毛竹枯梢病发生与林分及立地条件的关系

根据福建省２２５块毛竹枯现林分病情样地调查分析,表明病害发生发展与林分及其立地因子关系密切。并由８３块有代表性的样地推导出毛竹枯梢病病情指数与林分类型、林龄结构、土壤、地形、林分密度、胸径的生态数学模型：Ｙ＝４０．４９３２－３．５４３５Ｃ１１－１．９８０５Ｃ２１－０．９５２７Ｃ１１－６．７９９６Ｃ３１－５．００２３Ｃ３２－３．６５８８Ｃ４１－２．４０９１Ｃ４２－１７．９８３６Ｃ５１－１２．２９００     

长白落叶松优良无性系造林增产效益研究

１９８５年选择长白落叶松种子园优良无性系进行芽接,于１９８７年营造丰产林０．４８ｈｍ＾２,以普通长白落叶松作对照。树龄８年生时,优良无性系树高,胸径,材积及每公顷蓄积量平均分别为３．９９ｍ,３．４８ｃｍ,２０．２×１０＾０－４ｍ＾３,和２．２４４ｍ＾３,分别和对照１０６．２％,１０３．３％,１２３．９％和１２３．８％;１３年生时上述各因子平均值为７．１８ｍ,７．９４ｃｍ,２２．６×１０＾－４ｍ＾３     

樟子松,长白落叶松种子园喷施稀土,满果粉对开花结实影响的研究

根据错海林木良种基地小区试验和中试结果认为：喷施稀土、满果粉对提高球果、种子产量和种子质量均有明显的效果；在小试的４种剂型和中试的３种剂型中，均以满果粉和农乐效果最好，产种量比对照有提高：樟子松２２．１％－４７．０％、长白落叶松１３．４－５０．５％；在樟子松种园中，出种率、千粒 芽率及发芽势分别比对照提高８．７％、１３．９％、２７．０％、３０．３％；在长白落叶松种子园中，出种率、千粒重、发芽率重、     

幼龄材范围的确定及树木生长速率对幼龄材生长量的影响

本文以杉木、日本落叶松的人上林和天然林木材为对象，选择ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｌｎｘ回归模式。利用其管胞特征因子随年轮数的变化，研究划分幼龄材年轮界限的最适因子，并就生长速率对幼龄材生长量的影响进入了探讨。结果表明：杉木和日本落叶松的人工林及天然林木的管胞特征值在径向水平上的变化均遵循ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｌｎｘ模式，尤其管胞长度与年轮数回归的相关系数Ｒ均达０．９８以上；管胞长度与管胞宽度及纤丝用相比，遗传率最大，随年轮数变化的模式最稳定，是划分幼龄材界限的最佳因子，由此得出杉木人工林幼龄材界限年轮为２０－２２（距髓心距离为１２．９－１３．２ｃｍ）、天然林为１６－１８（４．１－４．５ｃｍ），日本落叶松人工林为１９－２３（８．７－１０．５ｃｍ）、天然林为２３－２４（２．９－３．１ｃｍ）；幼龄材生长量与树木生长速率成正比。     

樟子松、长白落叶松种子园喷施稀土、满果粉对开花结实影响的研究

根据错海林木良种基地小区试验和中试结果认为：喷施稀土、满果粉对提高球果、种子产量和种子质量均有明显的效果；在小试的４种剂型和中试的３种剂型中，均以满果粉和农乐效果最好，产种量比对照有提高：樟子松２２．１％～４７．０％、长白落叶松１３．４％～５０．５％；在樟子松种子园中，出种率、千粒重、发芽率及发芽势分别比对照提高８．７％、１３．９％、２７．０％、３０．３％；在长白落叶松种子园中，出种率、千粒重、发芽率、发芽势分别比对照提高２．４％、２８．３％、７．７％和６．３％；在促进结实提高产种量上，最佳浓度均为０．０５％。经测算，樟子松种子园和长白落叶松种子园中投入产出比分别为１∶４和１∶８，经济效益显著     

日本落叶松菌根苗培育及造林成效的研究

对日本落叶松外菌根真菌单一固体菌剂改良为含多种营养元素的复合剂,研究证明,复合菌剂最佳施用量为２２．５ｇ／ｍ＾２,促使播种苗、移植苗的苗高、地径、侧根数及一级苗率比对照提高２６．０％和４０．１％、３７．１％和４０．０％、４１．０％和３５．７％和１２．５％和１２．６％,造林成活率和保存率分别比对照提高１１．９％和１４．５％,１～４年生幼树高、地径比对照提高１８．５％～２８．３％,１３．９％～３３．９     

日本落叶松人工林抚育间伐效果调查

在药乡林场日本落叶松人工林内设置固定标准地进行调查,结果表明：第１次间伐强度分别为１２．２％、２３．６％、３４．２％,第２次间伐强度依次为２３．０％、１５．１％和１０．４％。间伐能显著地促进林木生长,第１次间伐３年后林分蓄积量增长率比对照高５．８％～３８．４％。第２次间伐２年后,不同间伐强度间林分生长差异不显著。认为：日本落叶松人工林初植密度可较大,第１次间伐宜采用中、强度间伐,第２次再采用较小强度的间伐。     

长白落叶松工业人工林密度控制技术的研究

以马尔柯夫过程理论为基础对长白落叶松工业人工林进行了模拟密度控制，提出了合理的培育密度和相应的抚育间伐对象。结果表明：马尔柯夫过程理论确能反映长白落叶松工业人工林的直径转移过程，这对于定量分析长白落叶松工业人工林直径分布的动态规律，从而拟定合理的密度控制措施非常有益；长白落叶松工业人工林成林后的密度控制间伐无论从培育森林方面，还是从取得木材、加大林分收益方面考虑，都应该以间伐小径阶的林木为主；２０－２５龄长白落叶松工业人工林的经营密度以０．７为最佳。     

落叶松菌根真菌圃地接种效应

采用厚环乳牛肝菌,赭丝膜菌,灰环乳牛肝菌和彩色豆马勃４种外生菌根真菌固体纯培养接种物,对日本落叶松进行了圃地育苗接种试验。结果表明,苗高,地径,侧根数分别比较对照提高了１３．３８％－２３．５４％、１０．６５％－２４．７１％、９．９７％、－１３．７８％,苗木Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量分别比对照增加了０．７０％－１９．９６％、９．０６％－４７．８１％和１４．４５％－２１．１２％,苗木菌根感染率为６７．８２％－８３     

日本落叶松引种研究

从黑龙江林口和辽宁抚顺引进日本落叶松种苗，在黑龙江西部半干旱地区营造试验林，经２０ ａ 观察研究结果表明，日本落叶松适应性强，生长快，林分稳定。在龙江县错海林场，１８ 年生日本落叶松林，平均树高１２－９ ｍ ，平均胸径１４－５ ｃｍ ，平均单株材积０－１１ｍ３ ，木材蓄积１０６－９ ｍ３／ｈｍ２ ， 比长白落叶松高５７－０ ％ ，比兴安落叶松高２５０－５ ％ 。实践证明，日本落叶松是黑龙江西部半干旱地区的优良树种，可在营造速生用材林、农田防护林和城乡绿化中推广应用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.