帕金森病的治疗进展

帕金森病（Parkinsondisease,PD)是以中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元的变性与消失及纹状体中多巴胺（Dopamine,DA)水平降低的一种疾病，长期困扰着中老年人，虽然病因比较明确，但目前还没有一种特别的治疗方法或药物能彻底根治PD。本文就PD治疗以及神经营养因子的应用等方面作了简要的阐述。     

6-羟基多巴胺致帕金森病大鼠模型的建立与评价

应用6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)制造帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)大鼠模型,建模成功后采用组织化学方法检测模型黑质多巴胺能神经元变化,并从行为学及黑质多巴胺能神经元数目的变化对模型进行综合评价。取Wistar大鼠,采用立体定向法,进行右侧纹状体区6-OHDA 双点注射。结果表明,6-OHDA纹状体注射可成功的诱导帕金森大鼠模型。     

肠道菌群紊乱与帕金森病相关性的研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson's Disease,PD)又称震颤性麻痹,是一种常见于中老年人的神经系统变性疾病,该病以中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元丢失和神经元细胞内 α-突触核蛋白异常聚集为主要的病理特征.肠道菌群(Microbiota,GM)对人体健康的维护具有重要意义,不仅影响人体的消化与吸收能力,而且对人体的抗感染和自...     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对帕金森病模型大鼠纹状体多巴胺水平的影响

旨在探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠纹状体内多巴胺(DA)水平的影响。选取正常大鼠(N组),造模后4周、8周PD大鼠(M4、M8组),BMSCs移植治疗4周、8周后PD大鼠(T4、T8组)纹状体匀浆液,以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测各组纹状体内DA的含量。结果表明,N组大鼠纹状体内DA的含量为(15.56±2.16)μg/g;M4和M8组大鼠损毁侧脑纹状体内DA含量为(10.67±1.54)μg/g和(10.50±2.32)μg/g,均显著低于N组(P0.05);T4和T8组大鼠损毁侧纹状体内DA含量为(12.70±2.91)μg/g和(13.71±2.42)μg/g,均显著高于M4和M8组(P0.05)。T8组DA含量显著高于T4组(P0.05),表现出随细胞移植时间的延长DA水平逐渐恢复的规律。说明BMSCs移植提高了PD模型大鼠脑纹状体内DA的含量,提示移植的外源BMSCs可能通过分化为DA能神经元或促进其功能恢复,增加DA的分泌,进而改善PD模型的症状。     

鸡白痢沙门菌spiC::km突变株减毒效应的病理学观察

<正>鸡白痢(Pullorum disease,PD)是由鸡白痢沙门菌(Salmonella Pullorum)引起的一种急性、全身性疾病,也是一种常见传染病,能引起雏鸡高发病率和高死亡率,是严重危害养鸡业的疾病之一,并造成严重经济损失。目前,除了抗生素,沙门菌活疫苗被普遍认为是预防和治疗沙门菌病的有效手段。在前期     

酶联免疫法检测饲料中莱克多巴胺的探讨

莱克多巴胺(Ractopamine)属于β-兴奋剂。β-兴奋剂是营养重分配剂的一种,是一类结构和功能类似肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的苯乙醇胺类衍生物,它可以加快畜禽生长速度,降低酮体脂肪含量,提高瘦肉率。β2-兴奋剂常见的有克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇等,克伦特罗俗称"瘦肉精"。随着我国对克伦特罗监管力度的加大,克伦特罗的使用逐渐减少,其他β2-兴奋剂的使用逐渐增加。莱克多巴胺(ractopamine)是美国最新研制出的一种β2-兴奋剂,由于莱克多巴胺有类似于盐酸克伦特罗的作用,在动物组织中残留,可能对人体产生不利影响,所以我国农业部、卫生部、国家药品监督管理局明文禁止莱克多巴胺用于动物养殖,目前我国还未统一监测莱克多巴胺的方法,因此建立莱克多巴胺的快速、准确的测定方法以适合市场监测十分必要。目前国内对β2-兴奋剂测定的方法主要有:酶联免疫法、高压液相色谱(HPLC)法以及气相色谱-质谱朕用法(GC-MS)等,而酶联免疫分析技术具有检测快速(检测过程只需要2h)的特点。经过试验研究,应用酶联免疫法检测莱克多巴胺,回收率可达到95%以上,相关系数(r值)可达到0.99以上,而最低检测限能达到0.5ng/ml。     

酶联免疫法检测饲料中莱克多巴胺

莱克多巴胺(Ractopamin)属于β-兴奋剂.β-兴奋剂是营养重分配剂的一种,是一类结构和功能类似肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的苯乙醇胺类衍生物,它可加快畜禽的生长速度,降低酮体脂肪含量,提高瘦肉率.β2-兴奋剂常见的有克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺及沙丁胺醇等,克伦特罗俗称"瘦肉精".随着我国对克伦特罗监管力度的加大,克伦特罗的使用逐渐减少,其他β 2-兴奋剂的使用逐渐增加.莱克多巴胺是美国最新研制出的一种β 2-兴奋剂,由于莱克多巴胺有类似于盐酸克伦特罗的作用,在动物组织中残留,可能对人体产生不利影响,所以我国农业部、卫生部和国家药品监督管理局明文禁止莱克多巴胺用于动物养殖.目前,我国还未统一监测莱克多巴胺的方法,因此,建立莱克多巴胺的快速准确的测定方法以适合市场监测十分必要.目前,国内测定β 2-兴奋剂测定的方法主要有酶联免疫法、高压液相色谱(HPLC)法及气质联用(GC-MS)法等,而酶联免疫分析技术具有检测快速(检测过程只需2 h)的特点.经试验研究,应用酶联免疫法检测莱克多巴胺,回收率可达到75%～95%,相关系数(r值)可超过0.99,而最低检测限能达到0.5ng/mL.     

白头翁汤对人工感染鸡大肠杆菌病的治疗效果研究

文章旨在研究白头翁汤（PD）对鸡大肠杆菌病的治疗效果,试验在测定白头翁汤最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和对鸡大肠杆菌的半数致死量（LD50）的基础上做人工感染及治疗试验,通过观察感染鸡只临床表现和剖解病变,对其治愈率、有效率和死亡率等结果进行统计分析。结果显示,大肠杆菌的LD50为0.3 mL/只、PD的MIC值为0.187 g/mL,有明显的抑菌效果|人工感染试验表明攻毒成功,治疗试验发现,高剂量明显优于中、低剂量的治疗效果,且差异显著（P＜0.05）|阳性对照与3种剂量药物治疗组相比存在极显著差异（P＜0.01）。结论：PD能有效控制鸡大肠杆菌病的病死率。 [关键词]白头翁汤|鸡大肠杆菌病|人工感染|治疗效果     

影响“瘦肉精”检测效果的因素

瘦肉精是一种受体激动剂,是白色或类似白色的结晶体粉末,无臭,味苦,属于肾上腺类神经兴奋剂的药物,并可用于治疗哮喘。任何能够促进瘦肉生长、抑制脂肪物质转化的药物,都可以叫做瘦肉精。例如莱克多巴胺(Ractopamine)、克伦特罗(Clenbuterol)、沙丁胺醇(Salbutamol)、特布他林(Terbutaline)和西玛特罗(Cimetrol)     

利用猪尿进行莱克多巴胺的检测

近年来随着我市加大对盐酸克仑特罗的检测力度,一些违规养殖户已不再使用盐酸克仑特罗,转而使用另一种违规添加剂——莱克多巴胺。莱克多巴胺属肾上腺素能兴奋剂     

Neurogenesis in Neurotoxin-induced Animal Models for Parkinson's Disease-A Review of the Current Status

Animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD) are essential for understanding its pathogenesis and for development and testing of new therapies. Discoveries of endogenous neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain give new insight into the cell-based approach for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD. Although a great deal of interest has been focused on endogenous neurogenesis in neurotoxin-induced animal models for PD, it still remains controversial whether neural stem cells migrate into the injured area and contribute to repopulation of depleted dopaminergic neurons in neurotoxin-injured adult brains. The purpose of this review is to examine the data available regarding neurogenesis in neurotoxin-induced animal models of PD. It is hoped that data from the animal investigations available in the literature will promote understanding of the neurotoxin-induced animal models for PD.     

Management of acute renal failure in cats using peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective study of six cases (2003-2007)

Information regarding the use and success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the management of acute renal failure (ARF) in cats is lacking. The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe the indications, efficacy, complications and outcome of cats undergoing PD for ARF. Six cats that underwent PD for treatment of ARF of various etiologies were included. PD effectively replaced renal function in all cats and allowed renal recovery in 5/6 cats. Five cats were discharged and one cat died. Complications were reported in all cats and included subcutaneous edema (n=5), hyperglycemia (n=4), dialysate retention (n=3), and hypoalbuminemia (n=3). A novel technique consisting of a Blake surgical drain and an intermittent closed suction system was used, which appears to be a viable option for PD in cats. Although complications are common, PD is an effective renal replacement therapy for ARF in cats and carries a reasonable prognosis in selected cases.     

Checkpoint molecule expression by B and T cell lymphomas in dogs

Immunotherapies targeting checkpoint molecule programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) protein were shown to be effective for treatment of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in people, but little is known about the expression of PD‐1 or its ligand PD‐L1 by canine lymphoma. Therefore, flow cytometry was used to analyse expression of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 in canine lymphoma, using fine‐needle aspirates of lymph nodes from 34 dogs with B cell lymphoma (BCL), 6 dogs with T cell lymphoma (TCL) and 11 dogs that had relapsed. Furthermore, fine‐needle aspirates were obtained from 17 healthy dogs for comparison. Lastly, the impact of chemotherapy resistance on expression of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 was assessed in vitro. These studies revealed increased expression of PD‐L1 by malignant B cells compared to normal B cells. In the case of TCL, tumour cells and normal T cells both showed low to negative expression of PD‐1 and PD‐L1. In addition, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes from both BCL and TCL had increased expression of both PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression compared to B and T cells from lymph nodes of healthy animals. In vitro, chemotherapy‐resistant BCL and TCL cell lines exhibited increases in both PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression, compared to non‐chemotherapy selected tumour cells. These findings indicate that canine lymphomas exhibit upregulated checkpoint molecule expression, though the impact of checkpoint molecule expression on tumour biological behaviour remains unclear.     

Screening for periodontal disease in research dogs - a methodology study

Background

It has been shown that the prevalence of both clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥1 mm and pocket probing depth (PPD) ≥4 mm is relatively high even in younger dogs, but also that only a minority of the dogs have such clinical signs of periodontal disease (PD) in more than a few teeth. Hence, a minority of dogs carry the major PD burden. These epidemiological features suggest that screening for PD in larger groups of dogs, allowing for rapid assessment of treatment planning, or for the selection of dogs with or without PD prior to be included in experimental trials, should be possible. CAL is the central variable in assessing PD extent and severity while PPD is the central variable used in treatment planning which make these two variables obvious in a screening protocol with the dual aim of disease identification and treatment planning. The main purpose of the present study in 98 laboratory Beagle dogs was to construct a fast, simple and accurate screening tool, which is highly sensitive for the identification of dogs with PD.

Results

Examination of the maxillary P4, P3, P2, I1 and C would, in this population, result in the identification of 85.5% of all dogs and 96% of all teeth positive for CAL ≥1 mm, and 58.9% of all dogs and 82.1% of all teeth positive for PD ≥4 mm.Examination of tooth pairs, all C’s, maxillary I2, M2 and the mandibular P4 would, in this population result in identification of 92.9% of all dogs and 97.3% of all teeth positive for PD ≥4 mm, and 65.5% of all dogs and 83.2% of all teeth positive for CAL ≥1 mm. The results presented here only pertain to the present study population.

Conclusions

This screening protocol is suitable for examination of larger groups of laboratory Beagle dogs for PD and our findings indicate that diseased dogs are identified with a high degree of sensitivity. Before this screening can be used in clinical practice, it has to be validated in breeds other than Beagle dogs and in populations with larger age variation.     

虎杖苷对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

为研究虎杖苷(PD)对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,本实验在体外成熟液中添加不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0μmol/L)PD,对牛卵母细胞体外培养22～24 h,统计第一极体排出率,然后对各组卵母细胞进行体外受精并统计胚胎的发育情况;最后分析PD对牛卵母细胞体外成熟作用机制。结果表明:与对照组(0μmol/L)相比,PD各处理组的第一极体排出率显著提高,体外受精后的胚胎分裂率无差异,而1.0μmol/L PD处理组囊胚率较对照组显著提高,1.0、2.0μmol/L PD处理组囊胚期细胞数较对照组显著提高;进一步分析发现,与对照组相比,1.0μmol/L PD可显著降低细胞内活性氧水平,提高抗氧化基因GPX4、SOD1表达水平,显著提高细胞内总谷胱甘肽含量。综上,成熟液中添加1.0μmol/L PD可提高细胞内抗氧化基因的表达以及提高谷胱甘肽含量,降低细胞内的活性氧含量,从而有利于牛卵母细胞的成熟以及早期胚胎发育。     

Immune regulation of canine tumour and macrophage PD‐L1 expression

Expression of programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD‐L1) on tumor cells has been associated with immune escape in human and murine cancers, but little is known regarding the immune regulation of PD‐L1 expression by tumor cells and tumor‐infiltrating macrophages in dogs. Therefore, 14 canine tumor cell lines, as well as primary cultures of canine monocytes and macrophages, were evaluated for constitutive PD‐L1 expression and for responsiveness to immune stimuli. We found that PD‐L1 was expressed constitutively on all canine tumor cell lines evaluated, although the levels of basal expression were very variable. Significant upregulation of PD‐L1 expression by all tumor cell lines was observed following IFN‐γ exposure and by exposure to a TLR3 ligand. Canine monocytes and monocyte‐derived macrophages did not express PD‐L1 constitutively, but did significantly upregulate expression following treatment with IFN‐γ. These findings suggest that most canine tumors express PD‐L1 constitutively and that both innate and adaptive immune stimuli can further upregulate PD‐L1 expression. Therefore the upregulation of PD‐L1 expression by tumor cells and by tumor‐infiltrating macrophages in response to cytokines such as IFN‐γ may represent an important mechanism of tumor‐mediated T‐cell suppression in dogs as well as in humans.     

Canine periodontitis: the dog as an important model for periodontal studies

Periodontal disease (PD) refers to a group of inflammatory diseases caused by bacterial plaque in the periodontium and ranges from an early stage (gingivitis) to an advanced stage (periodontitis). It is a multifactorial disease that results from the interaction of the host defence mechanisms with the plaque microorganisms. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment are essential in the control of this disease. PD has an enormous impact on human and veterinary medicine due to its high prevalence. The most common animal PD models use dogs and non-human primates, although other animals (rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, miniature pigs, ferrets, and sheep) have also been employed. Dog models have contributed significantly to the current understanding of periodontology. The most important clinical aspects of canine PD are considered in this review and the various animal models are examined with an emphasis on the role of the dog as the most useful approach for understanding human PD and in the development of new therapeutic and preventive measures.     

Structure and expression of class I MHC genes in the miniature swine

The genome of the miniature swine, unlike other species, contains a relatively small class I MHC gene family, consisting of only seven members. This provides an excellent system in which to identify and characterize the regulatory mechanisms which operate to both coordinately and differentially regulate the expression of a multi-gene family. The structure of class I SLA genes, like other class I genes, consists of eight exons encoding a leader sequence, three extracytoplasmic domains, a transmembrane domain and intracytoplasmic domains. Despite the common structure, two sub-families of class I genes can be distinguished within the SLA family. One, containing the closely related PD1 and PD14 genes, encodes the classical transplantation antigens. Another contains the highly divergent PD6; the functions of the products of this subfamily, if any, are not known. The class I SLA genes share some common regulatory mechanisms, as evidenced by the fact that all three genes analyzed are transcribed in mouse L cells. Furthermore, interferon treatment of transfected mouse L cells enhances expression of all three genes. Both PD1 and PD6 are transcribed in vivo, where the highest levels of expression are observed in lymphoid tissues. Superimposed on the common patterns of class I gene expression are distinct ones, as evidenced by the findings that PD1 is preferentially expressed in B cells, whereas PD6 is preferentially expressed in T cells. These differences may reflect the extensive divergence of the 5' flanking sequences of these genes. Future studies will be aimed at elucidating the precise molecular interactions and mechanisms which give rise to the observed differential expression.     

Peritoneal dialysis in cats with acute kidney injury: 22 cases (2001-2006)

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been described for use in animals with acute kidney injury refractory to fluid therapy. However, no study has examined the use of PD in a large group of cats. Hypothesis: PD is an important adjunctive therapy to treat acute kidney injury in cats. Animals: The medical records of 22 cats with acute kidney injury that had received PD were examined. Animals were excluded if acute uremia was a result of postrenal causes such as uroabdomen or urethral obstruction. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for the following: indication for PD, outcome, number of cycles performed, survival time, and predialysis and postdialysis results for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, potassium, chloride, sodium, phosphorus, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine output.

Results:

Indications for PD include acute‐on‐chronic kidney injury, acute kidney injury caused by toxins, bilateral ureteroliths, bilateral ureteral ligation as a complication of ovariohysterectomy, and unknown causes. The median survival time for all cats on PD was 4 days, although the median survival time for the cats that were discharged was 774 days. The most common complications were dialysate retention and sequestration of dialysate SC. There was a significant (P< .05) decrease between predialysis and postdialysis results for BUN, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, total protein, and albumin concentrations. There was a significant (P< .05) difference in survival times between sexes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: PD is an effective option for treatment of cats with acute kidney injury refractory to fluid therapy.