鸭肝炎自然病例与鸭肝炎病毒人工发病病例组织病理学观察

到目前为止，对鸭肝炎I型作组织病理学研究的工作可分为下列几种：鸡鸭肝炎I型标准毒株人工发病雏鸭肝、脾、脑等多种器官作组织病理学观察；对鸭肝炎I型野外病例肝、脾、脑等作组织病理学观察；对鸭肝炎I型人工感染鸡胚肝脏等几种脏器作组织病理学观察等。国外Sandhu等还对鸭肝炎I型变 异株感染雏鸭作组织病理学观察。本文报道了对珠江三角洲有变异倾向的鸭肝炎I型自然病例和6株野毒人工发病病例的组织病理学观察结果，观察包括肝、脾、胰、脑、心、肺、肾、、腺胃、小肠、法氏囊等10种脏器，并对各器官的病变进行具体描述与统计。为国内外研究DHVI型变异株感染的组织病理学研究提供了更丰富详实的资料。     

仔猪实验性铅中毒的病理学研究

选择长白仔猪l2头．体质量8～12kg，随机分成试验组(8头)和对照组(4头)。试验组仔猪用醋酸铅溶液按日剂量60mg／kg体质量饮水．对照组仔猪正常饲喂．持续14周。结果试验仔猪临床表现消瘦、厌食或绝食，腹泻、惊厥及肌肉震颤等症状。血液学检查，试验仔猪呈小细胞性、低色素性贫血，其外周血中中、晚幼红细胞增多．且能见到嗜碱性点彩颗粒。病理眼观变化：心脏扩张．心包有积液；肝、肾肿大，呈土黄色；脾稍肿大，切面呈暗红色．结构模糊；肺膨大，质地脆弱；胃、肠黏膜潮红、肿胀．胃壁充血、出血；大脑膜血管充血。病理组织学检查：心肌纤维变性、坏死；肝细胞发生颗粒和脂肪变性,汇管区血管充血；脾小梁静脉扩张，脾窦有大量红细胞浸润；肺支气管黏膜上皮和肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死；小肠、大肠黏膜上皮变性坏死、脱落．腺体杯状细胞增多；脑膜血管扩张充血．神经细胞水肿，胞浆溶解。组织超微结构观察：肝细胞核周间隙和核膜界限不清．线粒体扩张呈囊状；肾小管上皮细胞核及线粒体基质部分缺失，局部空泡化；大脑、小脑、脑干、脊髓神经细胞及其线粒体基质局部缺失，神经胶质细胞及神经纤维不同程度出现溶解斑。用原子吸收分光光度计法测定仔猪外周血、心、肝、肾、脑及股骨的铅含量．其血液铅平均质量浓度达2．64mg／L，被检组织中以股骨的铅含量为最高．达到24．6μg／g，依次为肾、肝、心，脑．其测定值分别是正常对照组仔猪的40、117、130、79、195和76倍。     

变异黄芪自然中毒山羊的病理学观察

变异黄芪是一种疯草类有毒植物,其毒性成分为苦马豆素,本试验以内蒙古阿拉善左旗吉兰泰镇的2只变异黄芪自然中毒山羊为对象,通过HE染色观察脑、心、肝、脾、肾等组织病理学变化,透射电镜观察脑、心、肝组织超微结构变化。结果发现,中毒羊脑、心、肝、肾等组织细胞发生广泛空泡变性,超微结构观察发现大小脑、心、肝细胞中有多量膜包裹的空泡样结构,血管中有炎性细胞浸润,线粒体嵴断裂,排列紊乱、变性。中毒羊的病理变化与超微结构变化与之前报道的疯草中毒动物的基本一致,但线粒体变性则报道的较少。     

鸡肝炎-心包积液综合征的病理学诊断

2015年8月-11月对45例山东省近期流行的鸡肝炎-心包积液综合征剖检病变及组织病理学变化进行观察分析,并对肝组织进行透射电镜观察。剖检病变以心包积液、出血性坏死性肝炎、肺淤血水肿、肾变性肿胀、脾淤血肿胀、胰腺点状坏死及脑膜充血为特征。病理组织学观察主要表现为肝细胞灶状坏死并伴有核内嗜碱性或嗜酸性包涵体,心肌纤维变性,心间质充血、水肿及巨噬细胞浸润,胰腺上皮细胞变性、坏死,偶尔见核内嗜碱性包涵体,肾小管上皮细胞变性、间质淤血出血,肺淤血、水肿,免疫器官淋巴细胞坏死,肠黏膜发生出血性卡他性炎症。电镜观察肝细胞核内晶格状排列直径70nm左右的病毒粒子,本研究为该病的发病机制研究提供了试验基础。     

斑点叉尾(鱼回)疑似疱疹病毒感染的病理形态学观察

对四川省一些养殖场斑点又尾鮰大规模死亡的病鱼组织进行了光镜和电镜观察．在其肾和肝组织的细胞中发现一种圆形或椭圆形病毒颗粒，有囊膜的病毒颗粒存在于胞浆中，直径150～200nm．无囊膜的病毒颗粒既存在于胞浆中，也存在于胞棱中，直径为80～110nm，同时在细胞核内可见无病毒核心的空衣壳，根据其形态特征初步确定为一种疱疹病毒。病鱼主要表现为鳍条基部和皮肤（特别是腹部和尾柄）充血、出血，腹部膨大，眼球突出．鳃发白．腹腔内充有淡黄色或淡红色的腹水，胃肠道扩张，其内充满大量淡黄色的粘液，肝、脾和肾肿大。病理组织学变化主要为全身组织器官广泛性水肿、出血、变性、坏死和炎症细胞浸润，特别是肾、肝、胃肠道、脾和脑的损伤较为严重。肾间质水肿，造血组织坏死，巨噬细胞和中性拉细胞浸润．肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性和坏死；肝水肿，狄氏间隙增宽．肝细胞空泡变性及坏死；胃肠道粘膜上皮变性，坏死．脱落，固有膜，粘膜下层水肿，淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和中性枉细胞浸润；脾淤血．出血．淋巴细胞减少，大量巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞浸润；脑水肿，神经细胞肿胀．甚至坏死固缩。超微结构上．被病毒感染的细胞发生明显的痛变，线粒体肿胀，嵴断裂．溶解，粗面内质网扩张，核糖体颗粒脱落．细胞核体积增大，染色质浓缩．边集。     

鸭瘟病毒弱毒株在免疫雏鸭体内的分布和排毒规律

鸭瘟病毒(DPV)弱毒Cha株经皮下、口服和滴鼻3种途径免疫1日龄雏鸭，应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测了病毒在体内分布和排毒规律。Cha株免疫雏鸭后，对血液、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、十二指肠、直肠、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、肌肉、骨髓、粪便和食道共19种组织PCR检测结果如下：(1)皮下接种雏鸭后4h，即可在心、肝、脾、肾、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑和小脑共10种组织中检出DPV的DNA；8h后，所有采取的组织器官均可检测到DPV的DNA。(2)口服接种雏鸭后4h，可在舌和食道中检测到DPV的DNA；8h后，可在心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、食道和血液共12种组织器官中检出DPV的DNA。(3)滴鼻接种雏鸭后4h，未能在各种组织中检出DPV的DNA；8h后，可在心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、食道和血液共11种组织中检测到DPV的DNA。(4)在3种免疫途径中，检出时间最早和检出率最高的组织器官为肝脏、脑(大脑、小脑和延脑)；3种途径免疫的鸭，从免疫后12h至21d均能从所有采集的组织中检测出DPV DNA。     

乙型脑炎病毒感染小鼠主要器官的组织病理学观察及其定位分布

为研究乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)感染小鼠后主要组织器官的损伤性变化及其在各主要器官的定位分布,本试验建立JEV感染小鼠动物模型,对感染后小鼠各组织器官进行动态病理组织学观察,并运用RNAScope染色技术了解JEV在各主要器官的定位分布。病理学观察结果显示,感染后4 d部分神经元发生肿胀变性,感染后5～10 d观察到大脑灰质神经元变性坏死,明显的血管炎性反应形成的袖套现象及胶质细胞增生,感染后10～17 d脑组织的病理学变化渐不明显。脾脏在感染后3 d,红髓淤血,脾小体周围巨噬细胞明显增多,8 d后脾小体周围的淋巴小结增生明显,可见许多新生的淋巴细胞。心肌淤血、变性并出现明显的间质性心肌炎及后期偶见心内膜下少量心肌细胞脂肪变性。肝淤血及肝细胞严重肿胀变性。肺泡壁增厚,肺泡壁上皮细胞变性肿胀及后期肺组织结构基本正常。肾小球毛细血管扩张。胃黏膜部分脱落,胃黏膜临近角质化区可以观察到小的坏死灶。十二指肠黏膜下层充血、肌层水肿、伴有少量炎性细胞浸润。空肠未见明显变化。RNAScope染色结果显示,小鼠感染后2 d,JEV核酸在脾、肾、肝、肺、胃、胰中可以检测到,在脑中检测量较少,心、空肠和十二指肠未有病毒核酸信号;因此,JEV在感染初期可能主要在小鼠外周组织分布并对外周组织具有一定的病理性损伤作用,进入中枢神经系统后主要分布于脑并对脑实质产生一定的破坏性。     

鸭坦布苏病毒对雏鸭的致病性研究

为研究鸭坦布苏病毒对雏鸭的致病性,对1周龄樱桃谷雏鸭肌肉接种坦布苏病毒FX 2010株,建立雏鸭感染模型,动态观察感染雏鸭的临床表现、病理变化、组织病毒含量及免疫反应。结果显示,雏鸭攻毒后第3天食欲下降,排黄白色稀粪,第5天时出现神经症状,部分雏鸭急性死亡,死亡率高达22.5%(9/40)。剖检病、死鸭可见心内膜出血,脾肿胀、坏死,肝、肾变性肿胀,脑膜充血。感染雏鸭的组织病理学变化主要表现心、肝、肾实质细胞变性、坏死,间质炎性细胞浸润或见出血;脾淋巴细胞局灶性坏死并伴有大量异嗜性粒细胞浸润;大脑呈典型的病毒性脑炎变化。雏鸭感染后第1天各器官就能检测到坦布苏病毒,第3天器官病毒含量除脾外均达峰值,后逐渐下降。雏鸭攻毒后第5天血清中出现微弱的中和抗体,以后逐渐升高,第17天时达峰值。以上结果表明,鸭坦布苏病毒感染雏鸭后能迅速入侵机体各组织器官并大量复制,呈组织泛嗜性特征,造成全身广泛性组织损伤,重症雏鸭死于急性败血症病变。雏鸭接种病毒后能快速产生中和抗体以抵抗感染并迅速清除病毒。     

人工感染鸭病毒性肠炎急性病例超微结构变化

用鸭病毒性肠炎病毒（Duck enteritis virus，DEV）CH强毒株感染成年鸭复制鸭病毒性肠炎急性病例，分别于接种后不同时间，取心、肝、肾、脾、胸腺、十二指肠、法氏囊、脑和胰组织，制作超薄切片，电镜观察。结果表明：病变最早发生于肝和肾，而鸭死亡后以免疫器官和消化器官损伤最严重；各种细胞的变化主要表现为细胞肿胀，染色质或浓缩、碎裂或溶解，线粒体溶解成空泡样结构，其他细胞器破坏；脾、胸腺、法氏囊以及小肠固有层中的淋巴细胞在感染24h后，在出现细胞坏死的同时还出现较为明显的细胞凋亡变化；而鸭死亡后淋巴细胞主要表现为黑洞核样变化，整个细胞凝聚深染，染色质固缩，细胞浆均质深染，细胞膜模糊或不完整。     

西藏鸡新细菌病病理学研究

对自然发病死亡的２０只鸡进行系统的剖检及病理学观察。结果发现，该病的病理学特征主要表现为：肝肿大，质脆，表面出血，肝细胞变性及坏死；肠道（以十二指肠及空肠）病变明显，肠道淤血、出血，肠粘膜上皮细胞坏死脱落，固有层充血、出血、水肿；心脏淤血、出血，心肌坏死，肺、肾、脾均有不同程度的淤血、出血。研究结果表明，在心、肝、脾性组织切片中可见有多量的圆形（０．４μｍ左右）、具有抗酸梁色特性的和种细菌故定为新     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in