大豆黄酮对奶牛血清钙、磷及葡萄糖水平的影响

为研究大豆黄酮对奶牛血清钙、磷和葡萄糖水平的影响,40头胎次、产奶量、泌乳期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分成4组(n=10),试验组奶牛日粮中分别添加45mg/kg、60mg/kg和75mg/kg的大豆黄酮,在试验前及试验开始后第10d、20d和30d采颈静脉血,测定四组奶牛血清钙、磷和葡萄糖水平。结果表明:与对照组相比较,Dal组中血清钙、磷和葡萄糖变化均不显著;Da2组血清钙在第30d时显著高于对照组(P<0.05);Da3组第10d和20d时血清钙水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),第30d时血清钙水平极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而血糖水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

不同钙、磷水平饲粮对12～15月龄梅花鹿生长性能、营养物质消化率及钙、磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在通过研究不同钙、磷水平饲粮对12~15月龄梅花鹿生长性能、营养物质消化率及钙、磷代谢的影响,确定该时期适宜的饲粮钙、磷水平。选取16头健康、遗传特性相近的12月龄雄性梅花鹿,随机分为4组(每组4个重复,每个重复1头),组间体重无显著差异(P0.05)。4组饲粮钙、磷水平分别为0.49%、0.33%(Ⅰ组),0.82%、0.56%(Ⅱ组),1.16%、0.80%(Ⅲ组)和1.61%、1.12%(Ⅳ组)。试验从2015年5月15日开始,至2015年8月7日结束。结果表明:1)各组12~15月龄梅花鹿各时期体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比的差异均不显著(P0.05)。从整个试验期看,以Ⅳ组的生长性能较优。2)除第30天时Ⅲ组血清钙水平显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组(P0.05)外,其他时间点(第1天、第60天、第83天)各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组血清钙水平随试验时间的延长均没有产生显著变化(P0.05),而Ⅳ组则随试验时间的延长呈现逐渐升高趋势,在第83天时表现最高,为2.415 nmol/L,显著高于第1天的2.280 nmol/L(P0.05)。血清磷水平在同一时间点不同组别之间无显著差异(P0.05),同一组不同时间点之间也没有显著差异(P0.05)。试验第1天,Ⅰ组血清镁水平显著高于Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(P0.05);试验第30天,Ⅰ组血清镁水平显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05)。随试验时间的延长,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组血清镁水平无显著变化(P0.05),但Ⅳ组血清镁水平则表现为先升高后降低的趋势,第30天和第60天时显著高于第1天和第83天时(P0.05)。3)各组间血清睾酮和雌二醇水平均无显著变化(P0.05);血清甲状旁腺素、骨钙素水平及碱性磷酸酶活性随着饲粮钙、磷水平的升高无显著变化(P0.05)。4)从整个试验期看,12~15月龄梅花鹿粗蛋白质和粗脂肪消化率以Ⅲ组最高,钙、磷消化率也以Ⅲ组最高,Ⅲ组钙消化率达到51.08%、磷消化率达到67.71%。由此得出,饲粮钙、磷水平对12~15月龄梅花鹿血清性激素及钙、磷、镁水平无显著影响,但营养物质消化率以Ⅲ组最高,因此推荐此时期饲粮钙、磷水平分别为1.16%和0.80%。     

硫辛酸对围产期奶牛氧化状态的影响

选择产前约20 d的干乳期奶牛48头,分为4组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别每天补饲硫辛酸3、5、8 g/头,连续50 d,测定了血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的动态变化.结果表明,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组血清GSH-Px活性第20天开始显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);Ⅲ和Ⅳ组血清SOD活性第30天开始降低的幅度明显低于对照组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组血清CAT活性在第30天显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组第30～50天均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组血清MDA含量在第40天、Ⅳ组在第50天显著低于对照组(P<0.05).补充硫辛酸可明显改善围产期奶牛的抗氧化能力.     

益康XP对奶牛血浆内毒素含量及其他指标的影响

选取泌乳天数<40 d的健康奶牛 12头,按胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相同或相似的原则,分为试验组和对照组。两组日粮组成相同,试验组牛每天添加益康XP的剂量为试验第1天至第7天500 g/(头·d),从第 8 天后减少到120 g/(头·d),分两次饲喂。试验期为60 d。于试验前 1 天,试验第 20 天,40天和第 60 天分别采血,用鲎试剂法测定血浆内毒素含量;定期测定日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和体细胞数;记录情期受胎率及疾病发生情况。结果表明,试验组奶牛在试验后第20天,第 40 天和第 60 天血浆内毒素均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);产奶量在第20天,第60天显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两组奶牛乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验组情期受胎率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);在疾病发生率方面,试验组极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。     

植物甾醇对奶牛生产性能、血液胆固醇和抗氧化能力的影响

本研究旨在探讨植物甾醇对奶牛产奶性能、血液胆固醇和抗氧化能力的影响,并探索植物甾醇在奶牛应用上的可行性。试验选择33头奶牛,随机分为3组,每组11头。对照组饲喂奶牛场常规日粮(添加0mg/d植物甾醇),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别饲喂额外添加200mg/d、800mg/d植物甾醇的日粮。结果表明:(1)试验Ⅰ组的产奶量相比对照组高了1.71kg/d,差异显著(P<0.05),但试验Ⅱ组与对照组差异不显著。(2)试验Ⅰ组TC含量低于对照组(第10天,P<0.01;第30、50天,P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组仅在第10天极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。试验Ⅰ组HDL-C含量在第30天时极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组的HDL-C含量第50天时显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组LDL-C含量在第10天(P<0.05)、30天(P<0.05)和50天(P<0.01)均显著低于对照组,试验Ⅱ组只有在第10天时显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。试验组NEFA含量在第10、50天时均高于对照组,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验Ⅱ组E2含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。(3)在第10天时,试验Ⅱ组GOT含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组SOD含量在第10天(P<0.01)、30天(P<0.01)、第50天(P<0.05)显著高于对照组;试验Ⅰ组的GSH-Px在第30、50天均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组的GSH-Px在第30天时高于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的LPL含量在第50天时均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的HL含量在第10天(P<0.01)和第50天(P<0.05)均低于对照组。结果说明,日粮中添加200mg植物甾醇可提高奶牛产奶量,降低血液胆固醇水平,并起到抗氧化剂的作用,可维持奶牛的健康。     

脾脏粗提物对肉杂鸡血液生理生化值的影响

30日龄肉杂鸡50只,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各25只.试验组用饮水方式投服脾脏粗提物,对照组供给等量的自来水,并于第10天和第20天时采血测定其生理生化值.结果表明,试验组第10天和第20天时的血液红细胞数、总蛋白含量均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);血液白细胞数、葡萄糖和球蛋白含量均高于对照组,且差异显著(P<0.05).     

阴离子盐酸化日粮钙、镁水平对围产期奶牛血清离子平衡及生产性能的影响

为了研究阴离子盐酸化日粮钙、镁水平对奶牛血清离子平衡及生产性能的影响,选择12头二胎以上围产期奶牛,采用配对试验设计分成4组(高钙高镁组、高钙低镁组、低钙高镁组、低钙低镁组),从产前3周开始饲喂4种阴离子盐添加剂日粮,日粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)值均为-65 mEq/kg.结果表明:各试验组奶牛的干物质采食量不同程度下降(P>0.05);尿液pH值在5.5～6.5之间变化(P>0.05).产犊当天、产后1天和产后3天,阴离子盐酸化日粮中钙水平对围产期奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响(P<0.05);产犊当天,阴离子盐酸化日粮中镁水平对奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响(P<0.05);在产后3天,阴离子盐日粮钙、镁互作对奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响(P<0.05).各试验组奶牛产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05).     

复合植物提取物对奶牛生产性能及血清免疫、抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究复合植物提取物对奶牛生产性能及血清免疫、抗氧化指标的影响。以金银花、蒲公英、益母草、连翘4种全株植物乙醇提取物按重量比1∶1∶1∶1混合制成复合植物提取物。采用完全随机试验设计,选取胎次、泌乳期、泌乳量及体况相近的24头荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,每组12头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+54 g/(头·d)复合植物提取物。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加复合植物提取物对奶牛产奶量、干物质采食量、营养物质表观消化率没有显著影响(P0.05)。试验组第60天乳蛋白率显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验组第30天体细胞数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验组第30天、第45天和第60天血清总蛋白含量显著增加(P0.05),血清白蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);试验组第30天和第45天血清免疫球蛋白A含量显著增加(P 0.05),试验组第30天血清免疫球蛋白M含量显著降低(P0.05),试验组第15天血清免疫球蛋白G含量显著降低(P0.05),试验组各时间点血清白细胞介素-2含量显著降低(P 0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验组第30天血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05),试验组第15天和第45天血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P0.05),试验组第15天和第60天血清总抗氧化能力显著提高(P0.05),试验组第30天和第60天血清一氧化氮含量和一氧化氮合成酶活性均显著提高(P 0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加复合植物提取物对奶牛产奶量、干物质采食量和营养物质表观消化率没有显著影响,但对机体的免疫功能及抗氧化能力有的促进效果。     

纤维素酶和丙二醇对产犊后奶牛消化及产奶性能的影响

本文旨在研究日粮中添加纤维素酶和丙二醇对围产期奶牛消化和产奶性能的影响。试验选择24头处于围产期的奶牛,随机分成3组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,另设置试验A组(基础日粮+0.5%丙二醇制剂)和试验B组(基础日粮+0.1%纤维素酶制剂)。结果表明:在产后第40天和第100天,试验组A体重显著高于其他组(P0.05);在产后第40天和第100天,试验组CP和NDF的消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验A组的DM消化率显著高于试验B组和对照组(P0.05);在第100天试验组产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.05),且试验A组高于(P0.05)试验B组;试验A组在第20天乳脂显著高于其他组(P0.05),在第40天非脂固形物显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上,日粮中添加丙二醇制剂及纤维素酶制剂能够在一定程度上促进产后奶牛消化及产奶性能的提高,并以添加0.5%丙二醇制剂的效果较好。     

不同代谢葡萄糖水平饲粮对8～10月龄后备奶牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同代谢葡萄糖水平饲粮对8～ 10月龄荷斯坦后备奶牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和血清生化指标的影响.试验选用24头月龄、体重接近的健康荷斯坦后备奶牛,随机分为4组,每组6头牛,分别饲喂代谢葡萄糖水平为86.43(A组)、99.93(B组)、113.59(C组)和126.42∥kg(D组)的4种试验饲粮,试验期60 d.在试验期开始当天、第30天、第60天测定生长发育指标和血清生化指标;在试验期第21 ～ 25天、第51～55天,采用酸不溶灰分(AIA)法进行消化试验,测定营养物质消化率.结果表明:1)随着饲粮代谢葡萄糖水平的提高,后备奶牛平均日增重呈先升高后趋于稳定的趋势,A、B、C、D组平均日增重分别为0.49、0.71、0.87、0.87 kg/d,A组显著低于B组(P＜0.05),极显著低于C和D组(P＜0.01).同一时间点各组后备奶牛体高、体斜长、胸围、腹围和管围接近.2)第30天和第60天,A组血清尿素氮含量均显著高于C组(P＜0.05),第30天,B组血清胰岛素含量极显著低于C组(P＜0.01).3)饲粮代谢葡萄糖水平对后备奶牛营养物质消化率无显著影响(P＞0.05).综合得出,饲粮代谢葡萄糖水平为113.59g/kg时能满足8～10月龄荷斯坦后备奶牛0.8～ 1.0 kg/d日增重的需要.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

The effects of antibiotic,probiotic, organic acid,vitamin C,and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance,carcass characteristics,blood chemistry,microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens

The present context investigated the comparative study on the supplementation of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and herbal extract after vaccination into drinking water and their effects on performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immune system, and intestinal flora in broiler chicks for 42 days. A total of 420 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 3 replicates (pens) per treatment and 20 male chicks for each replicate (pen). The experimental treatments consisted of drinking water (control, without additive); drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet; drinking water + C-Vet-50; drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + C-Vet-50; drinking water + probiotic Primalac; drinking water + butyric acid; and drinking water + extract of Echinacea purpurea Moench (coneflower). There were no differences observed among the treatments for feed intake, but during the whole experimental period, the highest body weight gain was found in the chicks fed with drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + 50 cc vitamin C (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed among the treatments for feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no differences reported among treatments for carcass characteristics at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments, drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. Drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, drinking water + Primalac, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea increased (P < 0.05) the lymphocytes count and decreased the heterophils count and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. The highest Escherichia coli count and lowest Lactobacillus count in ileal content of the broilers were observed in the control group (P < 0.05). The additives used in this study may be incorporated in the drinking water of broiler chickens as growth promoters and for improved performance. A further, wider supplementation study is required to understand the performance, immune system, variation in the intestinal microbial counts, and any other possible alteration in the intestinal biota of the broilers.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.