太阳能与热泵技术在原油加热系统的应用

利用燃油、燃气加热炉加热原油会造成能源浪费和环境污染,以太阳能和回注水热交换所获热量为高温水源热泵的低温热源,以电加热器为备用热源,用于集输原油的循环加热,可以达到节能减排的目的。分别建立了太阳能集热器和高温水源热泵的数学模型,采用Matlab中的Simulink仿真技术建模,输入现场运行参数进行仿真,通过模拟仿真预测太阳能与热泵联合供热系统的运行情况,并将模拟运行结果与其他供热系统进行经济性比较。结果表明:太阳能与高温热泵联合供热系统的制热温度达75℃,制热系数达3.5,年运行费用较电锅炉加热节省40.23×104元,增加的投资14个月即可收回,经济效益比较显著。     

Solar heating and cooling

We have adequate theory and engineering capability to design, install, and use equipment for solar space and water heating. Energy can be delivered at costs that are competitive now with such high-cost energy sources as much fuel-generated, electrical resistance heating. The technology of heating is being improved through collector developments, improved materials, and studies of new ways to carry out the heating processes. Solar cooling is still in the experimental stage. Relatively few experiments have yielded information on solar operation of absorption coolers, on use of night sky radiation in locations with clear skies, on the combination of a solar-operated Rankine engine and a compression cooler, and on open cycle, humidification-dehumidification systems. Many more possibilities for exploration exist. Solar cooling may benefit from collector developments that permit energy delivery at higher temperatures and thus solar operation of additional kinds of cycles. Improved solar cooling capability can open up new applications of solar energy, particularly for larger buildings, and can result in markets for retrofitting existing buildings. Solar energy for buildings can, in the next decade, make a significant contribution to the national energy economy and to the pocketbooks of many individual users. very large-aggregate enterprises in manufacture, sale, and installation of solar energy equipment can result, which can involve a spectrum of large and small businesses. In our view, the technology is here or will soon be at hand; thus the basic decisions as to whether the United States uses this resource will be political in nature.     

太阳能新风系统在北方农村地区的应用研究

我国太阳能资源丰富,尤其是我国北方地区,日照时间长、日照强度强,相对其他地区的太阳能利用有很大的优势,可以利用太阳能生产生活热水、采暖、干燥等。目前太阳能热水系统在我国应用十分广泛,尤其是农村地区,几乎每家都装有真空管式热水集热器,但是太阳能空气集热器作为采暖方式应用较少。我国北方地区冬季以晴朗天气居多,但是温度较低,一般需要进行建筑的供热,太阳能集热器采暖基于自身的优势将成为未来采暖的趋势。该文介绍了我国太阳资源的分布情况,描述了北方采暖的现状,提出将太阳能集热器应用在北方采暖系统中,尤其是在农村地区应用具有实际意义,并通过试验验证了其推广的可行性。     

太阳能·地源热泵供暖系统在新农村中的应用前景探讨

阐述了我国太阳能分布和利用现状,以北京为例,理论分析了太阳能地板辐射采暖和淋浴系统的可行性,考虑到经济因素,结合农村丰富的土地资源,进行了太阳能和地源热泵联合运行供暖技术的探讨。     

新农村建设中太阳能采暖技术的应用

阐述了太阳能采暖技术应用现状,并结合北京郊区新农村建设实际工程,详述太阳能采暖系统的设计方案、特点及运行状况,分析了太阳能采暖系统的可行性和经济效益,探讨了太阳能地板采暖的社会效益和推广前景。     

Prospects for district heating in the United States

Large-scale district heating, using waste heat rejected by electric power plants and other sources, is presented as a means of reducing significantly the amount of fossil fuel consumed for residential and commercial space and water heating in the United States. Analysis of the technical and economic aspects of model district heating systems for nine U.S. urban areas shows that district heat service to residential and commercial consumers would be economically attractive. Projections of national service levels show that up to half of the U.S. population could be served by district heating at costs that are competitive with the present costs of imported oil and also with projected costs of new energy forms. An advantage of district heat over the latter is that it is a proved, simple technology.     

太阳能技术在建筑节能中的应用

就太阳能在节能建筑中采暖、空调和热水系统的热利用进行了阐述.     

牧区太阳能提水经济效益的研究

以干旱荒漠草原为背景对牧区太阳能与内燃机提水机具的经济效益进行估算.在实测及调查资料的基础上,分析提水机具应用方便程度,比较投资与费用.结果表明,在25年的使用期中太阳能提水可节约81.43万元,是内燃机组总费用的80.94％;年均节余3.26万元,是内燃机组年度使用费的92.61％.经济效益的分析比较为太阳能提水在牧区的推广提供依据,对改善牧区供水机具和保护草原生态环境具有重要意义.     

Solar energy utilization by physical methods

On the basis of the estimated contributions of these differing methods of the utilization of solar energy, their total energy delivery impact on the projected U.S. energy economy (9) can be evaluated (Fig. 5). Despite this late energy impact, the actual sales of solar energy utilization equipment will be significant at an early date. Potential sales in photovoltaic arrays alone could exceed $400 million by 1980, in order to meet the projected capacity buildup (10). Ultimately, the total energy utilization equipment industry should attain an annual sales volume of several tens of billion dollars in the United States, comparable to that of several other energy related industries. Varying amounts of technology development are required to assure the technical and economic feasibility of the different solar energy utilization methods. Several of these developments are far enough along that the paths can be analyzed from the present time to the time of demonstration of technical and economic feasibility, and from there to production and marketing readiness. After that point, a period of market introduction will follow, which will differ in duration according to the type of market addressed. It may be noted that the present rush to find relief from the current energy problem, or to be an early leader in entering a new market, can entail shortcuts in sound engineering practice, particularly in the areas of design for durability and easy maintenance, or of proper application engineering. The result can be loss of customer acceptance, as has been experienced in the past with various products, including solar water heaters. Since this could cause considerable delay in achieving the expected total energy impact, it will be important to spend adequate time at this stage for thorough development. Two other aspects are worth mentioning. The first is concerned with the economic impacts. Upon reflection on this point, one will observe that largescale solar energy utilization will not cause a greater impact than other new energy sources, based on the reasoning that a self-consistent set of conditions will have to be fulfilled in order to achieve such large-scale use. Without cost competitiveness, other energy resources would fill the requirements, or, if their resource and cost structure also would create severe problems, the economic forecasts simply cannot be fulfilled. We also should not think of a "solar-only" energy future. First, there is still enough coal to last for several hundred years. Second, there should be enough fissionable fuel available to operate breeder reactors for a similar time span, and geothermal energy could satisfy some requirements for a long time. And finally, there may be fusion. It would be unlikely that any one of the available options should play a really dominant role. Rather, we should expect to be using an energy mix, just as we do now, with each energy source supplying the requirements which it can satisfy in the most suitable way, and solar energy should play an important role in this long-range future.     

太阳能-水源热泵联合加热温室系统研究

为了探索太阳能-水源热泵技术在设施农业领域的应用方法和发展潜力,寻求解决温室加温费用高、存在污染等问题的方法,对一种用于温室的太阳能和水源热泵联合加温系统进行了试验研究。结果表明:此项研究对太阳能-水源热泵这项新能源技术在农业领域的应用具有重要的意义,可减少连栋温室水源热泵加温系统一次性投资和运行成本,降低能源消耗,为太阳能水源热泵联合作为温室有效的加温系统提供了一定的理论依据。     

太阳能热水工程在小城镇住宅中的应用

根据新农村建设中农房建设面临的节能压力及太阳能的优点,介绍了太阳能热水系统的计算方法,包括原始资料的收集、太阳能集热器面积的确定、储热水箱容积的大小,热水系统的型式,并进行总结。     

Eastern geothermal resources: should we pursue them?

A geothermal resource that consists of hot water at moderate temperatures (below 125 degrees C) underlies many areas in the central and eastern United States. Programs funded by the Department of Energy have revealed that this resource is definable and economically competitive with conventional fuels for use in direct heat applications. The resource, therefore, has the potential for reducing our dependence on the imported oil used for space heating. However, front-end costs and risks to explore, drill, test, and evaluate the magnitude of the resource have inhibited development. The question is, therefore, how much federal stimulation will be needed to convince private capital to exploit this widespread low-quality energy source.     

RaGPS: A software application for determining extraterrestrial radiation in mobile devices with GPS

The application of mobile devices to the food and agriculture sector has been increased notably in the last years, being most of these devices endowed with Global Positioning System by satellites (GPS). This paper presents a new software application developed with LabVIEW for determining extraterrestrial solar radiation, equivalent evaporation and other parameters related to solar position from Global Position Data in handheld devices. These parameters are useful in many applications, such as validating the data supplied by agricultural weather stations, estimating the water needs of the crops where there are no close weather stations, or providing essential information when considering a determined place for installing photovoltaic panels or solar water heating systems. There is currently no software in the market which confers this utility to a mobile device. A comparison between data calculated by the proposed application and data supplied by an agricultural weather station was carried out for evaluation and validation purposes.     

太阳能热水系统与建筑一体化设计研究——以安庆市儿童福利院项目为例

结合安庆市儿童福利院规划及主要建筑单体方案设计项目,通过对太阳能热水系统的类型分析以及太阳能热水系统的各组成部分的特点研究,探讨在安徽省气候条件和区位环境中实现太阳能与建筑一体化设计的策略与方法。     

航天生抽的特化混菌共酵研究

以航天诱变筛选获得的高蛋白酶活突变菌株根霉ZG-2和黑曲霉ZM-8及米曲霉混合制曲,采用日光浴保温发酵,生产的航天生抽鲜味突出,特色明显,原料的利用率也有很大提高,节省了能源,提高了经济效益。从色、香、味、体全方位评价产品的质量,根霉ZG-2 1.0 kg、黑曲霉ZM-8 1.0 kg、米曲霉1.5 kg和生抽大曲2.0 kg添加量生产的产品质量最佳。     

税收优惠政策对农业科技创新影响的研究

我国的相关农业税收优惠政策能够对农业科技起到一定的促进作用,却对相关的研发 投入具有消减作用,对相关的人力投入的激励作用也不够明显。本文研究我国的税收优惠政策 对当前农业科技创新的重要影响,分别从促进农业企业的市场竞争力、降低农业科技创新的融 资风险、增加人才培养和引进、提供信贷优惠等方面进行探讨。     

Agricultural real estate loans and secondary markets

As a result of financial difficulties confronting American agriculture, public debate is focusing on longterm options for restoring economic stability and growth to the agricultural economy. Many believe that just as homeowners in small communities throughout the nation have been served by the development of a secondary market for residential mortgages sponsored by the federal government, farmers throughout the country would similarly benefit from the development of a secondary market for farm real estate mortgages. This paper discusses issues relating to the development of a secondary market for agricultural real estate loans. The concept of a secondary market for agriculture is of considerable interest to Congress, as evidenced by recent enactment of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 which established the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”) to create a secondary market for farm real estate loans. The first section discusses the general nature of secondary markets and their purposes, with particular attention given to the secondary market for home mortgages because it served as a model for a secondary market for farm loans. Section two discusses basic differences between agriculture and housing, and section three provides a brief discussion of federal credit subsidies designed to help meet social and economic goals by influencing the allocation of credit to particular sectors of the economy such as housing and agriculture. Potential benefits and costs associated with the development of a secondary market for agriculture are discussed in section four.     

地源热泵在日光温室中的应用

介绍了一种新型加热方式-地源热泵,并在顺义三高建造了地源热泵加热温室,对其加热效果进行了试验。测试结果表明,室外、试验温室与对照温室夜间平均温度分别为-7.9℃、14.4℃和8.7℃,加温效果明显。地源热泵加热与传统燃煤锅炉相比,平均节能为29.6%。     

甘肃省区域农业竞争力评价与时空演变分析

区域农业竞争力的提升是解决"三农"问题的关键。运用因子分析方法,对甘肃省14个地级市(州)1997、2002、2007和2012年的农业竞争力进行综合评价与实证分析,并结合不同时间断面上农业竞争力等级分布图和插值效果图,归纳总结了甘肃省农业竞争力的时空演变规律特征。结果表明:甘肃省各地市(州)农业竞争力水平差异显著,地域分布呈现出由分散向集聚发展的态势,可以划分为河西走廊超强型、陇中陇东一般型和陇南临夏甘南偏弱型3种基本类型;农业空间扩展能力与其竞争力水平高度正相关,并呈现出由极点式到点轴式再到网络化的迹象;农业政策导向驱动、资源禀赋及经济驱动、产业结构及成长驱动共同驱使农业竞争力在空间范畴上格局置换。     

我国农村能源发展现状及开发利用模式

针对我国农村能源消费结构不合理,能源消费层次低等农村能源开发利用问题,采用国家统计局对我国农村东部、中部、西部、东北4个地区的划分方式,对我国农村能源发展现状及开发利用模式进行研究。结果表明:1)近年来我国农村能源产业总体表现出良好态势;2)东部、中部、西部、东北等不同地理位置农村能源开发利用模式各不相同,东部地区能源使用多元化,中部、西部地区完善农村电网工程,加大新能源使用力度,东北地区大力开发太阳能解决冬季采暖问题;3)我国农村能源体系存在推广落后、发展基础设施落后、政策落后等问题。由于不同地区生活习性、经济发展水平、历史发展原因不尽相同,资源禀赋、农村能源供需结构存在较大差异,因地制宜开发利用农村能源,完善农村能源基础设施网络,把地方资源优势转变为经济优势、产业优势,是解决农村能源建设问题的主要动力。