西辽河平原两种常见土壤颗粒中黏土矿物的组成特征

【目的】土壤是由大小和形态各异的颗粒构成,各级颗粒包含丰富的黏土矿物演化信息。明确西辽河平原黏土矿物组成及演化特征有助于了解该地区土壤发育程度及肥力状况,为当地土壤资源合理利用提供理论依据。【方法】以西辽河平原分布较多的栗钙土和盐碱土为研究对象,采集表层土壤并分离不同粒级的土壤颗粒(<2、0.45～2、0.1～0.45μm),利用X射线衍射(XRD)和化学分析等方法研究黏土矿物组成及相关土壤指标。【结果】XRD分析结果表明,西辽河平原栗钙土和盐碱土的黏土矿物均以伊利石-蛭石-绿泥石为主,栗钙土中伴有少量高岭石和伊/蒙混层矿物,而盐碱土中含有少量高岭石、蒙脱石和1.4 nm过渡矿物;随粒径减小,栗钙土和盐碱土颗粒中绿泥石、高岭石、蒙脱石(伊/蒙混层矿物)和1.4 nm过渡矿物含量均减少,伊利石和蛭石含量增加;伊利石结晶度在栗钙土、盐碱土以及不同粒级的土壤颗粒中也存在明显差异。盐碱土中伊利石结晶程度较栗钙土弱。随粒径减小,栗钙土和盐碱土中伊利石结晶程度均变弱。化学分析结果表明,西辽河平原盐碱土中Na₂O的含量明显高于栗钙土,栗钙土和盐碱土颗粒的风化程度均随粒径减...     

西藏拉屋和扎西康矿区土壤的黏粒矿物组成研究

采集西藏拉屋和扎西康两矿区代表性土壤样品,测定了土壤基本性状、黏土矿物和氧化铁含量。结果表明:拉屋矿区土壤呈酸性,扎西康矿区土壤呈碱性。拉屋矿区土壤有机质含量和CEC明显高于扎西康矿区的;两矿区的主要黏土矿物有水云母、高岭石、绿泥石、蛭石、1.4 nm过渡矿物和少量的混层矿物。拉屋矿区主要矿物是水云母和高岭石,扎西康矿区主要矿物是水云母;两矿区土壤的游离氧化铁均以晶形氧化铁为主,非晶形氧化铁所占比例很少。     

玄武岩发育土壤的磁化率及其机理解析

应用矿物磁测技术和Ｘ－射线衍分析对浙江和云南武岩发育土壤的磁化率机理进行了研究。浙江玄武岩发育土壤的ｘ为１００×１０＾－８￣５００×１０６－８ｍ＾３／ｋｇ,云南玄武岩发育土壤的ｘ在５００×１０＾－８￣２０００×１０＾－８ｍ＾３／ｋｇ,合成针铁矿的ｘ为３１．９×１０＾－８ｍ＾３／ｋｇ,赤铁矿ｘ为８４．５×１０＾－８ｍ＾３／ｋｇ,且合成氧化铁的ｘ随氧化铁的铝替代量增大而增加,土壤的磁一参数和Ｘ－射线衍     

高梯度磁场分离后土壤矿物组成的变化

The changes of clay mineral association after high-gradient magnetic separation(HGMS) treatment,and the effects of chemical and physical technologies on concentrating Fe oxides for mian soils in central and southern China were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis methods.Results indicated that the concentrating times of Fe oxides by HGMS treatment were the largest for 0.2-2μm size fraction in the examined soils .For the soils in which 2:1 phyllosilicates were dominant,concentrating times of iron oxides by HGMS treatment were larger than by 5 mol L^-1 NaOH treatment .Phyllosili-cates were decreased after HGMS treatment ;however,the decrease was less than that of kaolinite,The goethite/(goethite hematite) values in Fe oxides of the soils kept virtually constant after HGMS treatment.     

微地形下紫色土的矿物组成和pH的耦合特征

为了研究微地形下紫色土的矿物组成和土壤酸度之间的关系,采集了重庆合川丘陵地区典型的紫色土壤,通过电渗析模拟酸化,并通过X射线衍射光谱分析电渗析前后的矿物组成以及酸度变化。结果表明:不同地形部位的紫色土随着地形部位的降低,土壤原生矿物的比重逐渐降低,土壤的发育程度越来越高。紫色母岩及其发育的土壤pH大小关系为母岩石骨子土半沙半泥土豆瓣泥。pH变化与土壤中的方解石、钠长石和钾长石等矿物的含量有紧密关系。电渗析模拟土壤酸化后发现,石骨子土和半沙半泥土的pH分别降低了4.3,3.8个单位,同时土壤原生矿物分解风化,表明土壤原生矿物(如长石类矿物)可以缓冲土壤的酸化。     

模拟酸雨淋溶下强风化土壤矿物风化计量关系研究

矿物风化计量关系对于定量土壤酸化速率至关重要。我国亚热带地区矿物风化强烈,土壤的酸敏感性高。为获取强风化土壤在矿物风化过程中元素释放特征及其化学计量关系,选取花岗岩发育的富铁土,先用EDTA-乙酸铵溶液洗脱土壤胶体上吸附的盐基离子,然后采用改进的Batch法,将洗脱盐基土壤与未洗脱盐基土壤同时进行模拟酸雨淋溶。结果表明:(1)洗脱盐基土壤与未洗脱盐基土壤的盐基离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))释放情况存在显著差异,洗脱盐基后土壤在淋溶中释放的盐基来源为矿物风化,释放缓慢而平稳;(2)未洗脱盐基土壤在淋溶初期,盐基的释放量较大,随着淋溶的进行,释放量迅速下降,淋溶后期的释放速率与洗脱盐基土壤接近,这说明未洗脱盐基土壤在淋溶初期释放的盐基主要来源于阳离子交换过程,后期则主要来源于风化过程;(3)洗脱盐基土壤和未洗脱盐基土壤经酸雨淋溶释放的各盐基化学计量关系(K~+∶Na~+∶Ca~(2+)∶Mg~(2+))以及盐基离子与硅的化学计量关系(BC∶Si)差异较大,由于未洗脱盐基土壤受到阳离子交换的影响,因此只有洗脱盐基土壤的矿物风化计量关系可以作为定量估算土壤酸化速率的依据。     

海拔与岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响

用X射线衍射法研究了中亚热带区海拔、岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响。结果表明:在海拔约2 000 m的重庆金佛山山顶区,灰黑色钙质页岩石灰岩发育的黑色石灰土,矿物组成复杂,除伊利石为主外,还有少量蛭石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石,有一定量的母质残留矿物(滑石和滑间皂石);由砂页岩和灰岩互层母质发育的山地黄棕壤,以蛭石为主,伊利石和高岭石其次,有三水铝石和弱结晶针铁矿。在金佛山中下部(600~1 200 m),石灰岩发育的黄色石灰土以蛭石或伊利石为主,有一定量的高岭石,普遍出现针铁矿。湖南怀化盆地海拔200多米,纯灰岩发育的红色石灰土为伊利石、蛭石和高岭石(含埃洛石)组合型,有结晶好的针铁矿和少量赤铁矿。海拔显著影响高岭石含量、针铁矿结晶度,海拔降低时高岭石含量增加,针铁矿结晶度提高。在金佛山山顶区,石灰岩母质岩性和微地形变异对土壤成土过程和黏土矿物组成影响显著。     

九宫山土壤剖面中黏土矿物的组成特征

以湖北省九宫山的4种垂直地带性土壤为对象,研究其剖面层次的黏土矿物组合和铁、铝氧化物的特征,揭示山地土壤中黏土矿物的变化特点。结果表明,随海拔升高,土壤中黏土矿物类型从以高岭石为主,逐渐变为以14.0?矿物、伊利石及三水铝石为主,有从1︰1型向2︰1型矿物过渡的趋势;不同层次的土壤中黏土矿物类型和相对含量变化明显;土壤随垂直高程的升高,其中游离态铁、铝减小,非晶形和络合态铁、铝增加,各种形态铁、铝氧化物的总量也增加。     

准噶尔和塔里木盆地盐渍化土壤黏土矿物组成特征及成因

新疆是中国盐渍化土壤主要分布区,本研究在新疆准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地采集不同盐化程度土壤,利用X-射线衍射仪、透射电镜、X射线荧光光谱技术,研究两个盆地内盐渍化土壤中黏土矿物的分布特点。结果表明:受干旱气候的影响,两大盆地盐渍化土壤中黏土矿物主要包括伊利石、蒙脱石、绿泥石和高岭石,其中塔里木盆地盐渍化土壤中蒙脱石含量极少。土壤次生碳酸盐δ13C和δ18O及黏土矿物D和δ18O测定结果显示,塔里木盆地采样点土壤形成期气候相对准噶尔盆地更干旱,这种干旱气候导致伊利石中K+不易脱去,从而影响蒙脱石形成。在相对湿润的准噶尔盆地,采样点盐渍化土壤中蒙脱石含量较高,且蒙脱石含量随着伊利石含量减少而增加,两者之间达到极显著负相关关系(r=0.81,n=30,P0.01),表明土壤中存在伊利石向蒙脱石的转化过程。准噶尔盆地盐渍化土壤具备伊利石向蒙脱石转化所需要的水分条件和化学组分:①相对湿润气候条件下伊利石发生脱K+;②盐渍化土壤pH8.5,使长石中的Si4+溶解,参与矿物转化过程;③盐渍化土壤溶液中大量Ca2+、Na+和Mg2+可进入伊利石层间占据K+空位,形成蒙脱石。同时,研究结果还显示10 cm以下土层土壤盐分含量与伊利石含量存在极显著负相关关系(r=0.76,n=22,P0.01),表明10 cm以下土体中,盐分的存在利于准噶尔盆地盐渍化土壤中伊利石向蒙脱石转换。因此,气候和盐分含量是新疆两大盆地盐渍化土壤中黏土矿物形成和转化的主要影响因素。     

我国主要土壤不同粒级的矿物组成及供钾特点

用物理方法提取了我国１１种主要土壤四个粒级的土壤颗粒,并对各个粒级颗粒的矿物组成进行了分析鉴定。结果表明,同一土壤,随着粒级的增加,矿物组成趋于简单,次生矿物类型及含量减少而原生矿物种类及含量增加。＜１０μｍ的颗粒矿物组成,除红壤、赤红壤外的９种土壤,都以水云母为主,而＞１０μｍ的颗粒１１种土壤都以原生矿物为主,但部分土壤仍可见少量的次生矿物。不同土壤间２～５０μｍ颗粒的次生矿物组成差异明显。     

Clay mineral evolution along a soil chronosequence in an Alpine proglacial area

As a consequence of global warming, additional areas will become ice-free and subject to weathering and soil formation. The most evident soil changes in the Alps will occur in proglacial areas where young soils will continuously develop due to glacier retreat. Little is known about the initial stages of weathering and soil formation, i.e. during the first decades of soil genesis. In this study, we investigated clay minerals formation during a time span 0-150 years in the proglacial area of Morteratsch (Swiss Alps). The soils developed on granitic till and were Lithic Leptosols.Mineralogical measurements of the clay (< 2 μm) and fine silt fraction (2-32 μm) were carried out using XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and DRIFT (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform). Fast formation and transformation mechanisms were measured in the clay fraction. The decreasing proportion of trioctahedral phases with time confirmed active chemical weathering. Since the start of soil formation, smectite was actively formed. Some smectite (low charge) and vermiculite (high charge) was however already present in the parent material. Main source of smectite formation was biotite, hornblende and probably plagioclase. Furthermore, irregularly and regularly interstratified clay minerals (mica-HIV or mica-vermiculite) were formed immediately after the start of moraine exposure to weathering. In addition, hydroxy-interlayered smectite (HIS) as a transitory weathering product from mica to smectite was detected. Furthermore, since the start of soil evolution, kaolinite was progressively formed. In the silt fraction, only little changes could be detected; i.e. some formation of an interstratified mica-HIV or mica-vermiculite phase.The detected clay mineral formation and transformation mechanisms within this short time span confirmed the high reactivity of freshly exposed sediments, even in a cryic environment.     

Soil development along primary succession sequences on moraines of Hailuogou Glacier,Gongga Mountain,Sichuan, China

Soil properties related to soil development were measured in six profiles over approximately 180 years of soil development on recessional moraines of the Hailuogou Glacier, Sichuan of southwestern China. It is hypothesized that soil development is strictly time-dependent. Field and laboratory work indicate that as soil develops from initially coarse gravel outwash, the properties undergo a progressive physical and chemical change such that there is a considerable profile differentiation between the youngest and the oldest soils. The pH is also highly stratified; it decreases with time from 8.5 to 4.2 in the upper mineral soil and increases with depth in all profiles. Accumulation of soil organic C and N increases with time but the rates of accumulation become slower with time. Within the investigated timespan, soil C and N accumulated to a considerable level of 3.5 and 0.6 kg/m² respectively, with mean annual rates of 28 g/m² for carbon and 3.5 g/m² for nitrogen. The rapid accumulation of organic C and N accelerates the processes of soil formation, but the content of organic C and N did not reach a steady-state during the observed timespan. The accumulation of soil organic matter results in increased acid production and in the chemical weathering of minerals that promote formation and translocation of the clay fraction and leaching of carbonate; it is also directly responsible for development of soil properties such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), and bulk density.     

1988-2013年布加岗日地区冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像,采用比值阈值和目视解译相结合的方法提取分析了唐古拉山东段布加岗日地区近25 a来冰川现状及其变化,对比研究了四个时段的冰川变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:1988—2013年研究区冰川退缩比较严重,面积退缩34.25 km²,占1988年冰川面积的18.67%,且不同时段冰川退缩速率不同,1988—1994—1999—2006—2013年冰川退缩表现为:慢—最快—中等—快的特点,冰储量预测减少15.38%。夏季气温升高很可能是造成冰川加速退缩的主因,冰川变化对气候变化的响应更好地体现在长时段的气候变化上,而短时段气候变化对冰川总体变化趋势有一定的作用,这是造成各个时段冰川变化差异性的原因。研究区北坡冰川退缩明显快于南坡,这种变化的差异性一方面可能是由研究区季风气候特征和水汽来源对不同朝向冰川的影响造成的,另一方面也受冰川发育规模、分布海拔的影响。     

Using lipid analysis and hyphal length to quantify AM and saprotrophic fungal abundance along a soil chronosequence

We evaluate the use of signature fatty acids and direct hyphal counts as tools to detect and quantify arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and saprotrophic fungal (SF) biomass in three Hawaiian soils along a natural soil fertility gradient. Phospholipids16:1ω5c and 18:2ω6,9c were used as an index of AM and saprotrophic fungal biomass, respectively. Both phospholipid analysis and hyphal length indicated that the biomass of AMF was greatest at the highest fertility site, and lowest where phosphorus limits plant growth. Saprotrophic fungal biomass did not vary. Hyphal length counts appeared to under-estimate SF abundance, while the phospholipid AMF:SF ratio was in line with expectations. This study indicates that phospholipids may be a valuable and reliable tool for studying the abundance, distribution, and interactions between AM and saprotrophic fungi in soil.     

贡嘎山近40年冰川对气候变化的响应

以Landsat影像为依据,通过遥感图像计算机辅助分类和目视解译等方法提取了贡嘎山区1974年、1990年、2000年、2010年冰川边界,并分析贡嘎山区近40 a来的冰川变化。结果表明:1974—2010年贡嘎山区冰川面积减小了30.20 km²,占1974年冰川面积的11.86%;冰川分布的平均海拔升高了44 m。结合气象资料分析认为,升温是研究区近年来冰川加速退缩的主要原因,预计贡嘎山区冰川的退缩速率会进一步加快。     

A soil chronosequence in the semi-arid environment of Patagonia (Argentina)

Soil development with time was investigated on beach ridges with ages ranging from about 1380 to 6240 ¹⁴C-years BP at the eastern coast of central Patagonia. The main pedogenic processes are accumulation of organic matter and carbonate leaching and accumulation within the upper part of the soils. Soil formation is strongly influenced by incorporation of eolian sediments into the interstitial spaces between the gravel of which the beach ridges are composed. Different amounts of eolian material in the soils lead to differentiation into Leptosols (containing ≤ 10% fine earth in the upper 75 cm) and Regosols (containing > 10% fine earth). Soil depth functions and chronofunctions of organic carbon, calcium carbonate, pH, Ca:Zr, Mg:Zr, K:Zr, Na:Zr, Fe:Zr, Mn:Zr, and Si:Al (obtained from X-ray fluorescence analysis) were evaluated. To establish soil chronofunctions mean values of the horizon data of 0–10 cm below the desert pavement were used, which were weighted according to the horizon thicknesses. The depth function of pH shows a decrease towards the surface, indicating leaching of bases from the upper centimeters. Chronofunctions of pH show that within 6000 radiocarbon years of soil development pH drops from 7.0 to 6.6 in the Leptosols and from 8.1 to 7.5 in the Regosols. The higher pH of the Regosols is due to input of additional bases from the eolian sediments. Chronofunctions of Ca:Zr and K:Zr indicate progressive leaching of Ca and K in the Regosols, showing close relationships to time (R² = 0.972 and 0.995). Na leaching as indicated by decreasing Na:Zr ratios shows a strong correlation to time only in the Leptosols (R² = 0.999). Both, Leptosols and Regosols show close relationships to time for Fe:Zr (R² = 0.817 and 0.824), Mn:Zr (R² = 0.940 and 0.803), and Si:Al (0.971 and 0.977), indicating enrichment of Fe and Mn and leaching of Si. Leaching of mobile elements takes place on a higher level in the Regosols than in the Leptosols from the beginning of soil formation. Hence, a significant part of the eolian sediments must have been incorporated into the beach ridges very soon after their formation.     

Soil nematode assemblages as bioindicators of primary succession along a 120-year-old chronosequence on the Hailuogou Glacier forefield,SW China

Successional dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems is important for interactions between aboveground and belowground subsystems. In this study, nematode communities in a Hailuogou Glacier Chronosequence from seven stages were investigated to determine whether changes in soil phosphorus (P) and nematode assemblages parallel those observed in aboveground communities, and whether the primary succession in this chronosequence has entered a retrogressive phase after 120 years of succession. The initial 40-year succession, including stages 2, 3 and 4, can be viewed as a build-up phase. Especially at stage 3, vegetation succession from grassland to forest accelerated the accumulation of plant litter and bioavailable P, paralleled with a sharp increase in nematode abundance. The mature phases covering stages 5, 6 and 7 displayed most balanced nematode communities, in which abundance, taxon richness, maturity index and structure index were at highest. However, the last stage 7 appeared to show some retrogressive characteristics, as suggested by the reduced bioavailability of P and a significant decrease in nematode densities, along with the disappearance of some rare genera of nematodes from higher trophic guilds, resulting in decreases in the nematode channel ratio, plant parasite index and enrichment index. Thus, the Hailuogou Glacier Chronosequence may enter its retrogressive phase during the next decade or century. A bacterial-based nematode energy channel dominated the chronosequence during the development; by contrast, a fungivore-based channel was activated at the early and late stages, because fungivores are better adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Our results demonstrated that different nematode guilds have contrasting responses to chronosequence stages, possibly due to their different responses to bottom-up and top-down controls. Furthermore, soil nematode communities could be used as sensitive bioindicators of soil health in glacial-retreat areas.     

Soil chemical and microbiological properties along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla Lam. plantations in the Horqin sandy land of Northeast China

Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub, is a dominant native plant species widely planted to stabilize the moving and semi-moving sand dunes in the semi-arid Horqin sandy land of Northeast China. The objective of this study was to determine how C. microphylla plantations affected the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of a sandy soil. Soil samples at the depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm were collected from the C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 23 years. The results showed that shrub growth altered microclimate, increased litter input, and hence, improved soil water holding capacity, contents of total carbon, total N and microbial biomass C and N, electrical conductivity, and activities of urease, phosphomonoesterase, protease, dehydrogenase and polyphenol oxidase, and decreased soil bulk density. These trends increased with increasing plantation age but decreased with increasing soil depth. C. microphylla establishment could be an effective and applicable measure to restore vegetation and control desertification in the Horqin sandy land, and recommended for adoption in semi-arid sandy areas on a large scale.     

土壤矿物吸附和土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳含量的影响研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) can act as a sink or source of atmospheric carbon dioxide; therefore, it is important to understand the amount and composition of SOC in terrestrial ecosystems, the spatial variation in SOC, and the underlying mechanisms that stabilize SOC. In this study, density fractionation and acid hydrolysis were used to assess the spatial variation in SOC, the heavy fraction of organic carbon (HFOC), and the resistant organic carbon (ROC) in soils of the southern Hulunbeier region, northeastern China, and to identify the major factors that contribute to this variation. The results showed that as the contents of clay and silt particles (0--50 μm) increased, both methylene blue (MB) adsorption by soil minerals and microaggregate contents increased in the 0--20 and 20--40 cm soil layers (P < 0.05). Although varying with vegetation types, SOC, HFOC, and ROC contents increased significantly with the content of clay and silt particles, MB adsorption by soil minerals, and microaggregate content (P < 0.05), suggesting that soil texture, the MB adsorption by soil minerals and microaggregate abundance might be important factors influencing the spatial heterogeneity of carbon contents in soils of the southern Hulunbeier region.