Operators' mental strain in operating the high proficient forestry machine

This study was designed to assess the mental aspect of the work load in operators of high proficient forestry machines. Workers engaged in the operation of harvesters, processors, tower-yarders, forwarders and an excavator were included in this study. Mental fatigue and stress generated by operating these five types of forestry machine were assessed. The stress intensity as a measure of mental strain was high in all types of work surveyed. In some types of work demanding a complicated operation of machine, complaints of both mental and physical strain were frequent. In the type of work such as undertaken on a contract basis, operators worked with a feeling of mental pressure to complete the work by the deadline in the contract. The results suggest that the work load needs to be assessed from the physical and mental aspects combined. The titles are tentative translation from Japanese title by the auther of this paper.     

Application of a Small-Scale Equipment System for Biomass Harvesting

The small-scale harvesting equipment system has been and continues to grow in use in forestry operations in some regions in the world. This harvest system can include a range of equipment types, such as feller-bunchers or chainsaws, skidders or farm tractors, and chippers. These machines are generally smaller, lower cost and less productive than larger, more advanced forestry machines. The objective of this project was to investigate the feasibility of a small scale harvesting system that would produce feedstock for a biomass power plant. The system had to be cost competitive. A boom-type feller-buncher, a small grapple skidder and a chipper were tested as a small-scale system. In this study, feller-buncher and skidder productivity was determined to be 10.5 m³ per productive machine hour, and production for the chipper was determined to be 18 m³ per productive machine hour. Production from the system did not reach the desired levels of 4 loads/day (25 m³/load); however, the system was able to produce about 3 loads/day. The results showed that the system currently could fill a roadside van for $16.90/m³, but suggested machine modifications could potentially reduce the system cost to $12.73/m³. Residual stand damage was minimal, especially on flatter ground and not operating on a slash layer. Soil disturbance from the harvesting system was predominantly undisturbed or classified as a shallow disturbance.     

联合采伐机械在短周期桉树人工林中的应用及效率分析

机械化是林业采伐未来发展的方向,为探索机械采伐的优缺点,本文通过试验对比分析,得出机械采伐效率是人工采伐的4倍,单位采伐成本比人工采伐高28.8%。机械采伐降低了对人工的依赖,减少管理成本开支,安全性高,木材计量损失少;缺点是不适合在个别极端地形作业,对采伐迹地土壤质量有一定影响等。总体上机械采伐是值得大力推广的林业采伐方式,如何控制成本和提高采伐效率是其推广过程中需要解决的重点问题。     

遥控技术及其在林业机械中的应用

为了避免传统林业机械作业时的振动和伤亡 ,提高作业效率、关注林业工人的身体健康和劳动卫生 ,林业机械在原有的机械化的基础上向自动化方向发展将是一个必然趋势。本文主要论述了几种基于遥控理论的半自动化林业机械的发展现状。     

A new device for reducing winching cost and worker effort in steep terrain operations

Winching is among the most common logging techniques in small-scale forestry, but it is inefficient and hard on the operators. The authors conducted a comparative test to determine the benefits of introducing an auxiliary winch that automatically returned the winch cable to the loading site. Such device would make it unnecessary for a crew member to walk down to the winch and pull the cable back to the loading site. The tests were conducted in central Italy, on the Tuscan hills. The study involved six volunteers, who were meant to cover a wide range of age and physical fitness characteristics and were considered representative of the regional logging workforce. Physiological workload was determined by measuring the operators' heart rate for a half-day individual work session. Performance was determined by stop-watching all winching cycles, with and without the auxiliary winch. The auxiliary winch improved the efficiency of downhill winching, allowing operation by two workers only, instead of three. Winching cost decreased between 20% and 35%, while physiological workload decreased between 7% and 30%, depending on the operator.     

A biomechanical analysis of industrial forest plantation workers in East Kalimantan

The objectives of this study are to clarify physiological work loads and physical loads acting on the lumbar region of workers and to propose a safe work environment in tropical forestry operations. The research was conducted in the industrial forest plantations of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 1996. In this study, heart rates and the physical lumbar burden of industrial forest plantation workers were measured for three types of work, that is, weeding, planting and path clearing. In addition, the load moment at the L₅/S₁ and the disc compression force were calculated using low-back biomechanical models. As a result, compression forces at the L₅/S₁ disc during weeding, planting and path clearing were estimated and found to be below the Action Limit (AL) by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). However, it was also found that some work posture types during path clearing by chain saw were sometimes above the AL. A part of this paper was orally presented at the 108th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1997).     

Excavator-based processor operator productivity and cost analysis in Zululand,South Africa

Operator impact on productivity and cost using similar processor machines was addressed in this case study. The study had two objectives: (1) determine the extent of operator productivity variation between six processor operators in a harvesting operation; and (2) determine potential cost implications associated with operator productivity variation. The study was carried out on the Zululand coastal plains near Kwambonambi. A multistem mechanised harvesting system, working in Eucalyptus grandis × camaldulensis pulpwood stands (with an average rotation length of seven years) was observed. The operators had all been operating their respective processors for 18 months; i.e. since the inception of the harvesting operation and had received similar in-house training. Time studies were carried out on the processors’ cycle times, and note taken of the respective operators working the machines during the time studies. Cycle time for each machine was measured as the time between a delimbed and debarked tree length leaving the processor head and the following tree length leaving the head. The required number of observations per processor was determined by cycle time and work element time variation. It was found that operators varied by up to 58% in terms of productivity, 24% in terms of utilisation and 70% in terms of cost. The potential difference in cost between using the cheapest operator and the most expensive operator was R9.34 m^?3, R4 438 d^?1 and R1 384 752 y^?1.     

Occupational safety, health and living conditions of forestry workers in indonesia

In Indonesia, working and living conditions of forestry workers are quite unfavorable because of very severe thermal conditions at the workplace and because forestry work is heavy, dirty and dangerous, requiring a poor working posture and exposure to noise and vibration. In addition, forestry workers often live under conditions where housing, infrastructure and hygiene are poor compared with those of other industrial workers. The objective of this study is to improve these unfavorable conditions by clarifying the working and living conditions of forestry workers and identifying factors affecting their job satisfaction. Our results showed that many of the forestry workers had low back pain and that attention should be paid to muscular exertion, especially while lifting heavy objects such as chainsaws or logs. Several accidents and near-miss incidents happened while driving and engaging in forestry work. To prevent such accidents, it is important to supply forestry workers with more personal protective equipment and to establish traffic rules on forest roads. The results also showed that most forestry workers were dissatisfied with their salary. In addition, the analysis of potential factors affecting job satisfaction showed that younger workers, chainsaw operators, manual workers and office workers were dissatisfied. It should be noted that many respondents thought that sustainable forest management was essential. To enhance their satisfaction levels, their working and living conditions, and, in particular, salary should be improved, and forest resources should be monitored to prevent over-cutting or forest fires.     

人体平衡功能与便携式林业机械作业安全研究进展

人体平衡功能的研究在许多领域受到重视,目前已涉及医学、康复医学、航空医学、体育运动和作业安全等领域.文章从人体平衡功能指标的确定,人体平衡功能的测量与分析,人体平衡的应用研究,特别是便携式林业机械作业安全等方面,系统地介绍了其研究的进展.最后,基于对人体平衡功能的研究,提出便携式林业机械作业安全的未来研究方向,即继续进行作业环境(温度、光线、振动)对人体平衡功能的影响以及作业工人选拔标准的制定等方面的研究.     

Cost-productivity analysis of South African pine sawtimber mechanised cut-to-length harvesting

The South African forestry industry is experiencing an increase in the number of fully mechanised timber-harvesting systems. Understanding the productivity of these systems, for which data is currently limited for South Africa, is an important step to maximise the utilisation of machines being used. A time study of a mechanised cut-to-length system was conducted in Pinus elliottii sawtimber plantations in the Southern Cape forestry region of South Africa. A harvester and a forwarder were studied with the intention of analysing the division of work time amongst work elements, modelling each machine’s productivity and cost, and estimate fuel consumption. For the harvester’s productivity, a multiple regression model was developed using diameter at breast height (DBH), average distance moved per work cycle and slope class as predictors (adjusted R²? = 0.80). The harvester had a mean productivity of 33.6 m³ per productive machine hour (PMH₀) under the current conditions with most of the productive time being used in the moving element. It consumed 25.5 L PMH₀ ^?1 of diesel on average. The forwarder’s fuel consumption was calculated as 16.8 L PMH₀ ^?1, while productivity was 46.8 m³ PMH₀ ^?1. The forwarder spent the longest portion of the work cycle in the loading and unloading phases. A productivity regression model was created that included load size and distance moved during the driving in the loaded phase (adjusted R?² = 0.78).     

家具制造作业体力负荷对认知能力的影响

近年来家具信息化制造水平显著提升,但由于不同类型和规模的家具企业自动化程度有所差异,绝大部分工人生产作业仍普遍采用体力和脑力劳动并存的作业模式,这势必会导致工人的体力与脑力双重疲劳。作业疲劳不仅会引发职业健康风险,还会严重影响作业绩效,甚至导致重大人因失误。在作业疲劳研究中,工人脑力疲劳的研究成为重点,而认知能力是衡量脑力疲劳的关键性指标。为了探究家具数控岗位工人的体力作业负荷强度对认知绩效和认知心理的影响,本研究采用人体工程学的研究方法,先对16名健康大学生进行体力疲劳诱发实验,再进行心算测试,同时监测其心率变异性和行为学指标的变化,从而研究认知能力的作用规律。结果表明:在低强度下,被试的认知绩效、唤醒程度和紧张情绪较低,认知能力有所抑制;中高强度下认知绩效与认知紧张情绪都有所增强。因此,采用心率手环等监控设备将工人的体力负荷控制在中高强度内,并配合适当的排班与岗位轮换制度,可以维持较好的认知绩效水平,保持良好的情绪与心理状态。本研究旨在为现代家具制造作业设计提供科学的理论依据,从而实现降低职业健康风险、提高作业绩效的应用价值。     

Competitiveness of mechanized tree planting in Finland

Economic pressures and labor shortage are forcing forest owners to minimize silvicultural costs and manage their forests more intensively to enhance wood production and profitability. The need to improve the cost-efficiency of tree planting is spurring its mechanization. The cost-competitiveness and time consumption of mechanized tree planting in Finland were compared to manual planting (MP) in spot mounds formed with a mounding blade and with a continuously advancing spot mounder. The results suggest that mechanized planting must increase its current productivity by 25% and 100% in order to compete with spot mounding or continuously advancing mounder followed by MP, respectively. However, in the hands of skilled operators in optimal conditions, machines can be cost-effective. On average, mechanized planting required 20% less time than MP and excavator-based spot mounding, whereas MP and continuously advancing spot mounder required 30% less time. Effective use of modern machines requires a careful evaluation of the worksite and skilled operators applying optimal operational models.     

“现代林业”的内涵及特征——兼论“山东省现代林业发展战略研究与规划”

现代林业是用科学发展观指导林业;用现代科学技术提升林业;用现代物质条件装备林业;培育新型务林人推进林业;提高林地产出率、资源利用率和劳动生产率,提高林业发展的质量、素质和效益。作者对现代林业的历史、内涵、特征和基本理论进行了评述。现代林业的基本理论包括：木材培育论或森林永续经营理论;近自然林业论;新林业理论;林业分工论;生态林业理论和森林可持续经营理论。作者建议：起草“山东省现代林业发展战略研究与规划”;借鉴“近自然林业”的森林培育理念与方法;处理好永续利用与分类经营的关系;选择适宜的现代林业发展模式;要明确现代林业空间布局、重点工程和保障措施,提出林权制度改革、生态补偿机制、科技创新体系等有针对性和可操作性的政策建议。     

关于改革林业机械设备检修和零配件修复体制的探讨

通过对林业机械设备检修现状的分析 ,认为应将目前一局一厂的分散检修体制改革为按机型、品种成立专业化定点检修和零配件修复协作网 ,以期提高林业机械检修行业的经济效益     

我国林业机械与木工机械行业分类方法探讨

我国林木机械分类由于历史的原因几十年没有改变,探讨林业机械、木工机械、人造板机械的特点,将它们合理分类,按国家行业分类和管理原则规划林木机械,建立合理的分类方法非常必要。按国家行业分类的方法,提出林木机械分类的改革思路。     

桉树爬树修枝机的设计与测试

为了实现快速修枝,结合桉树的通直度较其他林木高的特点,设计一种以两个对置分布的驱动轮作为攀爬驱动机构,从而使自身可以沿着树干直接往上爬升的爬树修枝机.该爬树修枝机主要由攀爬装置和修枝装置组成.对攀爬装置进行动力学分析,确定了驱动轮与树干之间的摩擦系数和攀爬装置夹紧力所要满足的关系式;根据滑切切割可降低切割阻力的原理,对...     

南方集体林区林业经济转型水平评价及驱动因素分析

立足当前生态文明建设和林业发展,文中从产业结构转型、劳动力就业结构转型和生态环境建设3方面构建我国南方集体林区林业经济转型指标体系,基于2000—2019年面板数据,运用熵值法测算林业经济转型水平,采用固定效应模型实证探究促进林业经济转型的驱动因素。结果显示:1)南方集体林区林业经济转型水平总体呈上升趋势,转型平均水平从2000年的0.51升至2019年的0.90,林业产业结构和劳动力就业结构趋向合理化转变;2)影响南方集体林区林业经济转型的主要为林业投资、技术水平、森林资源和林业系统工资水平的积极驱动作用,以及林权制度改革的政策冲击和城镇水平提高所产生的一定阻碍作用;3)不同水平下林业经济转型的主要驱动因素存在差异,转型水平较低阶段主要受技术水平、森林资源、人才资源、经济水平、城镇水平和工资水平影响,转型水平较高阶段主要受制度创新、林业投资、森林资源和工资水平影响。森林资源的丰富程度对各方面均会产生影响,森林资源较少地区林业经济转型受制度创新和技术水平影响显著,森林资源较多地区则受技术水平、森林资源、城镇水平和工资水平影响显著。结合南方集体林区林业经济转型发展的现状及实证分析结果,提出应进一步完善林业改革制度配套措施、加快发展第三产业、拓宽资金渠道、提高林业劳动力供给质量等有利于推动林区林业经济转型的对策建议。     

Assessment for Improvement: Harvesting Operations in Small-Scale Forest on Thai Steep Terrain

Timber harvesting on steep terrain is always a challenge in terms of safety, operating costs, and environmental impact. The motor-manual, cut-to-length method is the most common in harvesting operations in the mountainous areas of Thailand. The motor-manual operations are characterized by various negative features such as high fatality rates, expensive operating costs, and low productivity. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevailing harvesting operations, to propose new working methods and systems, and to suggest work safety improvement measures. The results indicated an extremely high fatality rate in Thailand compared to the average in other countries. Possible reasons for this may include ineffective safety regulations, inadequate worker training programs, seasonal forestry workers, and a lack of personal protective equipment. Consequently, alternative working methods have been suggested as a system. The proposed working method was intended to improve work safety, enhance productivity and reduce operating costs using by simulation to find best solution. Shifting from a cut-to-length to tree-length processing and moving forward to mechanization was introduced as alternative harvesting systems. The results showed that partly-mechanized systems would significantly improve the productivity. Potential work safety improvement measures may consist of adequate training, personal protective equipment, and technological improvement. Obstacle for implementation is the high investment for forest machines and silvicultural practices.     

“新林科”背景下林草高校劳动教育模式与路径——以北京林业大学心理学系为例

林科高等教育是高等农林教育的重要组成部分,在生态文明和美丽中国建设、服务重大国家战略、草原与林业工作深度融合、推进教育现代化、适应全球新技术革命和产业变革等方面肩负着重要责任和使命。"新林科"建设既是当前我国经济社会发展及高等教育和林草教育发展的内在需要,也是生态文明、美丽中国建设的必然要求。"新林科"建设的愿景目标包括推进林业草原高等教育供给侧改革,整体构建与国家生态文明建设、林业草原高质量发展相适应的学科和专业体系。劳动教育是林科高等教育体系的重要组成部分,是高校实现立德树人根本任务的重要要求。文中在分析林草高校劳动教育存在的课程体系单一且师资力量薄弱、课程内容浅显且教育形式窄化、课程效果有限且考核机制功利化等问题的基础上,以北京林业大学心理学系为例,提出"新林科"背景下林草高校劳动教育可通过构建"劳动教育+"四维培养体系,即"思政劳育" "专业劳育" "实践教育""课程劳育"的多样化组合方式,不断深化大学生劳动认知,提高大学生劳动素养,切实培养出符合"新林科"要求的高素质复合人才。教学实践证明,通过劳动教育培养模式创新,学生的社会服务能力显著增强,专业情怀日趋坚定,就业竞争力逐渐增强,人才培养质量稳步提升。     

Improvement and evaluation of the feller-buncher head

The high quality forest machines have recently become very popular in Japan. Many improvements on these machines have been made to fit the Japanese forests. This report describes the improvement and evaluation of the feller-buncher head of the prototype machine: FG-35. This head is mounted on the telescopic and knuckle-boom carrier. The prototype machine was improved to cut the trees, felled down on the ground or felled side ways by the storm as in the Kyushu district. And also the machine was improved so that it could be driven well without crashing the chainsaw-bar by the beginners. The testing operation of this machine carried out in Sumita-chou in Iwate and in Kuzu-chou in Oita. The productivity of the machine can be estimated at about 20 m³/h. The results of the improvement on the machine can be said to be good. A portion of this report was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1995).