中国蔬菜协办单位精品展示

拜耳作物科学有限公司在中国市场推出一种全新类型杀菌剂——银法利，为有效防治蔬菜卵菌纲病害开创了新纪元。银法利687．5克／升悬浮剂为氟吡菌胺和霜霉威的复配液体制剂，对霜霉病、疫病、晚疫病、猝倒病等常见卵菌纲病害具有杰出防效，对作物和环境安全，特别适用于优质、绿色蔬菜生产。     

霜霉威——霜霉病防治首选药

霜霉威属脂肪族类杀菌剂,低毒、安全,具有较好的局部内吸作用,处理土壤后能很快被根系吸收并向上输送至整株植物,茎叶喷雾处理后,能被叶片迅速吸收起到保护作用。其作用机理是抑制病菌细胞膜成分的磷酸和脂肪酸的合成,抑制菌丝生长蔓延和孢子囊的形成及孢子萌发。霜霉威是一种广谱杀菌剂,对藻类菌纲真菌特别有效,对丝束霉、盘梗霉、霜霉、疫霉、腐霉等真菌都有良好的杀灭作用,亦可作浸渍处理和种子保护剂。适用于黄瓜、番茄、甜椒、莴苣、马铃薯等蔬菜以及烟草、草莓、花卉、果树等多种作物。     

黄瓜霜霉病安全高效防治药剂的田间筛选

为了筛选安全、高效的黄瓜霜霉病防治药剂,选择687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威(银法利)悬浮剂等9种低毒杀菌剂,以33.5%喹啉铜悬浮剂作对照,进行了田间药效试验。试验结果表明,100 g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂、500 g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂、72%霜脲·锰锌(克露)可湿性粉剂,以及75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威(银法利)悬浮剂、722 g/L霜霉威盐酸盐(普力克)水剂6种药剂在试验剂量范围内表现出较好的防治效果,并且对供试作物安全,可作为田间防治黄瓜霜霉病的优选药剂。     

几种杀菌剂对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果试验

通过田间小区试验,比较溴菌腈EC、乙磷铝WP、代森锰锌WP、醚菌酯WG、吡唑醚菌酯EC、嘧菌酯SC、氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC、噁酮·霜脲氰WG、烯酰吗啉WP、氢氧化铜WG等10种药剂对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果。结果表明,25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油1500倍液、52.5g/L噁酮·霜脲氰水分散粒剂2000倍液、46.1%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂1000倍液具有稳定的防治效果,防效高达92%以上,显著高于其他药剂。     

防治黄瓜霜霉病的新药——霜尽

55 %霜尽WP(可湿性粉剂,下同)主要成分为烯酰吗啉.烯酰吗啉是一种新型的治疗性杀菌剂,对卵菌纲的霜霉、疫霉属的真菌有独特的作用方式,主要是引起孢子囊壁的分解,从而使菌体死亡.该药内吸性很强,叶面及根部施药都可被吸收并传导至植物全身.烯酰吗啉因与现有的杀菌剂具有不同的作用方式,它们之间不存在交互抗性,所以烯酰吗啉对现用防治霜霉病药剂霜脲锰锌类、霜霉威类、甲霜灵类、乙膦铝类产生抗性的病菌有很好的杀灭效果.2001年初笔者对防治黄瓜霜霉病的6种药剂进行药效对比试验.现将试验结果总结如下.     

设施蔬菜苗期病害病原鉴定及化学药剂筛选

采用普查和定时系统调查的方法对十字花科(大白菜、青花菜、甘蓝、萝卜)、茄科(番茄、辣椒、茄子)、葫芦科(黄瓜、冬瓜、南瓜)等10种主要设施蔬菜苗期病害种类进行了调查,在此基础上采用形态学和分子生物学方法对病原进行鉴定,并对疫病、猝倒病、枯萎病、立枯病等4种主要苗期病害进行化学防治药剂筛选。结果表明:从10种蔬菜上采集的864份苗期病害病样中共分离出736株菌株,共计16个种,其中致病病原有13种,在各类蔬菜上可分别引起8~9种苗期病害,以传统病害猝倒病和立枯病为主,其次为根腐病、疫病、灰霉病;筛选出对立枯病防效显著的杀菌剂32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂和2.5%咯菌腈悬浮剂,对防治枯萎病有效的药剂70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、36%甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂和3%甲霜·噁霉灵水剂,对疫病防效显著的药剂68%精甲霜·锰锌水分散粒剂、25%甲霜·霜霉威可湿性粉剂、72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂、50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、50%氟啶胺悬浮剂、64%噁霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂、10%氰霜唑悬浮剂,以及防治猝倒病有效的药剂50%氟啶胺悬浮剂、64%噁霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂、10%氰霜唑悬浮剂、72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂、72.2%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂、50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、68%精甲霜·锰锌水分散粒剂和60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂等。     

不同组合药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

马铃薯晚疫病是一种毁灭性病害,会严重降低马铃薯的产量和品质。为提高马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果,作者以甘肃省徽县马铃薯主栽品种费乌瑞它为试验材料,开展了不同组合药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果试验。试验结果表明,“72%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂1.5 kg/hm^(2)+68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威悬浮剂1 L/hm^(2)”处理马铃薯晚疫病的防效最好(92.18%)、产量最高(39 400 kg/hm^(2))、商品薯率最高(85.4%);其次为“72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂1.2 kg/hm^(2)+68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威1 L/hm^(2)”处理,马铃薯晚疫病的防效为90.13%,产量为38 500 kg/hm^(2),商品薯率为83.2%。上述两种药剂组合可用于防治马铃薯晚疫病,建议在马铃薯生产上推广应用。     

几种新杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

摘要：用7个药剂品种及不同组配方法对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果进行试验，筛选了500g／L氟啶胺、100g／氰霜唑、68．75％氟吡茵．霜霉威盐酸盐、72％代森锰锌·霜脲氰等防效较好的农药品种及组配方法，对马铃薯晚疫病的防治有积极的指导作用。     

不同杀菌剂对苹果果实疫腐病的防治效果

【目的】筛选防治苹果疫腐病的有效杀菌剂。【方法】采用先施药后接种和先接种后施药的方法,在室内离体‘富士’苹果果实上测试了13种杀菌剂保护果实免受疫腐病菌侵染的保护效果和抑制病菌在果实内生长扩展的内吸治疗效果。【结果】所测试的13种杀菌剂都能有效保护果实防止疫腐病菌侵染,保护效果达100%;其中,氟菌·霜霉威、噁霜·锰锌、烯酰吗啉、氰霜唑、吡唑醚菌酯、双炔酰菌胺和霜脲·锰锌7种杀菌剂的保护效果可维持10 d以上,其余6种药剂的保护效果可维持5 d以上;当疫腐病菌侵入果实后,13种杀菌剂都不能有效抑制病菌的生长扩展,防止果实发病,没有内吸治疗效果。【结论】所测试的13种杀菌剂在病菌侵染之前喷施都能有效阻止病菌侵染,持效期不短于5 d,在病菌侵染之后施用则都不能有效抑制病菌扩展致病。     

11种杀菌剂对柑桔褐腐疫霉Phytophthora citrophthora的室内毒力

由疫霉菌引起的苗疫、褐腐病是柑桔苗期和结果期间的重要病害。为筛选出有效防治药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了11种杀菌剂对柠檬褐腐病病原柑桔褐腐疫霉Phytophthora citrophthora的室内毒力。结果表明,氟噻唑吡乙酮与双炔酰菌胺的抑菌作用强,EC₅₀值分别为0.000 6、0.011 6 mg/L;烯酰吗啉、氟菌·霜霉威和霜脲氰的抑菌作用较强,EC₅₀值分别为0.464 8、0.608 8、0.647 1 mg/L;其余杀菌剂的毒力一般或较差,甲霜·锰锌、代森锰锌、百菌清、三乙膦酸铝、氢氧化铜和丁子香酚的EC₅₀值分别为4.034 0、13.230 0、25.400 0、41.740 0、69.150 0和71.510 0 mg/L。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

遮阴及地膜覆盖对黄皮果实表面温湿度变化及果实品质的影响

以金鸡心黄皮为试材,研究了遮阴及地膜覆盖处理对黄皮果实品质与果实表面温湿度变化的影响。结果表明：阴雨天气下,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖处理的果实表面日平均湿度低;晴天天气下,地膜覆盖处理及对照果实表面的日平均温度高,昼夜温差大,阴雨及晴天天气下温度变化、湿度变化趋势基本一致;地膜覆盖提高了果实品质,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖降低了果实好果率。     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。