基于KHA优化BP神经网络的地下水水质综合评价方法

为提高区域地下水水质评价精度,将磷虾群算法(Krill herd algorithm,KHA)引入到BP神经网络连接权值与阈值的优化过程中,构建了KHA-BP地下水水质综合评价模型。以黑龙江省农垦建三江管理局为研究对象,运用所建模型对其下辖15个农场进行地下水水质综合评价,并对造成地下水水质污染的主要原因进行辨识。为验证本文所建模型的适用性,引入区分度法与序号总和理论分别分析了KHA-BP模型、PSO-BP模型以及BP模型的可靠性与稳定性。结果表明:各农场地下水水质良好,且存在一定的空间分布规律,I类水质主要集中在管理局西南位置,Ⅱ类水质主要集中在北部和南部,Ⅲ类水质主要分布于中东部和中西部。Fe、Mn、CODMn、NH_3-N以及NO-3-N是造成地下水水质污染的主要因素。其中Fe、Mn是当地原生危害,CODMn、NH_3-N、NO-3-N含量超标主要与大量施用化肥、农药有关。KHA-BP模型的区分度为1.107 0,Spearman等级相关系数为0.928 6,与PSO-BP模型、BP模型相比优势明显。研究成果可为粮食生产核心区的地下水资源科学管理及水生态文明建设提供科学依据。     

吉林西部地区地下水水质特征对应分析研究

吉林省西部地区是我国重要的农业区,地下水作为主要供水水源,其水质好坏对人们生产、生活影响较大,因此对该区地下水水质的分析工作十分必要.本次研究将对应分析方法运用到整个吉林省西部地下水水质分析中,选取42个水样点和17个水质指标作为评价因子,确定了水质分区及各区主要水质成分,并利用GIS软件绘制样品点分区图,结合样品点分布规律分析各区水质成分的形成原因.结果显示:水质指标被提取出两个公因子,分别反映地下水的矿化度和硬度.研究区被划分为三个区,各区的主要水质成分分别为HCO3-、SO42-和氮素(NO3-N、NO2-N),其成因受到自然因素和人为因素的双重影响.研究结果使我们在对吉林西部地下水污染防治制定保护措施时更加具有针对性.     

清原县农村生活饮用水水质现状评价

通过对清原县14个乡镇农村生活饮用水的水质分析,得出生活饮用水水质超标的指标有大肠菌群、菌落总数、铁、高锰酸盐指数,超标率分别为100%、100%、78.6%、7.1%.运用MapGIS和surfer软件绘图等值线图,模拟分析了水质污染物的空间分布特征,最后对研究区生活饮用水水质污染原因进行分析:人畜粪便、生活污水、生活垃圾等是水质污染的主要原因.     

廊坊市地表水水质综合评价

廊坊市是目前河北省唯一一个没有地上调蓄水库的设区市,地表水是全市重要的供水来源,但是受上游城市及本地工农业及生活污水的影响,当地地表水的水质污染状况较为严重,可利用程度极低。因此,项目小组以廊坊市13个断面的地表水水质为研究对象,运用主成分分析法对评价因子进行筛选,并用模糊综合评价法进行评价。结果表明:廊坊市13个地表水监测断面中,Ⅰ类水质占比30.77 %,Ⅲ类水占到46.15 %,Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水分别占15.39%和7.69%,无Ⅱ类水质。从空间分布来看,廊坊市的北三县(大厂、香河、三河)和台头地区断面相较于廊坊市其他地区的地表水污染更为严重。     

北京大兴区浅层地下水水质初步评价

采用模糊数学方法对大兴区82个浅层地下水监测井的水质进行了现状评价。结果表明，中西部水质较好，主要为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水，而北部、南部和东部大部分地区水质较差．主要为Ⅳ类和V类水。造成本区地下水水质污染的主要原因是过境污水的渗透、不适当的污水灌溉。     

焦作地区浅层地下水水质评价

利用焦作地区88个监测孔水质指标检测结果,采用模糊综合评价法对焦作地区浅层地下水中硝酸盐氮、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、硬度、六价铬、氟化物、镍离子、氨氮、氯化物共9个指标进行评价.通过建立因子集、评价集、隶属度集、模糊权向量矩阵,进行模糊综合运算最终确定研究区浅层地下水水质的级别.评价结果表明,研究区浅层地下水质很差,污染率高达81.82％,其中,劣V类水质高达26.14％,主要分布于北部的大家作、小尚、北敬村以及南部的任庄、小王庄、南李村一带,与工业污染源、农业污染源和生活污染源分布具有一致性.     

黑龙江干流水质评价与预测

为探究黑龙江干流水质对居民生活和农业灌溉用水的影响,选择溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和p H四项监测指标作为研究对象,对漠河北极村、大兴安岭呼玛、黑河和伊春嘉荫四个断面过去一年每周水质监测数据进行预处理,运用物元综合评价模型,对黑龙江干流水质做出综合评价。然后根据监测结果,采用灰色预测模型对相应地区未来26周的各项监测指标进行预测。结果表明:漠河北极村、大兴安岭呼玛断面水质主要为Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类,黑河断面水质主要为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类,伊春嘉荫断面水质主要呈Ⅰ类和Ⅲ类。漠河北极村、大兴安岭呼玛断面未来26周水质较好,黑河断面高锰酸盐浓度较高,伊春嘉荫断面高锰酸盐与氨氮浓度均较高。研究表明:黑龙江干流水质基本可以满足居民生活和农业灌溉用水需要,运用物元分析法和灰色预测模型对水质进行评价及预测是可行的。     

基于灰色关联度变权法的浅层地下水环境质量综合评价

引入指数型白化权函数对灰色关联度变权法中的白化权函数进行修正,使得能够对地下水更合理、客观、准确地评价。将晋江市浅层地下水看作一个灰色系统,在灰色关联度变权法模型基础上,对各水质监测点不同类别的隶属度和灰色关联度作对比分析判断其评价等级以及质量优劣次序,说明灰色关联度变权法对地下水环境质量综合评价方法适当。研究区内绝大多数地区水质状况良好,影响区域地下水质量的指标主要为TDS、锰、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、氯化物,水质较差区主要分布于沿海工业分布较密集区及引污水灌溉农田地区,说明工农业发展、人类活动加剧及海水入侵是造成本区水质变化的主要原因之一。     

乌梁素海水质参数空间变异性分析

乌梁素海地处我国北方半干旱地区,属于典型的草型浅水湖泊且富营养化程度非常严重.由于受特殊的水文气象条件与河套灌区的影响,乌梁素海水环境污染问题必定有其特殊性,于是将地质统计学的理论与方法应用到乌梁素海水质参数空间数据分析中,尝试研究乌梁素海水质参数空间分布特性.结果显示:乌梁素海水质参数的空间结构变异性是客观存在的,各水质参数都具有块金效应,对乌梁素海水质参数进行克立格插值,并进行水体富营养化评价,乌梁素海从总排干以下至湖区中下部区域为重度富营养化;其余部分为中度富营养化,能够提供更为直观的水环境信息.研究结果对乌梁素海的水环境管理有一定的参考价值.     

基于熵权的灰色聚类模型在水质评价中的应用

在灰色聚类分析的基础上,结合熵权法,建立了基于熵权的灰色聚类模型.在对水质质量进行评价时,将实测各水质对象作为聚类对象,水质分级标准作为灰类,根据白化权函数,计算实测各水质对象污染物指标关于水质灰类的白化函数值,加权水质对象污染物的白化函数值即为灰色聚类系数,再对灰色聚类系数进行归类,实现对水质对象的评价与排序.实例研究表明,基于熵权的灰色聚类模型应用于水质评价,避免权重的主观因素,且原理清晰,计算过程简单明了,结果也合理,为水质评价提供了一种新的途径,同时也值得在水资源评价领域推广.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。