植物生长调节剂在枣树上的应用

综述枣树花前、花期、幼果期、果实发育中后期和采收前使用赤霉素、2,4-D、萘乙酸、吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、防脱素、芸苔素内酯等植物生长调节剂对提高枣树坐果率,促进果实膨大,防止裂果等效果,及使用注意事项.     

植物生长调节剂在葡萄生产上的应用

植物生长调节剂已广泛应用于农业生产,对植物的生长发育有着重要的调节作用,在葡萄生产上的应用也很广泛.     

Effects of applications of plant growth regulators to papaya on the output and proteolytic activity of latex tapped from immature fruits

SUMMARY

Pistillate seedling plants of the local cultivar of papaya ‘Deshi’, transplanted 40 d after sowing, were sprayed with aqueous solutions of IBA (25 and 50 _ppm), GA₃ (100 and 200 _ppm), kinetin (50 and 100 _ppm), BA (25 and 50 _ppm), ethephon (100 and 200 ppm) or with water (control) 100 d after transplanting, when the experimental fruits borne by them were 15 d old. Latex was collected from the fruits when they were 90-95 d old and continued on four occasions, at 7 d intervals. Highly significant increases in yield and in protease activity of the latex over the control was obtained by application of ethephon. IBA and GA, also increased latex production, but spraying the plants with kinetin or BA solutions gave no clear results     

喷施叶面肥对猕猴桃叶片生长和果实品质的影响

以 8～ 9年生“秦美”猕猴桃为试材 ,叶面喷施高美施、稀土微肥、爱多收、植物动力 2 0 0 3和红苹果2号等液肥。调查结果表明 :各种叶面肥对猕猴桃叶片的增大、增厚和增重均有作用 ,爱多收效果最好 ,其次为植物动力 2 0 0 3和高美施。植物动力 2 0 0 3和稀土微肥对增大果个 ,提高果实品质及贮藏性较为理想。     

从受体理论谈植物生长调节剂和化肥对果品的影响

用受体理论解释植物生长调节剂和化肥对果品品质的影响,指出正确使用生长调节剂和化肥不会污染果品。     

植物生长调节物质对葡萄着色影响的研究进展

色泽是葡萄果实重要的品质特征,果实着色受诸多因素的影响,除基因型、气候条件、土肥水平和栽培技术外,植物生长调节物质也可影响果实着色。笔者对6种植物生长调节物质(脱落酸、萘乙酸、乙烯利、茉莉酸类、赤霉素、油菜素内酯)对葡萄着色的影响进行综述,除萘乙酸抑制葡萄果实着色外,其他物质均能促进果实着色和提前成熟。笔者从生理和分子水平阐述主要植物生长调节物质影响葡萄果实着色的作用机理,为外源生长调节物质在促进/抑制葡萄着色的应用方面提供理论依据。     

In vitro studies of controlling tomato puffiness by growth regulators

Tomato puffiness, which occurs after auxin spray under field conditions, was investigated by using the in vitro fruit culture technique. Tomato flowers were cultured in the medium with HCPA for 3 days to induce parthenocarpy and then transferred to other media containing growth regulators.2,4-D supplemented to the basal medium increased fruit weight and degree of puffiness. It was most influential when applied in the early developmental stage.Chemicals such as CCC, SADH, TIBA, which would lower auxin level in the fruit, counteracted puffiness. CCC did not decrease fruit weight, unlike TIBA and SADH.GA₃ also induced puffiness with extremely poor development of locule tissue, apparently different from auxin-induced puffiness. Gibberellin-induced puffiness could not be corrected by CCC.Although BA slightly promoted fruit growth, the effect on puffiness remained unclear.CCC and BCB treatments to potted plants were also successful in correcting puffiness of auxin-treated fruits.     

Effects of growth regulators on growth and flowering in Hippeastrum hybridum hort

Soaking of bulbs in 3 concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), 2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (cycocel) or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethrel) showed various responses on growth and flowering. IAA increased the weight and number of bulblets, GA₃ increased bulb weight. Cycocel (1000 mg l^?1) increased the number of flowers, while GA₃ increased the diameter of the flowers.Application of IAA at 100 mg l^?1 and GA₃ at 10, 100 or 1000 mg l^?1 twice as foliar spray at an interval of 30 days promoted the number of bulblets on the treated plants, while high concentrations of cycocel and ethrel (1000 mg l^?1) increased the weight of bulblets. All concentrations of IAA, GA₃ and 1000 mg l^?1 cycocel increased the number and size of the flowers.     

多头香石竹组培快繁研究

为克服多头香石竹组培苗茎秆细弱现象,通过调节激素配比,对多头香石竹品种"D90"的离体快繁技术进行了研究.结果表明:用MS BA 0.3 mg/L NAA 0.1 mg/L时,可使茎明显增粗,平均茎粗为0.779 mm,为最佳的改良继代培养基;用MS NAA 0.3 mg/L IAA 0.2 mg/L时生根率高,可达86.3%,为最佳生根培养基.     

Effect of temperatures and growth regulators on fruit malformation in tomato

The effects of temperatures and growth regulators on deformations in tomato fruits, a common occurrence in winter, were examined in greenhouses and in controlled-climate conditions with cultivars ‘Arava’ and ‘Orith’. The malformations could be attributed both to low-temperature conditions during flower development and to the use of growth regulators. Deformations caused by low temperatures differed from those caused by growth regulators. As a result of flower development under low-temperature conditions, fasciated fruits, fruits with a navel-like scar at the blossom end, puffy (hollow) fruits, and seedless fruits were obtained, where as with growth regulators there were more seedless fruits, sharply elongated blossom ends and green jelly. The 2 cultivars tested differed in their susceptibility to low-temperature conditions and growth regulators.     

Improving productivity of four fruit species by growth regulators applied once in ultra-low doses to the collar

Summary

Two growth retardants: paclobutrazol (P, Cultar) or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) were applied once alone, or in mixtures (in a range of 5 to 20 mg per tree) to the collar of maiden plum, sour and sweet cherries and apple trees, in early spring of the second year after planting. Plum and apple trees were also treated with benzyladenine (BA) at 10 mg per tree a.i. in a mixture with P or TIBA. Sweet and sour cherry trees were treated with natural phenolic substances: phloridzin (Phi) and quercetin (Que) alone, or in mixtures with P and TIBA. A mid-stem treatment with P and shoot bending were also applied to the plum and apple trees for comparison. Measurements of tree growth and fruiting were made within 4 or 5 years. The reaction of the four species to the treatments varied according to the growth regulator applied. Plum trees responded mostly to TIBA and its mixtures with P. A strong suppression of tree growth and increased fruit productivity, as well as improved fruit quality, were observed. The TIBA application and its mixtures with P were also effective in causing growth reduction of the sweet cherry trees. Treatments with P alone, or mixed with TIBA, were effective in growth limitation of sour cherry trees. Some increase in the reproductive processes was observed only after the TIBA treatment in both species. The apple trees responded to application of mixtures of TIBA with benzyladenine (BA), or with P, and to P alone, with effective growth reduction. But only the P + BA treatment increased significantly the fruiting of apple trees, while the other treatments resulted in crops proportional to the diminished tree sizes. The mid-stem treatment did not affect plum trees but increased growth of apple trees. Shoot bending had no effect on the plum trees but increased fruiting of apple trees. The addition of Phi to half the lower P dose or TIBA, magnified growth suppression in the sweet and sour cherry trees. When applied alone Que caused a small growth inhibition but Phi produced some increase in growth of sour cherry trees. Results obtained show the possibilities of practical applications of growth regulators to the collar. Their reduced doses mixed with natural phenolic substances are equally effective in growth suppression and make fruit production safer and more profitable, especially in plum and sour cherry trees.     

植物生长调节剂对新几内亚凤仙增殖和生根的影响

以新几内亚凤仙带腋芽茎段为外植体获得无菌苗,研究了6-BA＋NAA组合与KT＋NAA组合对芽增殖的影响,并比较了NAA单独使用与NAA＋MET配合使用对生根的效果。结果表明,KT＋NAA组合的芽增殖倍数要明显低于6-BA＋NAA组合,NAA＋MET组合比NAA具有更好的促进生根效果。因此认为,适合新几内亚凤仙增殖的最佳组合及浓度为6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋NAA0.05 mg/L,芽增殖倍数达到4.57。适合新几内亚凤仙生根的最佳组合及浓度为NAA0.5 mg/L＋MET0.3 mg/L,平均根数为5.37条,平均根长为1.34 cm。     

Effect of exogenous growth regulators on flowering and cytokinin levels in azaleas

‘Alaska’ and ‘Redwing’ azaleas having dormant flower buds were sprayed with gibberellins (GA₃ or GA_{4 + 7}) alone and in combination with thiourea, N⁶ benzyl adenine (BA) or kinetin weekly for 3 or 4 weeks to test the efficacy of these materials in breaking bud dormancy. Additional plants received 6 weeks of cold storage at 4.5°C or glasshouse day temperatures of 21°C and above. The 2000 and 3000 mg l^?1 GA₃ and Ga_{4 + 7} sprays were better than 1000 mg l^?1 in promoting flowering, with ‘Redwing’ responding better than ‘Alaska’. GA-treated plants flowered in fewer days than those receiving cold storage. Flower diameter and pedicel length increased with higher levels of GA, and flower uniformity was comparable to cold-stored plants on most GA-treated ‘Redwing’-plants. Thiourea, BA and kinetin applied alone had no effect and considerable cytokinin activity was highest in GA-treated buds 14–21 days after treatment application. No increase in activity occurred on plants not receiving GA.     

紫色康乃馨色素提取及其稳定性

以紫色康乃馨切花为试材,采用单因素预试验获得色素提取的最佳条件后经正交实验,研究了紫色康乃馨色素最佳组合提取条件及各种外界条件对吸光度、溶液颜色、色素稳定性等的影响,以期为紫色素提取提供借鉴。结果表明:紫色康乃馨色素最佳组合提取条件为pH 2、浓度为60%的柠檬酸溶液,按1∶1500 g·mL^-1的料液比,在40℃恒温提取180 min;该色素易溶于柠檬酸和水,为水溶性色素,并在可见光区340 nm时有最大吸收峰。而碱性环境和光照环境显著影响其稳定;Cu^2+、Fe^3+离子对该色素影响较其它金属离子如Al^3+、Ca^2+、Zn^2+等更大;氧化剂对其减色作用显著;但色素耐还原性强;可溶性淀粉及还原剂对其有一定的增色作用。     

Induction of feathers by growth regulators on maiden trees of apple and pear

The relationship between some physiological and hormonal aspects of the morphogenesis of the lateral shoots (feathers) has been investigated on apple and pear maiden trees.

Bioassays of extracts from the upper part of Jonathan and Rhode Island Greening apple trees showed that the level of endogenous ‘promoters’ decreased in Jonathan (which tends to feather naturally) during the period of spring bud-break, while the level of ‘inhibitors’ appeared to be small but constant. In R. I. Greening (which does not feather easily) the levels of both promoters and inhibitors were higher and constant during the five weeks of the investigation. These data support the view that apical dominance is mainly related to the movement of auxins from the shoot apex to the regions below. Consequently the strong polarity of the shoots can be ascribed to the greater quantity of auxin-like substances and to the balance between these substances and inhibitors.

The application of the anti-auxin TIBA induced feather formation in Starking Delicious apple and Passe Crassane pear (which do not normally branch freely), but its action also involved some negative effects on the anatomical and morphological pattern of the trees.

In Golden Delicious and Starking Delicious apples and Comice and Passe Crassane pears, a large number of feathers without any phytotoxic symptoms was obtained by the use, in the nursery, of diphenylurea (DPU) at 500 and 1000 ppm and maleic hydrazide (MH) at 1300 ppm. These results suggest a possible approach for producing nursery trees that are more suitable for the two modern training systems known as ‘palmetta anticipata’ and ‘slender spindle’.     

Effects of Environment on Flower Initiation in Carnation

The main object of the investigation was to attempt the separation of effects of photoperiod and total incident light energy in controlling flower initiation in the glasshouse carnation, variety White Sim.

Low light intensities delayed flower initiation. The delay was associated with reduced rates of growth in terms of dry weight, reduced rates of leaf initiation and increased number of leaves formed below the flower. Short days also delayed flower initiation and increased the number of leaves formed below the flower. Photoperiod, however, had no appreciable effect on growth in terms of dry weight or on rates of leaf initiation, but internode length was greater in long days than in short days. A period of illumination given in the middle of the night was more effective in promoting flower initiation than an equivalent period given to extend the day. Internode length was similar in these treatments. Effects of night temperature were less consistent than those of light intensity or daylength but, under most of the conditions tested, high night temperatures (minimum 65° F. (18° C.)) delayed flower initiation and increased the number of leaves formed below the flower. Low temperature treatment of plants at 40° F. (4.5° C.) for one month promoted subsequent flower initiation and reduced the number of leaves formed below the flower.     

4种植物生长调节剂对夏黑葡萄拉长花序的效果

在夏黑葡萄开花前15天前后,研究喷施4种植物生长调节剂对花序的拉长效果。结果表明,以85%赤霉酸13.0mg/L、85%赤霉酸15.0mg/L、美国奇宝(20%赤霉酸)15000倍液、美国奇宝17500倍液处理的效果较好,4个处理间差异不显著,花序伸长较为明显,且无明显的畸形花序。疏果时用工量少,节省劳动力,太大的花序剪两端留中间即可。其中以85%赤霉酸15.0mg/L的效果最好,花序净拉长18.38cm。     

蚓粪复合基质对康乃馨育苗及其生长的影响

以蚓粪、椰糠、泥炭、珍珠岩、蛭石为原料,按不同比例混合,研究其对康乃馨出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶长、叶片数、分支数、地上部干重、地下部干重、根冠比、壮苗指数等生长指标的影响,筛选出最佳基质配方.结果表明:椰糠和蚯蚓粪明显地促进康乃馨的生长发育,以60％蚓粪+10％椰糠+30％混合矿物(珍珠岩:蛭石=1∶1)处理综合效果最理想,最有利于康乃馨形成壮苗.所得到的复合基质的容重、总孔隙度、毛管持水量、通气孔隙度和pH均符合育苗基质的要求.     

Promoting branching in young trees of apple cv. Red Delicious using growth regulators

Summary

In two trials in the Huon Valley of Tasmania, a mixture of GA₄₊₇ and B A (Cytolin^®) was applied to one year old spur-bearing and non-spur-bearing apple trees cv. Red Delicious at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm in an effort to increase branching. No effects were evident on the non spur-bearing trees, and therefore Cytolin cannot be recommended. Spur-bearing trees had quantifiable responses to Cytolin, with a higher branching percentage, and reduced branch and leader length. Average branch angle was significantly increased using 100 ppm Cytolin, thereafter decreasing with higher Cytolin concentrations. Present evidence concludes that Cytolin should be used at 100 ppm on spur-bearing ‘Red Delicious’ to promote branches of adequate length, wider angles and sufficiently above the grafting union.