梨离体植株中苹果茎沟病毒的脱除技术

为建立苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV,Apple stem grooving virus)的有效脱除方法,以3个梨品种的离体植株为材料,比较了4种脱毒方法对ASGV的效果。结果显示,3个梨品种的离体植株在茎尖培养、茎尖病毒醚处理、茎尖变温热处理和茎尖病毒醚加变温热处理后,其平均脱毒率分别为50.0%、70.8%、69.6%和98.2%。茎尖病毒醚处理对植株生长的影响与单独茎尖培养基本一致,茎尖变温热处理和茎尖病毒醚加变温热处理对植株长势和增殖的影响与单独茎尖培养存在差异,但对植株总体生长状况和存活率的影响不大。结果表明,采用茎尖病毒醚加变温热处理脱除ASGV的效果最佳,可用于梨无病毒苗木的生产。     

4种方法脱除杭白菊菊花B病毒效果研究

为探究脱除菊花体内菊花B病毒(CVB)的最佳方法,本研究以金丝皇菊、小洋菊和皇菊3个品种为试验材料,比较了在茎尖培养时结合常温处理、变温热处理、化学处理、变温热处理加化学处理等4种方法处理40 d对不同菊花品种中CVB的脱除效果.结果表明,单一茎尖处理40d对CVB的脱除效果最差,对小洋菊的CVB脱除率为38.5％,在...     

苹果脱毒技术研究进展

苹果（Malus pumila Mill.）普遍感染病毒。目前, 培育无病毒原种母本树, 建立用于繁殖接穗和营养系砧木的母本园, 栽植无病毒苗木, 是防治病毒病的根本措施。本文针对常见的4 种苹果病毒及1 种类病毒, 综述了茎尖培养、热处理、化学处理、微茎尖嫁接以及低温处理脱除苹果病毒方法的研究进展, 分析了不同方法的应用效果, 及所适合脱除的病毒种类, 以期为我国苹果病毒脱除技术研究提供参考信息。     

变温热处理与茎尖培养相结合在苹果砧木组培苗脱毒中的应用

为探索建立一种简便高效的苹果砧木脱毒方法,提高脱毒苗成活率和脱毒率,本研究以常用苹果砧木系NY2和QD-V-2组培苗为材料,利用变温热处理结合茎尖培养的方法对苹果砧木所携带的ASGV、ACLSV、ASPV病毒进行脱除。结果表明,苹果砧木系NY2组培苗经变温热处理平均存活率为55.17%,经恢复培养的茎尖平均存活率为11.07%;QD-V-2组培苗经变温热处理平均存活率为57.96%,经恢复培养的茎尖平均存活率为15.98%。最终获得脱除ACLSV和ASGV的NY2脱毒苗4株,获得脱除ASPV和ASGV的QD-V-2脱毒苗4株。该方法操作简便,可应用于苹果无毒苗木的培育工作中。     

植物诱抗剂AHO联合茎尖培养脱除马铃薯S病毒和马铃薯Y病毒

研究了植物诱抗剂3-丙酮基-3-羟基羟吲哚(3-acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole, AHO)联合茎尖培养从试管苗中脱除马铃薯S病毒(PVS)?马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的方法和效率?取PVS侵染的‘定薯3号’和‘定薯4号’以及PVY侵染的‘靖薯3号’和‘靖薯4号’的壮芽, 茎尖剥离后培养至4~5个叶片, 用100 mg/L植物诱抗剂 AHO水剂喷施试管苗, 每隔2 d喷施一次, 共3次, 末次喷施2 d后取茎尖剥离培养, 获得再生试管苗?用电子显微镜负染色?ELISA?荧光定量RT-PCR检测再生试管苗的带病毒情况?结果显示, AHO对4个品种的马铃薯试管苗生长无影响, 用AHO处理后再茎尖剥离培养, 脱毒率均高于未处理的对照; 检测结果还显示AHO处理的马铃薯再生苗的带毒量也低于未处理的对照, 且随处理次数增加带毒量下降?研究结果表明, 利用植物诱抗剂AHO联合茎尖剥离培养方法可以提高脱除PVS?PVY的效率, 获得无病毒核心苗?     

茎尖嫁接脱除柑桔主要病原的研究

 应用茎尖嫁接及热处理与茎尖嫁接相结合的技术,对我国柑桔的主要病毒类病害(黄龙病、衰退病、裂皮病、碎叶病)进行脱除病原研究。结果表明:黄龙病、衰退病、裂皮病平均脱除率分别为100%、80.6%和54.1%。单用茎尖嫁接对碎叶病脱除无效,但用热处理与茎尖嫁接相结合的方法进行脱除,可以收到理想效果。同时,研究了嫁接前切口处加激素、茎尖大小、适宜砧木苗龄、砧木带与不带子叶、再嫁接等对提高茎尖嫁接成活率的影响。     

重庆菜地斜纹夜蛾的发生规律及防控技术

斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)是一种世界性分布的害虫,食性杂,可为害蔬菜、粮食作物、花卉、果树等几百种植物,且繁殖力强,幼虫暴食性,给农业生产造成巨大的经济损失.本文以重庆地区多年菜地害虫监测和防治效果为基础,探讨菜地斜纹夜蛾绿色防控技术,为斜纹夜蛾的有效防治提供参考.     

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒（PSTVd）脱除技术研究进展

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒（PSTVd）是影响马铃薯生产、育种和种质资源保存的重要病原。脱除PSTVd是其防控的重要手段之一。本文综述了PSTVd的发生情况及其危害以及主要脱除技术。同时分析了PSTVd脱除工作中存在的主要问题及其难以脱除的可能机制,并提出了意见和建议,以期为PSTVd防控提供借鉴。     

植物茎尖超低温技术脱除病原体研究进展

本文阐述了植物茎尖超低温技术脱除病原体的原理,介绍了各种常用方法的技术要点,回顾了该技术成功脱除病原体的历史,总结了该技术独特的优势,并分析了该项技术在植物检疫和种质资源保存中应用的潜力和前景。     

温州蜜柑萎缩病毒脱毒方法研究

 单独采用茎尖嫁接法和单独采用热处理法均难脱除温州蜜柑萎缩病毒(SDV),但采用白天40℃光照,夜间30℃黑暗(各12小时)热处量7~43天,结合茎尖嫁接法获得的72株茎尖苗全部脱除SDV。所以采用上述方法热处理7天,结合茎尖嫁接是脱除SDV的简便可靠的方法。     

我国北方部分苹果主产区病毒病的发生与检测

苹果病毒病在我国广泛发生,已成为限制我国苹果优质高产的关键因素。20世纪80年代曾对其做过详细的调查和研究,但近年来由于各地农业产业结构调整等因素,苹果病毒病的发生特点有了不同程度的变化。为了解目前我国苹果病毒病的发生情况,在我国北方苹果主产区山东、陕西、山西、辽宁、北京和黑龙江6个省市的部分地区采集苹果样品共计267份,经RT-PCR检测和扩增产物的克隆与测序分析表明在上述地区采集的样品中,苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(ACLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)、苹果锈果类病毒(ASSVd)的发生率分别为66.7%~100.0%、38.1%~94.1%、4.8%~85.7%和4.8%~48.6%;苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)仅在山东的两个果园零星发生;6个省市样品中病毒复合侵染率分别为67.1%、92.1%、75.0%、88.2%、94.1%和76.2%。     

Interactions between citrus viroids affect symptom expression and field performance of clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange

ABSTRACT Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), a noncachexia variant of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) were co-inoculated as two-, three-, four-, and five-viroid mixtures to Clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange to evaluate their effect on symptom expression, tree growth, and fruit yield. Most trees infected with CEVd-containing viroid mixtures developed exocortis scaling symptoms, as did CEVd alone, whereas most trees infected with HSVd- or CVd-IV-containing mixtures developed bark-cracking symptoms. Trees infected with mixtures containing both CEVd and CVd-IV revealed the existence of antagonism between these two viroids in terms of the expected bark-scaling and cracking symptoms. Synergistic interactions also were identified in trees infected with certain viroid combinations that, in spite of lacking CEVd, expressed exocortis-like scaling symptoms. Viroid interactions also affected the expected response of trees in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Trees infected with viroid combinations containing CEVd or CVd-III were smaller and produced less fruit than trees infected with mixtures not containing these viroids. Viroid interactions on scion circumference and cumulative fruit yield, in terms of additivity of their effects, were statistically confirmed using a factorial analysis of variance model with two mean estimation approaches. In single-viroid infections, CEVd, CVd-III, and, to a lesser extent, CBLVd consistently and significantly reduced tree size and fruit yield. Conversely, HSVd and CVd-IV slightly increased fruit yield and reduced scion circumference. Rare and not consistent significant interactions were detected with the five-, four-, and three-viroid combinations. Antagonistic interactions between CEVd and CVd-III or CBLVd and CVd-III were revealed over the years with consistent significance. The antagonistic interaction between CEVd and CVd-IV was highly significant over the years when additional viroids were present; however, this antagonism appeared much later in the case of an exclusive interaction. HSVd and CVd-IV showed a consistent and significant synergistic interaction on yield only when both viroids were exclusively present. These results demonstrate antagonistic or synergistic relationships between citrus viroids depending on the viroid mixtures present in the host.     

试论农业害虫的自然控制

作者根据水稻、棉花、玉米、小麦、油菜、果树和蔬菜等的重要害虫几十年的防治经验，论述了农业害虫自然控制因素的作用和自控措施。这些措施包括作物耐抗性的利用、植物性杀虫剂的利用、昆虫行为和习性的利用、天敌资源的保护利用、农业措施的利用以及农业害虫的综合自控技术。依据可持续农业的发展要求，讨论了在农业害虫的治理中应充分重视和利用一切自然控制因素     

利用两种方法检测苹果锈果类病毒

以克隆ASSVd的部分序列,通过RT-PCR成功合成了地高辛标记的cDNA探针,提取苹果和梨树枝条的总RNA,用斑点杂交技术对其进行了检测试验,结果表明,探针具有很高的灵敏度和特异性。地高辛标记的cDNA探针不与阴性对照枝条RNA以及感染PBCVd、AFCVd、ADFVd枝条总RNA发生杂交,仅与感染ASSVd样品的总RNA杂交。     

Characterization of a new Apple dimple fruit viroid variant that causes yellow dimple fruit formation in ‘Fuji’ apple trees

A 303-nucleotide viroid was isolated from an apple tree (Malus × domestica, ‘Fuji’) cultivated in Japan. The viroid had 84.9% overall nucleotide sequence homology to Apple dimple fruit viroid (ADFVd), a member of Pospiviroidae, reported from Italy. This viroid differed from the Italian variant by 47 mutations (38 substitutions, six deletions and three insertions), and most of these mutations occurred on either side of the central conserved region. The leaves and branches of the infected trees did not have any disease symptoms, but the fruits were dimpled and yellow. The infected scions were top-grafted onto a healthy ‘Fuji’ apple tree, which tested positive for this viroid in a northern hybridization analysis, and yellow dimple fruits were produced in the second growing season. We propose that this viroid is a new variant of ADFVd and causes yellow dimple fruit formation in ‘Fuji’ apple trees.     

农林害虫诱捕器应用技术

随着我国农作物绿色防控体系的不断完善和升级,害虫治理由化学防治到综合治理再到生态防控进行转移,诱杀技术已成为害虫生态防控的核心技术之一。昆虫诱捕器的研制已发展成由简单到复杂,功能更加多样和实用,现广泛应用在蔬菜、果树、花卉、茶叶、森林等农作物和林业植被的害虫诱杀方面,并取得了显著成效,期望未来在绿色植保中发挥更大作用。本文从农林作物害虫的监测和诱杀防治的角度考虑,对不同构造以及诱集昆虫种类的诱捕器进行了分类,阐述了诱捕器的悬挂高度、布设密度、形状、大小和颜色以及诱芯载体颜色、光源波长等因素对害虫诱捕效率的影响,旨在为农林害虫的绿色防控提供专业的技术指导。     

Suspension depletion approach for exemption of infected Solanum jasminoides cells from pospiviroids

Despite numerous studies, viroid elimination from infected plants remains a very challenging task. This study introduces for the first time a novel ‘suspension depletion’ approach for exemption of Solanum jasminoides plants from viroids. The proposed method implies initial establishment of suspension cultures of the infected plant cells. The suspended cells were then physically treated (mild thermotherapy, 33 °C), which presumably delayed the replication of the viroid. The viroid concentration in the treated biomass was monitored weekly using pospiviroid‐specific PCR. After 10–12 weeks of continuous treatment, a sufficient decrease in viroid concentration was observed such that the infection became undetectable by PCR. The treated single cells then gave rise to microcolonies on a solid culture medium and the obtained viroid‐negative clones were further promoted to regenerate into viroid‐free plants. Three years of accumulated experimental data suggests feasibility, broad applicability, and good efficacy of the proposed approach.     

农作物病虫害防治农药速查系统构建与应用

为了让农户能够直观了解及掌握常见病虫害的防治信息,帮助农户通过智能手机在农田、果园和茶园等现场方便快捷地获取作物病虫害图文识别要点与科学防治方法,为农户提供在线植保技术服务,本研究采用RESTful Web 服务架构设计,运用HTML5移动Web开发技术,借助微信平台作为用户访问入口,开发了一款跨平台 (android/iOS) 的农药速查软件系统,实现了农药信息查询、病虫害图谱查询及后台数据管理等功能。通过建立农药与病虫害间的关联关系,实现了从农药名称和病虫害名称两个途径查询农药信息;所构建的数据库涵盖了蔬菜、果树、水稻、茶叶及烟草等共30种福建省常规种植作物上的重要病虫害农药防治技术。初步运用验证结果表明,该系统整体实用性和稳定性较好,适合在农村基层推广应用。基于微信平台的农药速查系统能够满足植保新技术普及和应用的需求,可为农户提供简单便捷、对症下药的在线植保科技服务,对提高用户安全施药和科学防控能力、推进农药的增效减量均具有重要意义。     

Peach red marbling and peach sooty ringspot, two new virus-like degenerative diseases of Prunus

More than 600 Prunus samples were examined by using a nonradioactive digoxigenin-labelled RNA probe specific for hop stunt viroid (HSVd). Prunus salicina and Prunus armeniaca appeared to be better hosts than Prunus persica . The weak viroid concentration in flowers and young leaves of peach trees growing in the field did not permit its detection in such samples. The diagnosis was more reliable (about 85%) with bark and leaves aged 4 months and more, from regrowths of GF 305 peach seedlings inoculated and kept in the greenhouse. Detection of HSVd in leaves and bark of apricot and Japanese plum plants aged 3 months or more also proved reliable (about 80% and 90%, respectively). HSVd could be transmitted in apricot, peach and plum nucleic acid preparations to GF 305 peach seedlings by repeated stem slashing, and to cherries ( Prunus avium and Prunus serrulata ) by approach grafting with an infected P. salicina source. The viroid was eliminated from 18% of the clones obtained after thermotherapy.
In the course of this study, 25 selected Prunus accessions suspected to be infected by unusual diseases were analysed by hybridization with a HSVd-specific probe and by indexing on GF 305 peach seedlings in the greenhouse. Fifteen of these accessions were found to be infected by HSVd, 19 induced reddish marbling, and four induced small blackish spots on the leaves aged about 4 months. Repeated assays showed that these foliar symptoms were not caused by the viroid. Peach red marbling (PRMa) has not been associated with any known virus and seems to be caused by an infectious agent not yet described. That could also be the case with the agent of peach sooty ringspot (PSRS). PRMa and PSRS symptoms were reproduced by grafting and indexing, and their causal agents eliminated by thermotherapy in a significant fraction of the treated plants. They behave like viral agents and can infect the different Prunus species studied.