1-MCP复合瓶插液对洋桔梗切花保鲜效果的研究

以洋桔梗[Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners]切花为试验材料,用1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)、蔗糖、柠檬酸(CA)、水杨酸(SA)和氯化钙(CaCl2)按五因素四水平的正交设计配制复合瓶插液,通过测定瓶插寿命、鲜重变化率、水分平衡值、相对电导率和POD活性,研究不同复合瓶插液的保鲜效果.结果表明:600 mg/L 1-MCP +400 mg/L CA+3％蔗糖+20 mg/L SA+100 mg/L CaCl2和800 mg/L1-MCP +100 mg/L CA+3％蔗糖+40 mg/L SA+200 mg/L CaCl2保鲜液处理,分别比对照明显延长瓶插寿命8.83和8.41 d,使切花鲜重、水分平衡值、相对电导率和POD活性变化比较缓慢,适于洋桔梗切花瓶插保鲜.     

两个鹤蕉切花品种的贮藏保鲜技术

在室内空气相对湿度为80%～85%、温度为18～28℃的条件下,研究'巧舞女'(Choconian Dancer)和'阳光'(Strawberries and Cream)2个鹤蕉(Heliconia psittacorum Linn.)品种的切花贮藏保鲜技术.结果表明:鹤蕉‘巧舞女'预处理以花枝在浓度为1 mmoI/L的STS中浸泡10min的效果最佳,贮藏寿命较对照的延长了6.5 d;瓶插处理以处理组合3 g,L蔗糖+400 mCL 8-HQ(8-Hydroxyquinoline)+2 mg/L 6-BA的保鲜效果最佳,瓶插寿命较对照的延长了7 d.鹤蕉‘阳光'预处理以1 mmol/L SiX3浸泡8 min的贮藏效果最佳,贮藏寿命比对照的延长了4.5 d;瓶插处理以处理组合2g/L,蔗糖+200mg/L 8-HQ+2mg/L 6-BA的保鲜效果最好,瓶插寿命较对照的延长了5 d.说明鹤蕉品种间的贮藏和瓶插寿命存在一定的差异.     

龙船花切花瓶插保鲜液配方研究

通过测定龙船花瓶插寿命、鲜重、花瓣质膜透性和花瓣蛋白质含量,研究不同浓度配比的蔗糖、硫酸铝、漂白粉和抗坏血酸的保鲜液对龙船花切花瓶插寿命的影响。结果表明:75 mg/L硫酸铝+3%蔗糖+100 mg/L漂白粉+100 mg/L抗坏血酸为较理想的龙船花瓶插保鲜液,切花瓶插寿命比处理1延长5 d,其鲜重变化和蛋白质变化均比较缓慢,相对电导率上升也比较慢。     

成品保鲜剂对芍药切花保鲜效果的影响

[目的]研究不同成品保鲜剂及其组合对切花芍药瓶插保鲜效果的影响.[方法]选取进口芍药'珊瑚魅力'为试材,选择2种成品保鲜剂及其组合对切花芍药进行处理,调查瓶插期间切花芍药的瓶插寿命、花朵直径和花朵开放进程等指标.[结果]保鲜剂组合(可利鲜:花之寿=1:1)处理的效果最好,瓶插期比对照CK增加3 d.保鲜剂可利鲜对芍药切...     

苯甲酸与赤霉素对中国水仙切花保鲜效果的影响

本研究以中国水仙‘金盏银台’切花为材料,在基础瓶插液（1%蔗糖）中分别添加不同浓度苯甲酸与赤霉素,通过观测切花的瓶插寿命筛选适宜的保鲜剂配方;同时测定了这一过程中切花的鲜重变化,丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）、游离脯氨酸（proline, PRO）和可溶性蛋白质的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）活性,分析保鲜剂发挥作用的生理生化基础。结果表明,1%蔗糖溶液添加200 mg/L苯甲酸的复合瓶插液可延长中国水仙切花瓶插寿命1.6 d;瓶插期间MDA含量呈上升趋势;瓶插过程中SOD和CAT活性、可溶性蛋白含量等高于同期对照组。1%蔗糖溶液添加200 mg/L赤霉素可延长切花瓶插寿命2.5 d;瓶插过程中SOD和POD活性、可溶性蛋白含量等高于同期对照组;但PRO含量在第15天较对照下降了40%。综合来看,1%蔗糖溶液添加200 mg/L赤霉素对中国水仙切花的保鲜效果最好。     

SNP对康乃馨切花保鲜的初步研究

[目的]探讨SNP对康乃馨切花的保鲜作用。[方法]以硝普钠（SNP）为一氧化氮供体,研究浓度为5、50、100、1 000μmol/L时的SNP对康乃馨切花保鲜寿命的影响。[结果]SNP浓度为100μmol/L时对康乃馨切花的影响最大,可明显延缓弯茎出现、增加切花鲜重及维持较高含糖量,延长切花瓶插寿命。[结论]一定浓度的SNP处理康乃馨切花可延长切花瓶插寿命,提高观赏价值。     

文心兰切花采后冷藏保鲜技术研究

以文心兰切花品种‘黄金3代’(Oncidium Gower Ramsey‘Gold 3’)鲜切花为研究材料,分析了其分别经7、9、11、13、15和17℃冷藏处理7 d后的鲜切花花苞冻伤率、花苞开放率、花朵老化率及瓶插寿命的影响,以期筛选出文心兰鲜切花最佳冷藏温度。在此基础上,探讨了文心兰鲜切花经最佳冷藏温度处理后的水分平衡值、可溶性总糖含量和MDA含量等一系列生理性状与瓶插寿命的关系。结果表明:11℃为文心兰鲜切花的最佳冷藏温度,经此温度处理7 d的冷藏期,花苞无冻害,花朵的老化率较低;而瓶插期的花苞开放率平均为30.92%;与常温对照相比,鲜切花的水分平衡值和可溶性总糖含量的下降相对缓慢,MDA含量的上升较慢,瓶插寿命延长6 d左右。文心兰鲜切花瓶插寿命与其水分平衡值、可溶性总糖含量和MDA含量密切相关。     

两种热带切花衰老过程中呼吸代谢的调控

以蝴蝶兰(phalaenopsisamabilis)与florijn非洲菊(gerberajamesonii)切花花瓣为材料,研究比较2种切花衰老过程中呼吸的差异,以及外源乙烯、活性氧、水分胁迫对2种切花呼吸的效应,寻找缓解2种切花衰老的技术措施,并讨论其相应的机理。实验结果表明,蝴蝶兰呼吸速率低于非洲菊,且蝴蝶兰以糖酵解途径(EMP)、抗氰氧化酶(AP)为主,而非洲菊以磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)为主;蝴蝶兰对外源乙烯的效应大于对外源活性氧的效应,而非洲菊却相反。蝴蝶兰对外源乙烯敏感性大大超过非洲菊。适当浓度乙烯抑制剂能降低呼吸速率,延缓蝴蝶兰切花衰老,而适当浓度活性氧清除剂能缓解对呼吸的抑制,延缓非洲菊衰老,延长瓶插寿命。对2种切花进行干旱胁迫18h,可加速切花衰老,瓶插寿命相应缩短,但胁迫前用0.01%TritonX-100预处理1h,能有效缓解水分胁迫效应,瓶插寿命与正常瓶插不经水分胁迫的对照切花相同。      

大王龙船花切花保鲜剂研究初探

研究不同浓度的蔗糖、8-HQS、硫代硫酸钠、漂白粉及柠檬酸所配成的保鲜液对大王龙船花的切花保鲜效果的影响。通过对大王龙船花切花在瓶插期间的鲜重变化、开花率和败花率及瓶插寿命的观测，结果表明：8-HQS200mg／l＋2％蔗糖＋200mg／1柠檬酸的开花率高，衰败程度较低，花色较有光泽且观赏价值较高，并有效地延长瓶插寿命，是效果最佳的瓶插保鲜液。     

蝴蝶兰切花活性氧代谢及其调控

以蝴蝶兰(Phaloenopsis amabilis)切花为材料，研究了切花衰老过程中活性氧代谢变化以及外源乙烯对活性氧代谢的效应，阐述了活性氧和乙烯在切花呼吸跃变中互动互促，推进切花衰老的机理，探索延缓切花衰老的相应措施。研究结果表明：蝴蝶兰切花衰老过程中，活性氧代谢由瓶插前期(0-7d)的相对平衡，转向后期(7～18 d)的不平衡，特别是H2O2的代谢更为明显。活性氧大量的积累，引发膜脂过氧化加剧，MDA、电导率骤增，导致切花衰老：外源乙烯能诱发切花活性氧大幅度产生与积累，也导致抗氧化物GSH含量、切花含水量大幅度下降，促进活性氧破坏效应，加速切花衰老，瓶插寿命大大缩短；当使用乙烯抑制剂(AOA、AgNO3）作为瓶插液的主要成分时，能明显抑制乙烯诱发活性氧产生与积累的效应，从而有效延长瓶插寿命。在蝴蝶兰植物体内，由乙烯诱发活性氧产生与积累，由此引起体内代谢加剧。是导致切花衰老的主要原因。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).