)和纽带线虫属(Hoplolaimus)等。我国北方棉区(晋、冀、鲁、豫、京、辽)棉田线虫主要是:螺旋线虫属(Helicotylenchus)、真滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchus)、茎囊拟茎线虫属(Beleodorus)茎线虫属(Ditylcnchus)及半寄生的矛线虫属(Dorylaimus)、未发现根结线虫和短体线虫。新疆内陆棉区棉田线虫主要是:茎线虫属(Ditylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)和茎囊拟茎线虫属(Boleodorus)。南方棉区(苏、浙、皖、鄂、川)棉田线虫主要是:根结线虫属(Meloidogyne)、真滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchus)、矮化线虫属(Tylcnchorynchus)、盘旋线虫属(Rotylenchus)等,未发现螺旋线虫。     

黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫种类的调查

植物寄生线虫是导致马铃薯减产和影响马铃薯品质的原因之一,但目前黑龙江省尚未开展相关研究。自2012年以来,在黑龙江省共调查了14个县(市)的马铃薯种薯田,采集土壤样品107份,初步鉴定出植物寄生线虫8个属,其中针属线虫(Paratylenchus sp.)和螺旋属线虫(Helicotylenchus sp.)为黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫的优势种群,并分析了其地理分布特点。在黑龙江省发现短体属线虫,其属于重要农业生产的植物寄生虫。     

观叶植物根际3种短体线虫的记述

2006～2009年,在对深圳市的观赏植物线虫进行调查监测中,采集长势不良的观叶植物的根和根际土壤样品,用改良贝曼漏斗法分离植物寄生性线虫。其中,分别从绿宝石(Philodendron erubescens cv.Green Emerald)、袖珍椰子(Chamaedorea elegans)和夏威夷椰子(Pritchardia gaudichaudii)的根际分离到3种短体线虫,经形态鉴定确认分别为:咖啡短体线虫(Pratylenchus coffeae Filipjev&Schuurmans Stekhonven,1941)、卢斯短体线虫(P.loosi Loof,1960)和落选短体线虫[P.neglectus(Rensch,1924)Filipjev&Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941]。并对这3个种线虫的形态特征进行了描述。     

不同土壤类型和纬度大豆田植物线虫分布特征

大豆根嗣有多种植物线虫,有些为重要的植物病原线虫,可影响大豆的生长发育,甚至造成严重的经济损失.利用贝漫浅盘法收集我国9个省86块大豆田土壤线虫,分析不同土壤类型和纬度大豆根围植物线虫群体分布特征,以明确大豆田植物线虫群体结构和分布,为从线虫生态角度评价土壤健康状况、控制大豆根部病害和大豆根际微牛态研究提供参考.结果表明:大豆根围植物线虫的群体分布与土壤类型有一定的关系,有机质丰富型土壤中植物线虫群体结构相对较丰富;贫瘠型土壤中植物线虫的种类和数量相对较少;纬度对其影响不明显.共鉴定出植物线虫13个属,丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)、短体属(Pratylenchous)、垫刃属(Tylenchus)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)和茎线虫属(Ditylenchus)在黑龙江省大豆田首次发现.     

涕灭威对大豆田土壤线虫生物多样性的影响

利用涕灭威处理大豆田,研究土壤线虫群落结构和生物多样性的变化,共鉴定出7目12科17属的土壤线虫,其中植物寄生线虫是大豆根际土壤线虫的优势营养类群,短体属Pratylenchus,茎属Ditylenchus,小杆属Rhabditis和矛线属Dorylaimus是线虫优势属.与对照相比,除开花期因气候干旱外,涕灭威处理在大豆的各个生育期均抑制了土壤线虫总数和各营养类群的群体数量增长,尤其对植物寄生线虫抑制程度更为显著.应用多样性指数H′、成熟度指数MI、均匀度指数J′、丰富度指数SR、优势度指数1和植物寄生线虫成熟度指数PPI分析比较了处理区和对照区土壤线虫生物多样性变化规律,结果显示涕灭威处理显著降低了大豆田土壤线虫的多样性、增加了线虫的优势度指数,各生态指数较好地反映了涕灭威对大豆田土壤线虫生物多样性的干扰作用.     

地稔根际根腐线虫的形态和分子鉴定

2013—2016 年,广东和广西植物线虫种类调查期间,从地稔（Melastoma dodecandnun)根部和根际土壤中分离到一种根腐线虫。经形态学观察、rDNA （LSU D2D3 和 ITS） 序列分析和系统发育分析,将其鉴定为最短尾短体线虫（Pratylenchus brachyurus）。最短尾短体线虫是全球最重要的 11 种根腐线虫之一。地稔是最短尾短体线虫的新寄主。地稔根际线虫类群调查与鉴定,可为地稔线虫病害的发生与控制提供数据基础。     

海南蔗区甘蔗病害种类及发生情况

通过1年来对海南甘蔗产区8个县(市)28个乡镇进行病害调查,初步明确了海南甘蔗病害种类。共发现病害31种,其中由病原真菌引起的病害有19种,由病原细菌引起的病害有3种,由病毒引起的病害2种和由线虫引起的病害3种及由于甘蔗生长期出现的缺氮、缺磷、缺钾、缺钙等生理性病害4种。在这些病害中,甘蔗黑穗病(Ustilago scitaminea Sydow.)、赤腐病(Colletotrichum fuleatum Went.)、黄斑病(Mycovellosiella koepkei(Kruger)Deighton.)、轮斑病(Leptosphaeria sacchari Breda de Haan)、梢腐病(Gibberella fujikuroi(Sawada)Wollenw)、宿根矮化病(Clavibacter xyli subsp.xyli Davis)和甘蔗黄叶病(Sugarcane yellow-leaf virus,SCYLV)、花叶病(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)最为普遍,而对甘蔗生产产生主要影响的是甘蔗黑穗病和甘蔗花叶病。总结甘蔗苗期、生长中期及后期发生的各类主要病害,对指导海南蔗区甘蔗生产具有重要的意义。     

海南粗榧树皮内生真菌的初步鉴定

从采自中国海南和泰国的海南粗榧(Cephalataxus mannii Hook.f)树皮样品中分离得到213株内生真菌,依据菌落形态和显微特征对其中142株进行初步的种属鉴定。结果显示,它们分属34个属,未知属37株。其中,采自海南的样品中内生真菌分属13属,未知属13株;采自泰国的样品中内生真菌分属27属,未知属24株,表明不同地区的海南粗榧内生真菌类群存在一定差异。海南产海南粗榧内生真菌的优势种群为根霉属(Rhizopusspp.)和青霉属(Penicillium spp.),泰国产海南粗榧内生真菌的优势种群为酵母属(Saccharomyces spp.)和毛霉属(Mucor spp.)。     

我国北方地区玉米根寄生线虫的种类鉴定研究

1992～1995年对采自辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古、河北、山东和江苏等省的玉米根寄生线虫进行分类鉴定研究，共鉴定出14属的36种线虫。即：丝尾垫刃线虫属Filenchus1个种；短体线虫属Pratylenchus10个种；拟短体线虫属Pratylenchoides1个种；矮化线虫属TylenchorhyNchus3个种；纽带线虫属Hoplolaimus3个种；螺旋线虫属Helicolylenchus4个种；盘旋线虫属相似文献   

Effect of pesticides on the performance of direct-drilled lucerne

Direct drilling of forage species is a fast method of grassland renovation, but the establishment of newly seeded legumes may be adversely influenced by pests. We examined the effects of fenamiphos, heptachlor, benomyl and methiocarb on the establishment and growth of direct-drilled lucerne in two 2-year field experiments. In Experiment 1, lucerne yields were more than tripled when treated with fenamiphos, and lucerne density was also increased. Fenamiphos reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans) in the soil and lucerne rootlets as well as infection of lucerne tap roots by Fusarium spp. In Experiment 2, dry-matter yields, lucerne densities and nematode numbers varied significantly between the two sites. Broadcasting fenamiphos increased total dry-matter production and reduced nematodes in the soil more than did a band application. Lucerne yield was increased by fenamiphos in the post-seeding year at one site. Compared with fenamiphos, benefits from heptachlor, benomyl and methiocarb in direct drilling of lucerne were not of practical significance.     

Synergistic interactions betweenRhizoctonia solani Kühn,Verticillium dahliae Kleb.,Meloidogyne spp. andPratylenchus neglectus (Rensch) Chitwood & Oteifa,in potato

Summary Samples of a sandy soil and a marine clay soil sterilized by steam were put in 55-1 containers insulated with polystyrene and placed outdoors on a brick pavement. Sandy soil was infested singly or in all possible combinations with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the fungiRhizoctonia solani andVerticillium dahliae, and the marine clay soil was infested with the root-lesion nematodePratylenchus neglectus and the same fungi to evaluate the effects of these organisms on the yield of potato. The experiments were carried out from 1983 to 1986. Tuber yield was reduced by single infestations of theMeloidogyne spp. andV. dahliae but not significantly byR. solani orP. neglectus. A three-factor interaction: nematode ×R. solani × V. dahliae was found in both experiments.R. solani andV. dahliae showed significant synergistic effects when soil was infested with theMeloidogyne spp. orP. neglectus.     

Row fumigation with Vorlex for control of a meadow nematode (Pratlylenchus penetrans) in potatoes

Row fumigation with Vorlex at 3 and 7 gallons per acre was applied for meadow nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) control in potatoes. The material was applied 3 weeks before planting using one chisel per row at a depth of 8″, and ridged. The treatments resulted in a reduction in population ofP. penetrans in the soil and in the potato roots. On a soil with a relatively high population of meadow nematodes, row application of Vorlex at 3 and 7 gal per acre resulted in a yield increase of 10 and 14% respectively, and a lower incidence of tubers with vascular discoloration. By early October as many nematodes were present in treated rows as in untreated rows. Row fumigation is of value for only one potato crop.     

Nematodes and fungal diseases in barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island

A total of 31 genera and 28 species of plant and soil nematodes were identified from 30 commercial fields each of barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island. Root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans, were the dominant plant parasites, and the only endoparasitic nematodes recovered from roots. Root-lesion nematodes were the dominant genus in soil, but stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp., primarily T. dubius, and Merlinius spp.), and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.) were also recovered frequently. Common root rot, barley net blotch, and wheat leaf blotch, incited by Cochliobolus sativus, Pyrenophora teres, and Leptosphaeria nodorum, respectively, were prevalent in barley and wheat. The nematicide aldicarb reduced the numbers of root-lesion nematodes in roots and soil in experimental plots during 1984–1987, except from soil in wheat and barley in 1984 and in barley in 1986. Aldicarb treatments also increased grain yields significantly by 10% and 19% in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Aldicarb treatments did not affect the incidence of common root rot, barley net blotch, or wheat leaf blotch disease. Correlation and regression analyses of data from experimental plots did not indicate any significant relationships between population levels of root-lesion nematodes in roots or soil and severity of root or foliar diseases in barley or wheat.     

Status of weeds as reservoirs of plant parasitic nematodes in banana fields in Martinique

During a survey of the nematodes associated with weeds in banana fields in Martinique, 41 weed species in 37 genera from 20 plant families were collected to extract nematodes from the roots. Results of this survey showed that 24 weed species were hosts of Radopholus similis, 23 were hosts of Helicotylenchus spp., 13 were hosts of Pratylenchus spp., 13 were hosts of Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, 29 were hosts of Meloidogyne spp. and 24 were hosts of Rotylenchulus reniformis. The presence of the burrowing nematode was more consistently found within three families, the Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae and Solanaceae. In some weed species such as Caladium bicolor, Commelina diffusa, Echinochloa colona and Phenax sonneratii, the levels of nematodes recovered were similar to, or greater than the numbers recovered from Musa roots. These results clearly show that certain weeds can be significant reservoirs of plant parasitic nematodes including R. similis in banana fields. This information is crucial in devising appropriate nematode control measures for use with rotation crops or fallow before re-planting banana fields with nematode free planting material.     

Plant-parasitic nematodes in the potato growing areas of Maine

A study was conducted from October 1987 to November 1988 to accumulate data on the distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes, to examine rotation schemes and time of sampling in relation to nematode populations, and to assess the occurrence ofVerticillium spp.-Pratylenchus spp. in potato growing areas of the state of Maine.Pratylenchus penetrans andP. crenatus were encountered most frequently, with detection being 19% higher in early season (May–June) than late season (September–November). All rotation schemes supportedPratylenchus spp.Meloidogyne hapla was encountered in 14% of the early samples and 19% of the late samples. Oats-potato, potato-potato, and clover-potato supported the highestM. hapla population levels. Other nematodes detected in fewer samples and in lower numbers than the two above genera wereParatylenchus spp.,Criconemella spp.,Helicotylenchus spp. andTylenchorhynchus sp. Two plants from each of 27 fields were examined for nematode-fungus associations. Samples from 7 fields were positive forV. dahliae andP. penetrans only,V. alboatrum andP. penetrans were found in 1 field,V. alboatrum alone was detected in 1 field andP. penetrans,V. dahliae andV. alboatrum were found together in 2 fields. The detection of these nematode-fungus associations suggests that the potato early dying complex defined elsewhere in the United States may be occurring in Maine.     

Effect of nematodes on the sustained production of sugarcane in South Africa

An attempt is made to quantify the long-term benefit from the sustained production of sugarcane in South Africa using nematicides to reduce the damage caused by nematodes in each crop. The study was conducted using data from the plant crop and four or five ratoon crops from two trials located on similar sandy soils. Treatments comprised aldicarb and an untreated control, applied to a total of 10 sugarcane cultivars. Two cultivars were common to both sites. The plant parasitic nematode communities were similar at both sites except that Meloidogyne javanica was absent from one site. Yield of ratoon crops was correlated with the yield of the plant crop. Annual losses from nematodes were similar over successive crops. Data from both sites showed there to be a significant, positive correlation between yield of the nematicide treated plots and size of the response to treatment. Over a 4-year period, M. javanica alone was responsible for 30% of the losses, equivalent to 15 t cane/ha per year. The long-term effect of nematodes on sugarcane production was measured after calculating a logarithmic function from the observed yields of successive ratoons. Without a nematicide the time taken for the yield to decline to a threshold of 40 t cane/ha per year ranged from a minimum of 1 year in the M. javanica infested site to a maximum of 9 years in the other site. Treatment with a nematicide increased this period considerably. On the site with M. javanica it took a projected 20 years before the yield of one of the cultivars reached the threshold and 43 years for the same cultivar at the other site. The use of a nematicide increased long-term production, on average, by a factor of 3 at the M. javanica infested site and a factor of 5 at the other site. Differences between cultivars in the rate at which ratoon yields declined meant that, over time, the best cultivars at both sites were not the ones which gave the greatest annual yields during the first few crops after planting.     

黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫种类的调查

植物寄生线虫是导致马铃薯减产和影响马铃薯品质的原因之一,但目前黑龙江省尚未开展相关研究。自2012年以来,在黑龙江省共调查了14个县（市）的马铃薯种薯田,采集土壤样品107份,初步鉴定出植物寄生线虫8个属,其中针属线虫（Paratylenchus sp.）和螺旋属线虫（Helicotylenchus sp.）为黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫的优势种群,并分析了其地理分布特点。在黑龙江省发现短体属线虫,其属于重要农业生产的植物寄生虫。