Atmospheric physics and Earth observations: mapping from space: the metric camera experiment

The Spacelab metric camera experiment acquired stereoscopic high-resolution black-and-white and color infrared photographs of various regions of the world. In total, an area of about 11 million square kilometers was covered. Because of the delay in launching the shuttle until 28 November, illumination conditions were frequently poor over many candidate targets. However, unique high-quality images with a ground resolution of about 20 meters were obtained by increasing camera exposure time. Initial image analysis has shown that these images may be used for earth mapping at the scale 1:100,000.     

Apollo 16 exploration of descartes: a geologic summary

The Cayley Plains at the Apollo 16 landing site consist of crudely stratified breccias to a depth of at least 200 meters, overlain by a regolith 10 to 15 meters thick. Samples, photographs, and observations by the astronauts indicate that most of the rocks are impact breccias derived from an anorthositegabbro complex. The least brecciated members of the suite include coarse-grained anorthosite and finer-grained, more mafic rocks, some with igneous and some with metamorphic textures. Much of the traverse area is covered by ejecta from North Ray and South Ray craters, but the abundance of rock fragments increases to the south toward the younger South Ray crater. The Descartes highlands, a distinct morphologic entity, differ from the adjacent Cayley formation more in physiographic expression than in lithologic character.     

Apollo 16 Geochemical X-ray Fluorescence Experiment: Preliminary Report

The lunar surface was mapped with respect to magnesium, aluminum, and silicon as aluminum/ silicon and magnesium/ silicon intensity ratios along the projected ground tracks swept out by the orbiting Apollo 16 spacecraft. The results confirm the observations made during the Apollo 15 flight and provide new data for a number of features not covered before. The data are consistent with the idea that the moon has a widespread differentiated crust (the highlands). The aluminum/ silicon and magnesium/ silicon concentration ratios correspond to those for anorthositic gabbros through gabbroic anorthosites or feldspathic basalts. The x-ray results suggest the occurrence of this premare crust or material similar to it at the Descartes landing site.     

Apollo 14 and apollo 16 heavy-particle dosimetry experiments

Doses of heavy particles at positions inside the command modules of Apollo missions 8, 12, 14, and 16 correlate well with the calculated effects of solar modulation of the primary cosmic radiation. Differences in doses at different stowage positions indicate that the redistribution of mass within the spacecraft could enhance safety from the biological damage that would otherwise be expected on manned, deep-space missions.     

Atmospheric physics and Earth observations: atmospheric spectral imaging

An array of imaging spectrometers flown on the Spacelab 1 mission was capable of providing spectra of the atmospheric emissions over a broad wavelength range from 300 to 12,700 angstroms and acquiring each complete spectrum nearly simultaneously. The instrument was used to make observations on the day side and night side of the earth, looking down in the nadir direction, radially away from the earth, and in various limb-scanning modes. Observations were made looking at various angles to the vehicle velocity vector and during thruster firings and water dumps as well as at times when such events were inhibited. As a result of the mission a data base has been acquired that is valuable for studies of both the upper atmosphere and the shuttle-Spacelab vehicle environment.     

Apollo 11 observations of a remarkable glazing phenomenon on the lunar surface

Some glazing is apparently due to radiation heating; it suggests a giant solar outburst in geologically recent times.     

Atmospheric physics and Earth observations: sample performance of the grille spectrometer

The grille spectrometer observed the setting and rising sun 18 times during the Spacelab 1 mission. In addition to solar absorption lines, many of which had not been observed before, atmospheric spectral absorptions due to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were observed at heights tangent to the thermosphere (greater than 85 kilometers), and absorptions due to ozone, water, methane, and nitrous oxide were observed in the mesosphere (greater than 50 kilometers). The strongly coupled molecules NO-NO(2) and HC1-HF were observed as pairs in the stratosphere. Methane is presented as an example of the instrumental operations because of the characteristic aspect of the Q branch of its v(3) band.     

Apollo 11 solar wind composition experiment: first results

The helium-4 solar wind flux during the Apollo 11 lunar surface excursion was (6.3 +/- 1.2) x 10(6) atoms per square centimeter per second. The solar wind direction and energy are essentially not perturbed by the moon. Evidence for a lunar solar wind albedo was found.     

Apollo 15 Geochemical X-ray Fluorescence Experiment: Preliminary Report

Although only part of the information from the x-ray fluorescence geochemical experiment has been analyzed, it is clear that the experiment was highly successful. Significant compositional differences among and possibly within the maria and highlands have been detected. When viewed in the light of analyzed lunar rocks and soil samples, and the data from other lunar orbital experiments (in particular, the Apollo 15 gamma-ray spectroscopy experiment), the results indicate the existence of a differential lunar highland crust, probably feldspathic. This crust appears to be related to the plagioclase-rich materials previously found in the samples from Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, and Luna 16.     

Apollo 17 seismic profiling: probing the lunar crust

Apollo 17 seismic data are interpreted to determine the structure of the lunar crust to a depth of several kilometers. Seismic velocity increases in a marked stepwise manner beneath the Taurus-Littrow region at the Apollo 17 site. A thickness of about 1200 meters is indicated for the infilling mare basalts at Taurus-Littrow. The apparent velocity is high (about 4 kilomleters per second) in the material immediately underlying the basalts.     

ICP-MS法测定茶叶中的16种稀土元素含量

[目的]旨在了解茶叶中的稀土元素残留情况,指导茶叶生产,评价茶叶饮用的安全性。[方法]使用HNO3+H2O2混酸体系高压密闭微波前处理样品和ICP-MS等离子体质谱法联合技术,建立测定茶叶样品中l6种(Sc45,Y89,La139,Ce140,Pr141,Sm147,Eu153,Gb157,Tb159,Nd144,Dy163,Ho165,Er166,Tm169,Yb172,Lu175)稀土元素含量的方法。[结果]各曲线呈良好线性关系,仪器检出限为0.002 3~0.692 4μg/L,方法检出限为0.20~35.00μg/kg,加标回收率为93.1%~117.5%(n=7)。[结论]该方法质谱图简单,选择性和灵敏度好,定量准确,且具有精密度和准确度高、操作简单方便、回收率高、重现性好等优点,适合茶叶中稀土元素的检测。     

Apollo 11: exposure of lower animals to lunar material

Lunar material returned from the first manned landing on the moon was assayed for the presence of replicating agents possibly harmful to life on earth. Ten species of lower animals were exposed to lunar material for 28 days. No pathological effects attributable to contact with lunar material were detected.     

微波消解ICP－MS法结合同时测定香蕉中的16种稀土元素含量

[目的]旨在了解广西香蕉产区施用稀土农用肥的稀土元素残留情况,指导香蕉生产,评价稀土农用肥的安全性。[方法]采用ICP-MS等离子体质谱法和使用HNO3＋H2O2混酸体系高压密闭微波前处理样品联合技术,建立测定香蕉样品中16种稀土元素（Sc45,Y89,La139,Ce140, Pr141,Sm147,Eu153,Gb157,Tb159,Nd144, Dy163,Ho165,Er166,Tm169,Yb172,Lu175）含量的方法。[结果]各曲线呈良好线性关系,仪器检出限为0.002-0.01μg/L,方法检出限为0.1-0.6μg/kg,加标回收率为94.5%-116%,相对标准偏差为2.02%-14.21%。[结论]该方法质谱图简单,选择性和灵敏度好,定量准确,且具有精密度和准确度高、操作简单方便、回收率高、重现性好等优点,适合香蕉等水果中稀土元素的检测,对于指导香蕉生产、有效地种植,具有一定的理论及应用价值。     

Apollo 12 seismic signal: indication of a deep layer of powder

The seismic signal caused by the Apollo 12 lunar module is interpreted in terms of propagation between source and receiver through a layer of powder in which sound velocity increases with depth. This increase, which is due to compaction, extends over several kilometers and leads to a concentration of seismic waves toward the surface. Computer simulations with the use of ray acoustics and on the assumption of a randomly undulating lunar surface approximate well the observed signal. Seismic amplitudes are greatly enhanced in such a medium compared to solid rock, so that the observed signal requires less power to be transmitted than previously estimated.