尼罗罗非鱼摄食器官胚后发育生物学

采用显微解剖，石蜡切片，光镜的扫描电镜观察等方法，系统观测全长６．０－２２３．０ｍｍ尼罗罗非鱼标本２７８尾，描述了口径，鳃耙，口腔上腭，颌齿，咽齿等摄食器官的形态学特点和量性胚后发过程中的变化规律；论述了尼罗罗非鱼的摄方式和摄食机能，摄食器发育与摄食方式的转化，摄食器官数量性状发育与适口食物规格和食物组成的转变，摄食器官发育与饲养生物学技术措施。为制定培育尼罗罗非鱼苗种和饲养食用鱼生物学技术措施提     

白鲫摄食器官胚后发育生物学研究

采用显微解剖、肉眼解剖、石蜡切片、光镜和扫描电镜观察等方法,系统观测全长5.5—260.0mm白鲫标本430余尾,描述了口径、鳃耙、侧突起、腭褶等摄食器官的形态学特点和数量性状在胚后发育过程中的变化规律;论述了白鲫的摄食方式和摄食机能,滤食器官发育与摄食方式和食物组成的转化,摄食器官发育与饲养生物学技术措施。为制定培育白鲫苗种和饲养食用鱼技术措施提供了理论依据。     

尼罗非鲫摄食器官胚后发育的组织学研究

对全长８．５－１９９ｍｍ的尼罗非鲫的横，纵，水平向石蜡连续切片进行了系统观察，描述了口腔壁，颌齿，鳃，耙，前咽顶壁和上下咽摄食器官胚后发育的组织结构特征。探讨了该结构特征与摄食方式和食性转化的关系，并对该结构的发育特点与青鱼，鲢的作比较。     

哲罗鱼卵黄吸收方式与器官分化的观察

采用光镜技术观察了哲罗鱼（Hucho taimen）仔鱼卵黄吸收方式及早期器官的形成与分化。结果表明：（1）哲罗鱼是通过血液循环及早期消化管吸收卵黄,大约60～70d完全吸收,吸收依照先卵黄球、后脂肪的顺序;（2）仔鱼消化管以单柱状细胞层的形势出现;肝以细胞团的形势出现,胰腺以单细胞,弥散形式出现。消化管、肝脏、胰脏、胆囊、鳔、眼和鳃发育和分化程度较高;一些腺体和肾脏发育和分化水平较低。本文还探讨了哲罗鱼卵黄吸收与器官发育完善程度的关系。     

达氏鳇胚后发育的形态观察

样本系黑龙江野外采集的达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)亲体经人工受精后孵出的子一代,对刚出膜的仔鱼[0日龄,体长(12.08±0.68) mm]到早期稚鱼[60日龄,(129.21±7.69) mm]的胚后发育形态进行了观察.从形态发育上看来,达氏鳇仔鱼的胚后发育可分为2个时期:早期仔鱼阶段,即从刚出膜(0日龄)到初次开口摄食(9日龄);晚期仔鱼阶段,即从初次开口摄食到各器官发育基本完成,体透明特征消失,鳍褶和颌齿彻底消失(50日龄),之后进入早期稚鱼期.早期仔鱼的形态发育和分化明显较晚期仔鱼和稚鱼快,运动、呼吸、感觉和消化等器官在此期间发育与分化快速同步协调,且速度快,使得仔鱼获得避敌与摄食能力,提高了成活率.晚期仔鱼发育主要表现为各骨板的分化和完善,鱼鳍游泳器官功能的进一步强化,鳔的发生和发育,表明此阶段游泳和躲避敌害能力进一步增强.     

哲罗鱼肝脏和胰脏发生和发育的组织学研究

采用形态观察与连续组织切片技术,观察和研究了哲罗鱼（Hucho tai men）肝脏和胰脏在胚胎期（水温7～8℃）和胚后期（水温3～14℃）的发育。结果表明,与大多数硬骨鱼类不同,哲罗鱼的肝脏是在破膜前就开始发生、发育,而胰脏是在破膜后出现,以后逐渐发育完善。受精18 d肝原基细胞出现,破膜8 d,胰细胞出现,破膜8 d肝后部开始贮存脂质,破膜18 d后肝前部开始积累脂质,肝脏发育与卵黄囊有密切的关系。肝脏和胰脏为相互分开的独立器官,具有丰富的肝、胰管。     

青鱼消化器官数量性状胚后发育规律

采用显微解剖和测量、光镜和扫描电镜观察方法，系统观测全长为５．６～３３０．０ｍｍ的青鱼标本３７０尾，描述了鳃耙、咽齿、角质垫和肠等消化器官数量性状在胚后发育过程中的变化规律；论述了青鱼的摄食特性、消化器官数量性状胚后发育的阶段性及其相关性、消化器官数量性状发育与食性转化，为制订培育青鱼苗种和饲养成鱼的生物学技术提供了可靠依据     

哲罗鱼肝脏和胰脏发生和发育的组织学研究

采用形态观察与连续组织切片技术,观察和研究了哲罗鱼（Hucho tai men）肝脏和胰脏在胚胎期（水温7～8℃）和胚后期（水温3～14℃）的发育。结果表明,与大多数硬骨鱼类不同,哲罗鱼的肝脏是在破膜前就开始发生、发育,而胰脏是在破膜后出现,以后逐渐发育完善。受精18 d肝原基细胞出现,破膜8 d,胰细胞出现,破膜8 ...     

匙吻鲟摄食器官数量性状胚后发育研究

匙吻鲟摄食器官发育期较长,全长６５．５ｍｍ前摄食方式为吞食,适口饵料规格大于０．３ｍｍ,该阶段口径,口宽及齿的数量发育较快。全长６５．５ｍｍ以后开始出现鳃耙,其长度及过滤面积呈幂函数增长,显示具有较强的过滤能力。滤食阶段,鳃把间距小于０．１ｍｍ,饵料规格与鳙相似。     

鲇仔、稚鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学观察研究

通过石蜡包埋切片法对鲇(SilurusasotusL.)仔、稚鱼消化系统胚后发育进行了较系统的组织切片观察。本研究描述了全长5.0～22.5mm的鲇摄食器官、消化器官胚后发育的组织学结构特征。观察发现,1～3日龄为内源性营养阶段,卵黄囊很大,2日龄消化道出现裂缝状腔隙,3日龄基本贯通但未开始摄食;4～6日龄为混合营养阶段,卵黄囊被逐步吸收,主要靠吞食轮虫、小型枝角类等为食;6日龄以后卵黄囊消失,进入外源性营养阶段,捕食能力增强。观察还发现,鲇前咽顶壁始终平直无粘膜皱褶;颌齿和咽齿为斜生尖锥状的同型齿,数量多、排列紧密,与相应的骨骼牢固地骨性固着;后咽、食道的粘膜上皮内粘液细胞极多,深层结缔组织肌肉层发达。这些构造适应于鲇的完全吞食摄食方式。胃腔小,前肠膨大、中肠粘膜上皮细胞纹状缘发达,肝脏和胰脏发育速度较快。胃的消化功能较弱,主要储存、消化场所为前肠,吸收场所在中肠。鱼苗4～6日龄下塘适宜,6～8日龄可开始诱其摄食人工饲料。     

虎嘉鱼食性及食物消化的研究

本文报导虎嘉鱼(Hucho bIeekeri K.)的食性及食物消化的研究结果,其食性以水生昆虫和鱼类为主食。虎嘉鱼是较有经济价值的鱼类,这一研究对虎嘉鱼的开发和利用及人工养殖提供了科学依据。     

Assessment of plastic ingestion by pole-caught pelagic predatory fish from O'ahu,Hawai'i

1. Although the frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion in the large-sized dolphinfish and tunas taken by the Hawai'i longline fishery is very low (frequency of occurrence < 5% of sampled individuals), the ingestion of plastic in smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line gear by commercial and recreational fishers has not been investigated.
2. This study examined ingestion of >0.25 mm marine plastic debris (MPD) by four predatory fish species caught by commercial fishers around the Main Hawaiian Islands, and documented ingestion in three species: 85.7% of albacore tuna (n = 7), 40.0% of skipjack tuna (n = 10) and 12.5% of dolphinfish (n = 8).
3. Yellowfin tuna (n = 10) did not contain any MPD, probably owing to the high proportion of empty stomachs (60%).
4. For skipjack tuna, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was significantly higher for the smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line (40%), compared with the larger-sized specimens caught with longlines (0%).
5. For dolphinfish, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was similar for the similar-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line and with longlines.
6. The ingested MPD items were micro–meso plastics, between 1 and 25 mm. While most ingested items were fragments, albacore also ingested line and skipjack also ingested sheets.
7. The predatory fishes ingested light MPD items that float in sea water, but there were species-specific differences in their polymer composition: albacore contained more polypropylene and polyethylene, and skipjack contained more elastomers, characterized by a high percentage of ester plasticizers.
8. Altogether, these results suggest that albacore and skipjack tunas ingest plastic of different types and polymers. Yet more research is needed to understand how differences in vertical distribution, foraging ecology and diet influence the MPD sampled by these predatory fish species.

     

哲罗鱼生物学研究现状及发展前景

哲罗鱼是近年来在国内兴起的一种名贵养殖鱼类,具有较大的经济价值与推广前景。随着社会发展,人类活动加剧,自然环境持续恶化,加上污染及过度捕捞等因素,使哲罗鱼资源遭到了严重的破坏,而哲罗鱼个体大、性成熟晚、个体产卵量小的生物学特性使其群体的恢复能力较差,导致群体数量急剧下降,分布区域迅速缩小,已达到极度濒危的状况。因此,充分了解哲罗鱼的生物学特征、资源及研究现状等,对其种质资源进行保护、资源的恢复与持续利用具有重要意义。文章对哲罗鱼生物学特征、资源现状及养殖研究现状作了概述,同时对其发展前景作了阐述。     

大川河水生生物与虎嘉鱼的生态位

本文提出对大川河永生生物与虎嘉鱼生态位的初步研究结果:①大川河水生生物中藻类植物53属,浮游动物21属,水生昆虫14属,鱼类8属(9种)。②虎嘉鱼的生态位在大川河水生生物中处于能量的终极,食物链的顶端。     

哲罗鲑的集约化流水养殖

本文对利用泉水集约化养殖哲罗鲑的生长情况、饵料系数、养殖成活率、病害防治进行了总结,并进行了养殖密度和饲料对比试验.经过323d的养殖,哲罗鲑从初始时的1.59g/尾增长到1020g/尾,达到了上市标准,养殖成活率84.84%,饵料系数0.86;密度和饲料实验表明放养800尾/池的哲罗鲑能够获得较好的效果,且投喂进口饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数0.92,每Kg鱼饲料成本9.05元,投喂国产饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数1.05,每Kg鱼饲料成本7.66元;影响哲罗鲑的主要疾病是小瓜虫病、烂鳃病和出血病,要提早预防.     

川陕哲罗鱼、太门哲罗鱼及石川哲罗鱼的生物学比较

哲罗鱼属共有五个种类,其中川陕哲罗鱼(Hucho breeker)、太门哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)、石川哲罗鱼(HuchoishikawaiMori)在我国境内有分布.本文通过全面收集国内外资料,对我国分布的三种哲罗鱼,从形态特征、生物学特性、分布区域等指标进行了生物学的初步比较研究.     

哲罗鲑的集约化流水养殖

本文对利用泉水集约化养殖哲罗鲑的生长情况、饵料系数、养殖成活率、病害防治进行了总结,并进行了养殖密度和饲料对比试验。经过323d的养殖,哲罗鲑从初始时的1．59g／尾增长到1020g/尾,达到了上市标准,养殖成活率84．84％,饵料系数0．86;密度和饲料实验表明放养800尾/池的哲罗鲑能够获得较好的效果,且投喂进口饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数0．92,每Kg鱼饲料成本9．05元,投喂国产饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数1．05,每Kg鱼饲料成本7．66元;影响哲罗鲑的主要疾病是小瓜虫病、烂鳃病和出血病,要提早预防。     

Selectivity of particle size by the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) larvae

Because of the filter‐feeding behavior of shrimp larvae, it is important to define precisely the size of the particle ingested in the different stages until postlarval stage where raptorial habits are more evident than the filter‐feeding lifestyle. Selectivity assays were conducted by using Polystyrene DVB particles with diameter between 1 and 50 μm as food. A group of organisms from each stage were put into the particle suspension for 15 min to let the polystyrene particles be ingested. The particle distribution in the media and the content of the gut of the larvae were characterized with digital image processing analysis. The results were compared using Ivlev selectivity formula, which compares the frequency distribution of each size of the particle in the media and in the gut of larvae. The results of selectivity were adjusted with a third‐order polynomial regression to determine the optimum and preferred size of the food particles for each larval stage between Zoea I and Postlarva I. It is concluded that the different larval stages of Litopenaeus vannamei may be considered as a single group of larvae who ingest foods with size between 5.71 and 20.33 μm. The optimal size of the food ingested was 14.42 μm wide.     

哲罗鱼的染色体核型分析

以哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)肾细胞为材料,采用胸腔干燥法制备了染色体,姬姆萨染色和核型分析.结果表明,哲罗鱼的二倍体染色体数目为2n=84,核型公式为:2n=18m 16sm 34st 16t,NF=118.