不同干燥失水方式对牧草营养品质影响的研究

以内蒙古温带典型草原羊草、紫花苜蓿和混合种为研究对象,分析了不同干燥失水方式对不同刈割期牧草营养品质的影响.结果表明,从粗蛋白质、胡萝卜素营养上看,以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳,其次为风干失水方式,平摊晒干失水方式最差;从可溶性糖营养上看,以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳,其次为平摊晒干失水方式,风干失水方式最差.     

不同干燥失水方式对牧草营养品质影响的研究

以内蒙古温带典型草原羊草、紫花苜蓿和混合种为研究对象，分析了不同干燥失水方式对不同刈割期牧草营养品质的影响。结果表明：从粗蛋白质、胡萝卜素营养上看，以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳，其次为风干失水方式，平摊晒干失水方式最差；从可溶性糖营养上看，以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳，其次为平摊晒干失水方式，风干失水方式最差。     

不同干燥失水方式对云南温带优良牧草营养品质的影响研究

采用迅速烘干、太阳晒干和缓慢烘干3种处理对云南温带21个牧草品种的鲜草进行干燥处理,分别测定干草的营养成分.结果表明以干草的粗蛋白含量为指标,干燥方法以迅速烘干为佳,其次是太阳晒干,最差是缓慢洪干;从干草的粗脂肪考虑,其变化无规律,因牧草品种的不同而不同;其余指标变化不大.     

不同干燥方法对苜蓿相同区段营养价值影响的研究

取同一地块现蕾期紫花苜蓿,分成上1/3、下2/3和全株苜蓿3部分样品,每种样品都分别采用自然通风晒干、室内通风阴干和60～65℃人工烘干3种不同的方式进行干燥。每个样品都进行干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维等营养成分的测定,结果表明:粗蛋白含量以晒干方式的最高(P<0.05);苜蓿干草中粗脂肪类物质的含量受干燥中温度的影响较大,随温度升高粗脂肪含量有增大的趋势;苜蓿不同的区段粗纤维含量均以风干干燥方式的最高(P<0.05)。     

不同干燥失水方式对云南温带优良牧草营养品质的影响研究

采用迅速烘干、太阳晒干和缓慢烘干3种处理对云南温带21个牧草品种的鲜草进行干燥处理,分别测定干草的营养成分。结果表明:以干草的粗蛋白含量为指标,干燥方法以迅速烘干为佳,其次是太阳晒干,最差是缓慢烘干;从干草的粗脂肪考虑,其变化无规律,因牧草品种的不同而不同;其余指标变化不大。     

不同干燥方式对苜蓿含水率及营养成分的影响

为了研究不同干燥方式对苜蓿含水率及营养成分的影响,试验取同一块地初花期紫花苜蓿,分别采用太阳能干燥、室外晒干和室外阴干三种方式进行干燥,分析不同干燥方式对苜蓿中水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维含量的影响。结果表明:相同时间内,不同干燥方式水分蒸发速度太阳能干燥室外晒干室外阴干;粗蛋白含量以太阳能干燥方式下最高(P0.05),其次是室外阴干,室外晒干的粗蛋白含量最低;不同含水率情况下,室外晒干样品粗蛋白含量较太阳能干燥降低6.86%~22.43%,室外阴干样品降低4.92%~17.20%;同一含水率下,不同干燥方式粗灰分含量室外阴干室外晒干太阳能干燥,太阳能干燥粗灰分含量低于室外晒干3.72%~19.22%,低于室外阴干8.12%~29.93%;中性洗涤纤维含量在室外晒干的情况下最高,显著高于另外二种干燥方式(P0.05),太阳能干燥最低,太阳能干燥中性洗涤纤维含量低于室外晒干9.08%~27.25%,低于室外阴干4.84%~24.84%。     

雨淋及干燥方式对紫花苜蓿干草品质的影响

在紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)收获调制期间,极易遭遇雨淋,雨淋及干燥方式对紫花苜蓿干草品质的影响较大。本研究以未雨淋和雨淋紫花苜蓿为对象,分别对其进行烘干、晒干和阴干处理,并分析紫花苜蓿干草的营养品质。结果表明:雨淋后紫花苜蓿的中性洗涤纤维含量显著升高,水溶性碳水化合物含量显著降低,相对饲用价值降低;雨淋对紫花苜蓿干草粗蛋白、木质素和酸性洗涤纤维含量没有显著影响。经烘干和晒干处理的紫花苜蓿干草粗蛋白、水溶性碳水化合物含量及相对饲用价值显著高于阴干处理,酸性洗涤纤维含量则是烘干和晒干处理显著低于阴干处理;干燥方式对紫花苜蓿干草中性洗涤纤维和木质素含量没有显著影响。雨淋和干燥方式的交互作用显著影响了紫花苜蓿干草的营养成分和相对饲用价值,未雨淋×烘干处理下的粗蛋白、水溶性碳水化合物含量及相对饲用价值最高,中性和酸性洗涤纤维及木质素含量最低。总之,未雨淋紫花苜蓿的品质和相对饲用价值高于雨淋后的紫花苜蓿。干燥方式以烘干最能保存紫花苜蓿的品质,其次是晒干,效果最差的干燥方式为阴干。遭受雨淋后,采用烘干和晒干的方式能较好的保存紫花苜蓿干草营养成分。     

不同干燥方法对热带牧草WSC等营养成分的影响

选用热带牧草热研3号俯仰臂形草、热研6号珊状臂形草、热研7号柱花草和热研2号柱花草作为研究对象,采用直接烘干（180℃,10min）、晒干（5d）、晒1d后烘干（180℃,10min）和阴干（15d）4种不同的干燥方法,选择各种牧草的最佳利用期样品（豆科牧草采用开花期、禾本科牧草采用抽穗期）,研究样品营养物质的含量。试验结果表明,从干燥方法来说,牧草的烘干样品粗蛋白（CP）、水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量最高,在这4种干燥方法中烘干是最佳的干燥方法,其次是晒后烘干、阴干,晒干最差。     

不同刈割期和干燥方法对牧草营养成分含量的影响

研究了不同刈割期和干燥方法对第一茬牧草水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）等营养水分的影响。结果表明：（1）牧草随着生育期的推进粗蛋白质（CP）和粗灰分（CA）的含量逐渐下降，中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的含量逐渐增加，而且豆科牧草在营养生长阶段CP含量显著高于禾本科牧草，但它们下降的速度和NDF、ADF增加的速度也比较快；WSC的含量禾本科牧草在抽穗和开花期较高；牧草WSC与CP含量之间不存在相关。（2）牧草烘干样品中CP、WSC含量最高，而NDF和ADF含量最低，最佳的干燥方法是直接烘干，其次是晒后烘干、阴干、晒干最差。     

不同干燥法对豫西地区羊粗饲料营养成分的影响

为了探索豫西地区羊常用的3种粗饲料(紫花苜蓿、大力士、黄豆)的营养成分及不同干燥方法(自然晒干和实验室烘箱65℃、105℃烘干)对其茎、叶营养成分的影响,试验采用概略养分分析法分别对3种粗饲料进行营养成分分析。结果表明:3种粗饲料的品质以紫花苜蓿最优,大力士最差;在不同的干燥条件下粗蛋白(CP)的含量实验室烘箱105℃烘干实验室烘箱65℃烘干自然晒干;粗脂肪(EE)含量受干燥温度的影响较大,随温度的升高其含量呈升高的趋势;粗纤维(CF)含量以自然晒干最高。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in