利用微卫星标记分析中国和法国6个鸭群体的遗传关系

利用15个微卫星标记检测法国鲁昂鸭、合成品系INR A37与INR A444、北京鸭、金定鸭和绿头野鸭共6个群体223个个体的基因型,通过计算各项群体遗传参数,分析6个鸭群体的遗传结构和关系。结果表明:15个微卫星位点共检测到175个等位基因,其多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.245～0.884。鲁昂鸭的杂合度和PIC是最高的,其次是绿头野鸭,而其他4个鸭群基本处于同一水平。金定鸭和鲁昂鸭之间的奈氏标准遗传距离最远(DS=0.654),而法国2个鸭合成系之间最近(DS=0.140)。基于计算奈氏标准遗传距离所得数据,采用UPGMA方法构建了系统发生树,法国2个鸭合成系、北京鸭和鲁昂鸭聚为一类,而绿头野鸭和金定鸭聚为一类。综合分析,相对于金定鸭,法国的鲁昂鸭和北京鸭在遗传背景上更接近。     

我国部分地方鸭种的亲缘关系及起源分析

为揭示我国部分地方鸭种的亲缘关系及其起源,选取12对荧光标记微卫星引物,对12个地方鸭种及2个野鸭品种进行遗传多样性检测。利用Microsatellite-Toolkit软件将数据结果导入FSTAT和Dispan软件计算标准遗传距离DS、DA遗传距离,并对12个地方鸭群体与2个野鸭品种之间的遗传距离进行方差分析,最后基于标准遗传距离DS与DA遗传距离对14个鸭品种通过构建UPGMA系统发生树进行聚类分析。结果表明:该12个地方鸭种与绿头野鸭、斑嘴鸭之间的DA遗传距离(配对试验均数差异t检验)差异极显著(P<0.01),基于DS与DA遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统发生树都将14个品种聚为3类,并且斑嘴鸭单独聚为一类;可初步判定这12个地方鸭种起源于绿头野鸭,而与斑嘴鸭的遗传距离相对较远。     

我国家鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级分析

本研究旨在分析我国地方鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级,为更好地制定我国地方鸭品种资源保护方案提供理论依据.采用28个微卫星标记计算我国24个地方鸭品种间DR遗传距离、基因流(Nm)、多态信息含量(PIC)和杂合度,并采用Weitzman和Caballero两种遗传多样性保护理论,分析各品种在遗传多样性最大化保护中的相对重要性.结果表明,28个微卫星座位的Ewens-Watterson检验均属选择中立性,各位点平均多态信息含量为0.494 4;三穗鸭(SS)的观察杂合度最高(0.8648),大余鸭(DY)的观察杂合度最低(0.7208),靖西大麻鸭(JXD)的多态信息含量最高(0.581 6),金定鸭(JD)的多态信息含量最低(0.434 7);四川麻鸭(SC)和汉中麻鸭(HZ)之间的遗传距离最远(0.425 7),基因流最小(0.471 1),广西小麻鸭(XL)和靖西大麻鸭之间的遗传距离最近(0.166 4),基因流最大(1.380 8).Weitzman保护理论分析中,临武鸭(LW)、四川麻鸭(SC)、高邮鸭(GY)和北京鸭(BJ)的贡献率较高(>5.0%);Caballero保护理论分析中,绍兴鸭(SX)、四川麻鸭、巢湖鸭(CH)和兴义鸭(XY)具有较高的正贡献率(>0.2%),与Weitzman保护理论确定的等级顺序存在一定差异,主要原因是Weitzman保护理论没有考虑到品种内遗传多样性.在分析我国地方鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级时,应充分考虑品种问遗传多样性和品种内遗传多样性.绍兴鸭、四川麻鸭、巢湖鸭、兴义鸭、高邮鸭、临武鸭、汉中麻鸭、沔阳麻鸭(MY)、荆江麻鸭(JJ)、三穗鸭、恩施麻鸭(ES)、北京鸭、淮南麻鸭(HN)、云南麻鸭(YN)、攸县麻鸭(YX)、微山麻鸭(WS)16个品种对我国家鸭资源总体遗传多样性具有较高的贡献率,在品种资源保护中应当给予优先保护等级.     

中国地方鸭品种资源的分子遗传多样性

通过筛选的28个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了我国24个地方鸭品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数和群体间的遗传距离，采用邻接法构建了聚类图，并进行了系统发生分析。结果表明：28个微卫星座位在我国家鸭群体中的多态信息含量除APL23和APL79为中度多态外，其他座位均为高度多态座位，可以作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭种之间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系的分析；我国所有家鸭群体平均杂合度（0．569）低于国内的家鸡和家鹅，其遗传多样性相对贫乏；聚类结果分析表明了各家鸭品种的分子系统发生关系与其育成史、分化及地理分布比较一致。     

云南地方绵羊品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用29个微卫星标记,对云南4个地方绵羊品种遗传多样性进行了检测,统计了各品种的等位基因频率,计算了遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的遗传距离。结果表明,29个微卫星位点除BM1206为中度多态,BM315为低度多态外,其余位点均为高度多态,各绵羊品种PIC值都在0.8左右,有较丰富的遗传多样性。     

4个地方绵羊品种系统发生关系的微卫星分析

试验旨在研究地方绵羊品种的遗传变异,为种质资源评价、保护和利用提供理论数据。利用5个微卫星标记分析4个地方绵羊品种的遗传多样性,根据等位基因组成及频率进行群体遗传统计分析;基于品种间标准遗传距离(Ds)和Nei氏遗传距离,分别构建UPGMA系统发生树。4个地方绵羊品种共检测到70个等位基因,各位点等位基因数(Na)在10~18之间;4个地方绵羊品种平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.81~5.68个,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.6152~0.7373,平均遗传杂合度(H)为0.6711~0.7820;4个地方绵羊品种间遗传分化系数为0.0847,标准遗传距离(Ds)和Nei氏遗传距离晋中绵羊与乌珠穆沁羊为最大(0.5775、0.6126),小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊为最小(0.1542、0.1955),首先小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊聚为一类,晋中绵羊与广灵大尾羊聚为另一类,然后两类聚在一起形成一大类。结果表明,4个地方绵羊品种遗传变异大、多样性丰富;品种间遗传分化小,但小尾寒羊和乌珠穆沁羊与晋中绵羊和广灵大尾羊间已有明显分化。选择的5个微卫星座位均为高度多态位点,可作为有效遗传标记用于绵羊品种遗传多样性和系统发生关系分析。各地方绵羊品种分子聚类关系与其形成史、分化及地理分布基本一致。     

利用微卫星标记分析兴义鸭的遗传多样性

文章旨在阐明兴义鸭的遗传多样性,为其保种与开发利0用提供参考依据。采用20对引物扩增兴义鸭的微卫星片段和判型,计算每个微卫星座位的有效等位基因数(Ne)、等位基因频率(P)、基因杂合度(H)及多态信息含量(PIC)。结果显示:20对微卫星引物在兴义鸭群体中均检测到多态,共检测到85个等位基因,平均每个微卫星基因座等位基因数4.2500个,群体平均杂合度H=0.6850,平均多态含量PIC=0.6284,平均有效等位基因数Ne=3.4449个,其中AJ272578、AJ515883、AJ515889、AJ515895、AJ515897、AJ515900表现为中度多态,剩下的14个位点均表现出高度多态性,试验结果表明,在兴义鸭具有丰富的遗传多样性,具有重要的保种价值和选育开发潜能。     

新疆3个地方品种驴微卫星遗传分析

研究利用8个微卫星标记检测新疆3个地方驴品种的遗传多样性。计算了各群体的平均遗传杂合度(h)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间遗传距离。结果表明:8个微卫星基因座在3个地方驴群体中均表现高度多态,3个地方驴群体的平均多态信息含量PIC(0.7568),遗传杂合度h(0.7841)都高于国内其他品种驴,说明新疆地方驴遗传多样性丰富,群体遗传变异程度较高,育种潜力大。聚类分析表明和田驴先与喀什驴聚为一类然后与吐鲁番驴聚类,与史料及地理分布一致。     

利用8个微卫星标记分析7个鸭群体的遗传多样性

研究应用8个微卫星标记对7个鸭群体进行了遗传多样性检测。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的基因杂合度、多态信息含量及群体间的遗传距离,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明:8个微卫星标记中除SMO13(PIC=0.480)和APL83(PIC=0.372)为中度多态外,其余标记均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭群体间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系分析。7个鸭群体在微卫星座位的平均杂合度在0.514～0.646,最高的莆田黑鸭为0.646,最低的康贝尔鸭为0.514。从聚类分析结果来看,北京鸭与中型母本、小型母本聚为一类;康贝尔鸭和金定鸭聚为一类;莆田黑鸭与山麻鸭聚为一类。     

4个地方绵羊品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

文章宗旨是(目的)研究地方绵羊品种的遗传变异,为种质资源评价、保护和利用提供理论数据.(方法)利用5个微卫星标记分析4个地方绵羊品种的遗传多样性,根据等位基因组成及频率,进行群体遗传统计分析.基于品种间标准遗传距离(DS)和Nei氏遗传距离,分别构建UPGMA系统发生树.(结果)4个地方绵羊品种共检测到70.0个等位基因,各位点等位基因数(Na)在10.0～18.0之间;4个地方绵羊品种平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.81～5.68个,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.615 2～0.737 3,平均遗传杂合度(H)为0.671 1～0.782 0;4个地方绵羊品种间遗传分化系数为0.084 7,标准遗传距离(DS)和Nei氏遗传距离晋中绵羊与乌珠穆沁羊都为最大(0.577 5,0.612 6),小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊都为最小(0.154 2,0.195 5),首先小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊聚为一类,晋中绵羊与广灵大尾羊聚为另一类,然后两类聚在一起形成一大类.(结论)结果表明4个地方绵羊品种遗传变异大、多样性丰富;品种间遗传分化小,但小尾寒羊和乌珠穆沁羊与晋中绵羊和广灵大尾羊间已有明显分化.选择5个微卫星座位均为高度多态位点,可作为有效遗传标记用于绵羊品种遗传多样性和系统发生关系分析.各地方绵羊品种分子聚类关系与其形成史、分化及地理分布(相)基本一致.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein