旱地冬小麦生育后期有关光合特性及光合产物分配规律研究

在大田自然干旱条件下旱作处理,冬小麦生育后期旗叶光合速率仍可达１４．２４μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍ＾－２·ｓ＾－１,在叶片水势达－１．８～－２．１ＭＰａ条件下,旗叶ＲｕＢｐ羧化酶活性可达２０～２３μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍｉｎ＾－１·ｇ＾－１ｄｗ;浇水处理小麦植株旗叶光合速率为１５．１５μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍ＾－２·ｓ＾－１水势达－１．６５～－１．８ＭＰａ条件下,旗叶ＲｕＢｐ羧化酶活性可达２２～２５μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍ     

钒试剂光度法测定环境样品中锰的研究

研究了１．０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液中使Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）被空气中氧氧化成Ｍｎ（Ⅳ），然后在２．４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１磷酸介质中氧化钒试剂显色的反应，选择了最佳反应条件。方法的检出限为０．０４μｇ·ｍＬ＾－１。本法简单灵敏、选择性较好，可测定植物样叶中Ｍｎ的含量。     

铬天青S－溴化十六烷基三甲铵－乙醇高灵敏分光光度法测定植物和土壤水中铝

本文探讨了铝与铬天青Ｓ的最佳显色反应条件。当ｐＨ为６．５，在溴化十六烷基三甲铵（ＣＴＭＡＢ）和乙醇的存在下，铝与铬天青Ｓ形成绿色配合物，最大吸收峰位于６３５ｕｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１．６５×１０５Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ，铝含量在０～０．２４μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律。在本实验条件下，该方法具有良好的选择性，应用于植物和土壤水中铝的测定，结果满意。     

乳化剂OP存在下铜试剂水相分光光度法直接测定植物中微量铜

本文报道了铜试剂与铜（Ⅱ）在水相中的显色反应。结果表明，在非离子表面活性剂乳化剂ＯＰ存在下，于ｐＨ５．４～９．５的水溶液中，铜试剂与铜（Ⅱ）形成黄色的配合物，其最大吸收波长为４５４ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１．３８×１０４Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ，铜（Ⅱ）浓度在０～２．４μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律。在柠檬酸铵和ＥＤＴＡ二钠的存在下，方法具有较高的选择性，用于植物中微量铜的测定，结果令人满意。     

SDG分离富集—1—（5—溴—2—吡啶偶氮）—2—萘酚—6—磺酸光度法测定环境样？…

以５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＮ－Ｓ为显色剂,研究了测定汞的显色条件。在ｐＨ９．０的氨性缓冲液中,形成１：１型的稳定配合物,配合物的最大吸收峰位于５５８ｎｍ波长处,表现摩尔吸光系数ε＝２．０×１０＾４Ｌ／０（ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ）。汞量在０￣８０μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内符合比尔定律。采用巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离水中共存离子富集汞,提高了方法的选择性。本法用于水样分析,结果令人满意。     

畜禽废弃物的强制通风静态堆肥化处理及其生物学效应

以畜禽饲养排放的鸡粪、牛粪为义莪,以玉米糖和璃米秸秆短节作调理和膨胀剂,研究了畜禽废弃物的强制通风静态堆肥化处理及其生物学效应。结果表明,在通气量为０．３ｍ＾３／ｍｉｎ、水分含量为５５０～６５０ｇ／ｋｇ时,堆肥化过程中的氮素损失随起始堆料的Ｃ／Ｎ升高而降低,胡敏酸含量的增加幅度高于富里酸,腐熟堆肥的ＮＨ４－Ｎ含量小于０．４ｇ／ｋｇ,ＷＳＣ含量小于６．５ｇ／ｋｇ,ＣＥＣ大于１１０ｃｍｏｌ／ｋｇ．ＯＭ     

快速冷冻牛体外受精胚胎

本文研究不同类型的防冻剂及其浓度对快速冷冻牛胚胎的效果。试验Ⅰ：７日龄囊胚先分别放入含１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）甘油或１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）乙二醇改良的磷酸盐缓冲液（ＰＢＬ）中，室温下平衡１０ｍｉｎ。然后，分别移入１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油或２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖ＰＢＬ液中，１０ｍｉｎ后将胚胎放进冰箱的结冰层（约─２３℃），３５ｍｉｎ后直接投入液氮。冻后孵化率最高的处理组为１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（８２．４％），其极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）地高于２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（１５．４％），２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（６３．９％），３．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（３８．７％）。试验Ⅱ：７日龄胚胎先在１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）甘油中平衡１０ｍｉｎ，而后，分别移入１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０，０．２５，０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖，停留１０ｍｉｎ后快速冷冻。解冻后，胚胎分别用０．５，０．２５，０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖除甘油。结果表明：解冻液中的蔗糖浓度对胚胎的存活力无显著影响。当冷冻处理为１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖时，胚     

内源性CNT在动物血液及组织中的变化与分布

以豚鼠为实验动物,应用放射免疫测定方法研究了内源性ｃＡＭＰ 和ｃＧＭＰ 在动物血液中含量变化及组织分布。结果表明,正常情况下动物血液中ｃＡＭＰ 和ｃＧＭＰ的变化幅度不大, 二者含量基本稳定在２０７３８ ±０９６７ｐ ｍｏｌ／ ｍｌ 和５８１５ ±００３２ｐ ｍｏｌ／ ｍｌ;肝脏细胞中含ｃＡＭＰ 最多（８３２００ ±２１４６ｐｍ ｏｌ／ｇ） ,脂肪细胞中最少（５７６７ ±３６８ｐｍ ｏｌ／ｇ） ;ｃＧＭＰ 则以小肠分布最多（３６９７ ±１７０ｐ ｍｏｌ／ｇ） ,脂肪中最少（１９３ ±００５ｐｍ ｏｌ／ｇ） ,各组织或器官ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ 值在１８６５ ～７５０６ 范围内变化。     

低散热直喷式柴油机应用植物油燃料的研究

介绍一种可燃用植物油的新型低散热直喷式柴油机,分析了低散热燃油系统对植物油的着火特性、燃烧过程的影响。试验表明,燃用菜籽油与燃用柴油对比,百公里油耗基本一致,标定工况对比,燃用柴油时比油耗ｇ_ｅ＝２２６ｇ／ｋＷ·ｈ,燃用菜籽油时ｇ_ｅ＝２５９ｇ／ｋＷ·ｈ,而排放ＮＯ_x、ＨＣ、烟度均有降低。     

肉鸡舍垫料堆肥化处理研究

本文对由禽粪和麦秸组成的肉鸡舍垫料堆肥化处理进行了试验研究。研究结果表明，湿度７０％、最高发酵温度７０℃左右、通风量５０ｍＬ／Ｌ·ｍｉｎ是最佳堆肥化条件。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.