Transfer of Agrobacterium DNA to Plants Requires a T-DNA Border But Not the virE Locus

Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces tumors in plants by transferring and integrating oncogenes (T-DNA) into the chromosomes of host plant cells. Agrobacterium strains were used to transfer complementary DNA copies of a potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) to plant cells at a wound site on tomato plant stems. Subsequently, infectious viroid RNA was found in the leaves of these plants, indicating systemic PSTV infection. This process utilized the T-DNA transfer mechanisms of Agrobacterium since PSTV infection required most virulence genes (vir) as well as one of the DNA sequences that flank either side of the Agrobacterium T-DNA. However, transfer still occurred from virE mutants of Agrobacterium, strains that fail to induce tumors even though a completely functional T-DNA is present. The virE gene seems to be directly involved in the integration of foreign DNA into plant chromosomes.     

外源基因高效转移与整合策略:人工引导转化系统

外源基因的引导转化是相对直接转化而言 ,包括两类蛋白分子对转移DNA的的共价结合和包被 ,涉及转移DNA复合物的形成、转移和在受体细胞核基因中的整合。认为引导转化将提高外源基因转移和整合的频率。在此认识的基础上 ,提出一个人工引导转化系统的技术方案     

Site-Specific Nick in the T-DNA Border Sequence as a Result of Agrobacterium vir Gene Expression

The T-DNA transfer process of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is activated by the induction of the expression of the Ti plasmid virulence (vir) loci by plant signal molecules such as acetosyringone. The vir gene products act in trans to mobilize the T-DNA element from the bacterial Ti plasmid. The T-DNA is bounded by 25-base pair direct repeat sequences, which are the only sequences on the element essential for transfer. Thus, specific reactions must occur at the border sites to generate a transferable T-DNA copy. The T-DNA border sequences were shown in this study to be specifically nicked after vir gene activation. Border nicks were detected on the bottom strand just after the third or fourth base (+/- one or two nucleotides) of the 25-base pair transferpromoting sequence. Naturally occurring and base-substituted derivatives of the 25-base pair sequences are effective substrates for acetosyringone-induced border cleavage, whereas derivatives carrying only the first 15 or last 19 base pairs of the 25-base pair sequence are not. Site-specific border cleavages occur within 12 hours after acetosyringone induction and probably represent an early step in the T-DNA transfer process.     

根瘤农杆菌二组分体VirA/VirG介导的侵染性

根瘤农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）是存在于土壤中的革兰氏阴性菌，可以侵染很多种双子叶植物、单子叶植物以及裸子植物的受伤部位，用位于其Ti质粒上vir基因产物来诱导植物产生冠瘿瘤，因此，根瘤农杆菌广泛用于植物基因工程研究，是个农业工程菌。研究表明vir基因的表达受VirA/VirG二组分体的介导。回顾和总结了根瘤农杆菌的VirA/VirG二组分体的结构、作用机理、以及所感知的环境因子，和这些环境因子通过VirA/VirG二组分体对vir基因的表达调控分子机制。     

Conjugative Transfer by the Virulence System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers part of its Ti plasmid, the transferred DNA (T-DNA), to plant cells during tumor induction. Expression of this T-DNA in plant cells results in their transformation into tumor cells. There are similarities between the process of T-DNA transfer to plants and the process of bacterial conjugation. Here, the T-DNA transfer machinery mediated conjugation between bacteria. Thus, products of the Vir region of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, normally involved in transfer of DNA from bacteria to plants, can direct the conjugative transfer of an IncQ plasmid between agrobacteria.     

Introduction of genetic material into plant cells

The tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of the soil microorganism Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the agent of crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants. The Ti plasmid contains two regions that are essential for the production of transformed cells. One of these regions, termed transfer DNA, induces tumor formation and is found in all established plant tumor lines; the other, termed the virulence region, is essential for the formation but not the maintenance of tumors. Transfer DNA, which transfers to the plant genomes in a somewhat predictable manner, can be increased in size by the insertion of foreign DNA without its transferring ability being affected. The tumor-causing genes can be removed so that they no longer interfere with normal plant growth and differentiation. This modified Ti plasmid can thus be used as a vector for the transfer of foreign genes into plants.     

Tumor DNA structure in plant cells transformed by A. tumefaciens

Crown gall tumors are induced in plants by infection with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Because the tumor induction involves transfer of a portion of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA from the bacterium to the plant cells, this system is of interest for the study of genetic exchange as well as tumor induction. The boundaries of the transferred DNA (T-DNA) have been cloned from transformed plant cells of tobacco. Detailed mapping with restriction enzymes and nucleotide sequence analysis of two independent clones were used to study the molecular structure of the ends of the T-DNA. One clone contains the two ends of the T-DNA joined together; the other contains one end of the T-DNA joined to repetitive plant DNA sequences. These studies provide direct evidence that the T-DNA can be integrated into the plant genome. In addition, the data suggest that in the plant, T-DNA can be tandemly repeated. Sequence analysis of the junction of crown gall clone 1 reveals several direct repeats as well as an inverted repeat; these structures may be involved in the transfer of the DNA from Agrobacterium to plant cells.     

番茄外源基因转化系统的研究

本文结合反义ＡＣＣ基因的番茄中的导入,就番茄外源基因转化系统建立中的几个问题做了研究。结果表明,转基因番茄的组织培养比普通番茄更复杂和困难,需要对其培养基的激素配比做系统研究,以选择更适合的培养基,抗生素的使用要掌握好剂量,在番茄的子叶上以５０ｍｇ／Ｌ为宜;叶盘法转化番茄子叶时采用的菌液浓度及处理时间对转化也有很大的影响,以农杆菌过夜培养液用ＭＳ液体培养基稀释１０倍,浸泡时间为５ｍｉｎ为宜;转基因     

尾叶桉U6 4CL基因cDNA克隆及反义表达载体的构建

[目的]为了获得桉树4-香豆酸:辅酶A连接酶(4CL)基因,构建植物反义表达载体,研究4CL基因对木质素的调控机理。[方法]从尾叶桉U6幼茎组织中提取总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增得到1.4 kb cDNA片段,将其克隆到质粒载体pGEM-T Easy。[结果]测序结果表明,该基因1413 bp,编码471个氨基酸。克隆片段经双酶切消化,反向插入到植物表达载体pBI121上,构建成4CL反义基因表达载体。通过冻融法将携带反义cDNA的植物表达载体质粒导转入根癌农杆菌EHA105,得到完整的Ti质粒表达载体系统。[结论]为该基因转化桉树的主栽品种尾叶桉U6以降低其木质素含量奠定了基础。     

苎麻生长素结合蛋白BnABP1与GFP融合在烟草中的表达

运用已克隆的苎麻生长素结合蛋白BnABP1基因cDNA及植物表达载体pCAMBIA1300 GFP,构建了35S启动子控制的苎麻BnABP1基因编码区段与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因融合表达重组体(pCAMBIA1300 GFP BnABP1)。通过根癌农杆菌介导法将其转化烟草WS38,经抗性筛选和PCR检测获得了转基因烟草。对转基因烟草细胞进行荧光显微镜观察,发现在细胞质膜和内膜系统上都有较强烈的荧光信号,进一步证明苎麻生长素结合蛋白ABP1已结合在细胞的膜系统上。     

参与农杆菌侵染及T-DNA转运过程植物蛋白的研究进展和思考

农杆菌是一种革兰氏阴性土壤病原细菌,携带具有天然转基因功能的Ti质粒或Ri质粒,能将一部分遗传物质插入到寄主植物的染色体上,使其稳定遗传和表达,赋予植物新的性状。所以农杆菌作为最有效的转化媒介,已被广泛应用于多数双子叶植物和部分单子叶植物转基因研究。虽然农杆菌介导的转化技术具有操作简单、成本低廉,转基因沉默几率小,插入基因拷贝数少等优点,但农杆菌介导植物遗传转化是一个复杂的生物学过程,需要一系列农杆菌蛋白和植物蛋白相互作用,共同完成外源基因的转入和整合。植物相关蛋白在转化过程中起着重要作用。其中,阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白(AGP)、植物根钙粘附蛋白和类玻连蛋白等参与农杆菌附着于植物细胞表面的过程;鸟苷三磷酸腺苷酶（GTPase）和BTI蛋白协助T-DNA和Vir效应蛋白进入植物细胞;actin、GIP、VIP等蛋白参与T-DNA复合体在细胞质中的运输的过程;与Vir效应蛋白互作的VIP1、VIP2、KAPa、PP2C、Roc等蛋白协助T-DNA定位于植物细胞核;组蛋白、VIP1和VIP2等引导T-DNA在植物基因组上的整合。由于植物种类间存在巨大差异,上述一些植物蛋白基因的过表达虽能提高农杆菌转化某些植物的转化效率,但不能提高另一些植物的转化效率。在容易被农杆菌遗传转化的植物如拟南芥、水稻中的研究表明,VIP1、VIP2、AGP、H2A等蛋白与农杆菌转化关系密切,但这些蛋白在利用农杆菌转化较难的作物如小麦、玉米中的功能还不明确,因而需要在不同植物中继续筛选和鉴定与T-DNA转化相关重要蛋白的编码基因。目前,农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化有2个显著特点,一是农杆菌介导转化烟草、拟南芥、水稻等模式植物的技术日渐成熟,二是农杆菌介导转化小麦、玉米、大豆等重要作物的技术仍然没有本质突破,植物相关蛋白在T-DNA转运、整合等过程中的作用还需要深入研究和进一步明确。文章主要对参与农杆菌介导遗传转化植物整个过程中相关植物蛋白的研究进展进行了综述,以期为提高农杆菌转化顽拗型作物的转化效率提供参考。     

Molecular basis for the auxin-independent phenotype of crown gall tumor tissues

The transfer of specific Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid sequences, the T-DNA, from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to a wide range of plants results in the formation of crown gall tumors. These tissues differ from most plant cells in that they can be grown in vitro in the absence of added phytohormones. Here, data are presented that offer an explanation for the auxin-independent phenotype of crown gall tissues. It is shown that crude cell-free extracts prepared from three bacterial species harboring pTiA6 gene 1 could convert L-tryptophan to indole-3-acetamide; control extracts lacking gene 1 could not carry out the reaction. Other reports indicate that the pTiA6 gene 2 product can convert indole-3-acetamide to indole-3-acetic acid, a naturally occurring auxin of plants. It is concluded that the auxin-independent phenotype of crown gall tissue involves the introduction of Ti plasmid sequences encoding a two-step pathway for auxin synthesis.     

玉米特异表达启动子驱动下结核esat-6抗原基因植物表达载体的构建及鉴定

以本实验室构建的pEGHLE为模板经聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增出Esat-6基因,连接到含有玉米特异性启动子globulin-1的pCR2.1载体上,将globulin-1-Esat6联合片断切下连到含有抗除草剂基因bar的pCAMBIA1300载体中,构建植物双元表达质粒pCAMBIA1300GEsat-6,电击法将重组质粒转化到农杆菌LBA4404中.通过对pC1300GEsat-6质粒酶切鉴定和测序分析表明克隆的Esat-6与预期相符,酶切从农杆菌中所提的质粒,条带大小与预期结果相符合.     

根癌农杆菌转基因的分子机制

根癌农杆菌将T-DNA转移并插入寄主细胞的基因组,需要趋化与附着、vir区活化、T-DNA切割及转运、T-DNA整合及表达等步骤。本文对这些步骤分子机制的研究进展进行了综述。     

A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants

Transformed petunia, tobacco, and tomato plants have been produced by means of a novel leaf disk transformation-regeneration method. Surface-sterilized leaf disks were inoculated with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain containing a modified tumor-inducing plasmid (in which the phytohormone biosynthetic genes from transferred DNA had been deleted and replaced with a chimeric gene for kanamycin resistance) and cultured for 2 days. The leaf disks were then transferred to selective medium containing kanamycin. Shoot regeneration occurred within 2 to 4 weeks, and transformants were confirmed by their ability to form roots in medium containing kanamycin. This method for producing transformed plants combines gene transfer, plant regeneration, and effective selection for transformants into a single process and should be applicable to plant species that can be infected by Agrobacterium and regenerated from leaf explants.     

Pti5基因植物双元表达载体的构建及鉴定

Pto基因编码丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶,对番茄细菌病具有良好抗性。Pti5是与Pto互作的蛋白质,Pti5蛋白与广泛存在的病程相关蛋白基因（PR基因）中的顺式元件相结合,可增强PR基因的表达,为提高植物抗病性提供了有效的途径。本研究将Pti5基因构建到植物双元表达载体pBI121上,获得pBI121UCH1重组质粒,并将该质粒转到根癌农杆菌LBA4404中,为植物利用根癌农杆菌转化系统转Pti5基因进行抗病基因工程育种奠定了基础。     

Gene transfer in cereals

Until recently, gene transfer in plants was achieved only by sexual hybridization. Now, in addition, plant genetic manipulation, with the use of both recombinant DNA and protoplast fusion technology, is being applied to an increasing range of plants. The soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, with its associated plasmid, is used as a vector for introducing DNA into the genomes of dicotyledonous plants, but it has not proved suitable for cereals. Instead, the direct uptake of plasmid DNA into cereal protoplasts is being used for the transformation of cells in rice, wheat, and maize. Transformation efficiencies, in some cases, are becoming comparable to those obtained in dicotyledons with Agrobacterium. In rice it is now possible to regenerate efficiently whole plants from protoplasts, and this capability may soon be extended to the other cereals. By means of direct interaction of cereal protoplasts with plasmids, coupled with improved procedures for the regeneration of plants from their protoplasts, gene transfer in the cereals is becoming established at the frontiers of recombinant DNA technology.     

pBIN438-CMV △Rep表达载体的构建及其在根癌农杆菌中的转化

用PCR方法扩增黄瓜花叶病毒部分复制酶基因(CMV△Rep),连接到PUCm-T载体上构建成克隆载体PUCm-T-CMV△Rep。用Bam HⅠ和SalⅠ分别对克隆载体PUCm-T-CMV△Rep和植物表达载体p BIN438进行双酶切,获得目的片段和线性质粒。在T4 DNA连接酶的作用下进行定向连接,构建成植物表达载体p BIN438-CMV△Rep。采用Ca Cl2冻融法将重组子导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404。经PCR和双酶切鉴定,表明重组质粒p BIN438-CMV△Rep已成功导入根癌农杆菌中。     

冷诱导转录因子基因CBF3转化黄瓜的研究

从拟南芥Columbia生态型基因组DNA中扩增并克隆了冷诱导转录因子CBF3基因,将其与CaMV35S启动子和Nos终止子融合后构建成植物表达载体pBINP-35S-CBF3。通过农杆菌介导转化黄瓜子叶,获得了具有卡那霉素抗性的黄瓜再生植株。经PCR检测鉴定,表明CBF3基因已整合到黄瓜基因组中。