山羊肾,肾段动脉及肾段的观察

山羊肾为表面平滑单乳头肾，偶见双乳头型，其肾盂中央部呈纵向向外侧拱突，横向略凹的长条形，位于四周与之延接的肾盂隐窝略呈新月形。肾盂隐窝的数量因个体而略有差异，常见１１～１４个。山羊肾动脉入肾后分为肾，腹二千，背干分出前背侧肾段动脉，中间背侧肾段动脉，后背侧肾段动脉，腹干分出前腹侧肾段动脉和后腹侧肾段动脉，其分布区为同名肾段，此外，对平滑单乳头肾的分类，肾动脉分支之间的吻合作了讨论。     

猪肾段动脉与肾段的观察

通过对３７例猪肾动脉分支的观察，发现猪肾动脉较恒定地发出５支肾段动脉，即前内侧、前背侧、前腹侧、中间腹侧及后侧肾段动脉。相应的分布区即为具同名肾段。前内侧肾段位于肾门前内侧，前背侧肾段位于肾前侧半的背侧部，前腹侧肾段位于肾前侧半的腹侧部，中间腹侧肾段分布区呈狭长带形，位于肾腹侧中间处后侧，而后侧肾段分布区很广，可分为背、腹侧两个亚段。     

绵羊肾段动脉及肾段的观察

试验应用血管铸型方法,对14枚(左肾7枚,右肾7枚)绵羊肾动脉分支分布做了研究。肾动脉在进入肾门前有两种分支形式:前后干型和背腹干型,后者占主要。背腹干分布形式的肾脏,背干在进入肾窦内分为一前支和一后支,由前支和后支发出肾脏背部各肾段动脉。腹干不分支而直接发出肾脏腹部各肾段动脉。各肾段动脉之间未见有吻合支。绵羊肾脏不论肾动脉是前后干型还是背腹干型,肾段动脉的数目均为7。肾段动脉分布的区域即为肾段,所以与之相应的肾段也有7个。     

猪肾的动脉分支与分布

猪肾动脉分支多为二支型，偶见三支型，在二支型中多数是前后干型，少数是背腹干型，在前后干型中，一般由前干发出前背侧肾段动脉和前腹侧肾段动脉，后干发出后背侧肾段动脉和后腹侧肾段动脉，在背腹干型中，一般由背干发出背前侧肾段动脉和背后侧肾段动脉，由腹干发出腹前侧肾段动脉和腹后侧肾段动脉，三支型又可分为背腹三支型和前后三支型两种，前者肾动脉分支为背前干，背后干和腹干，后者分为前干，后干和中间腹侧干，在曳的各动脉分支中未见与肾表面明显平行的动脉。     

牛肾动脉肾脂囊支的起源

牛肾动脉肾脂囊支的起源陈嘉绩，刘建遂（江苏农学院杨州２２５００２）将新鲜牛肾连肾脂囊一起摘出，用２０％Ａ、Ｂ、Ｓ丁酮溶液加油与颜色混匀，由肾动脉注入后，可见有血管从肾皮质部表面的沟中穿出，分布干肾脂囊。５只牛肾（水牛２只、黄牛３只）注射后均可见上述肾...     

猪肾及肾段的解剖学观察

采用ABS铸型腐蚀法 ,观察了 4 0头屠宰商品猪的肾动脉及输尿管铸型腐蚀标本。结果猪的肾段可分为前背侧、前腹侧、后背侧和后腹侧四个主要肾段 ,以及前内侧、后内侧、中间背侧和中间腹侧四个次要的肾段 ,可分为五种类型。     

犬肾动脉、脾动脉分支及其节段性分布

采用动脉铸型和大体解剖学方法观察了犬肾动脉 38例 ,脾动脉 30例。结果表明 :(1)犬肾动脉入肾前分为背干和腹干 ,由它们发出 2～ 6支肾段动脉 ,其分布区即为同名肾段。 (2 )犬肾段动脉有 5种分支类型 ,变异较大 ,但具有高度的对称性。 (3)犬脾动脉的分支均为双分支型 ,即分为脾上叶动脉和脾下叶动脉 ,将犬的脾脏分为 4个脾段 ,每 1个脾段由同名脾段动脉供应血液。 (4 ) 2 5例各脾段动脉之间无吻合支存在 ,称为“无血管区”;5例存在着少量吻合支 ,可称为“少血管区”。     

双峰驼肾动脉分布

应用大体解剖学和血管铸型方法,研究了12峰双峰驼肾动脉的分支分布。结果显示,肾脏的肾动脉在进入肾门之前均分成一背干和一腹干,在肾窦内,背干分为一前支,再由前、后支分别发出背部贤脏的各肾段动脉。腹干不分前、后支,而由主干直接发出腹部肾脏的各肾段动脉。不仅各肾段动脉之间未见吻合,背干及其分支与腹干及其分支之间也无吻合。左肾肾段动脉共13条,右肾肾段动脉12条。表明,双峰驼不仅左、右肾的肾动脉与肾段动脉不尽相同,各肾的背部和腹部的动脉供应也存在差异。肾动脉的背干和腹干是相对独立的。     

双峰驼肾动脉血管分布的铸型观察

运用管道铸型技术以及扫描电镜技术对双峰驼肾动脉血管进行了系统观察.结果显示,双峰驼肾动脉在入肾门前约4～8 cm处分为背干和腹干,入肾后在肾窦内相继形成肾段动脉.左右两肾段动脉的分支分布各有特点,各段动脉分支延伸至肾的皮髓交界处,形成弓形动脉;弓形动脉是叶间动脉的延续,并不与肾表面相平行;肾血管球以及出、入球微动脉因分布区域的不同,形态结构也不尽一致.表明,双峰驼肾各段动脉分布的规律性强,段动脉分支之间没有吻合支存在;肾各部位的血管球随分布区域的不同,其形态结构也呈现一定的变化.     

牦牛肾集合系统解剖结构的铸型分析

旨在探讨牦牛（Bos grunniens）肾集合系统的解剖结构。运用丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（acrylonitrile butadiene styrene，ABS）铸型技术，制作24个牦牛肾集合系统标本，通过观察标本，记录肾集合系统的解剖特点。结果显示：肾盂在所有标本中都存在，根据输尿管近端有无扩张分为两种类型：扩张型肾盂和未扩张型肾盂，后者更多见（58.3%）。集合系统中有前、后两个肾大盏，肾小盏通过漏斗状结构与肾大盏相连，一个漏斗状结构连接1～5个肾小盏。牦牛肾集合系统前后区域肾小盏数量差异显著（P<0.01），其中，后部肾小盏数量比前部多。根据肾前后区域和中间区域尿液收集引流特点，将牦牛肾集合系统分为两种类型：A型和B型。肾中间区域肾实质尿液的收集和引流依赖前、后肾盏组的为A型，独立于前、后肾盏组的为B型，在牦牛中，A型是常见类型，占70.8%，其次是B型，占29.2%。牦牛肾集合系统由1个肾盂、2个肾大盏和多个（11～21）肾小盏构成，根据尿液引流特点分为A、B两种类型，其中A型较常见。     

肉牛食用桃树叶中毒的诊治体会

桃树是我国广泛分布的树种,当牛在放牧或圈养时食用了较多的桃树枝叶,可引起中毒,以春季新鲜牧草缺乏时发病较多,且不分品种和年龄均可发病,多于采食后数小时至数天内发病。笔者从医几年来,偶遇两例牛误食桃树枝叶中毒病例,现将诊治体会分享如下。     

Arterial Peculiarities of the Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord in Rabbit

The aim of this study was to investigate the arterial blood supply of the thoracolumbar spinal cord in rabbit. The study was carried out on twenty adult New Zealand white rabbits. Ten rabbits were used in the corrosion technique and ten rabbits in the dissection technique. After the killing, the vascular network was perfused with saline. Batson's corrosion casting kit no. 17 © was used as a casting medium. After polymerisation of the medium, in ten rabbits the maceration was carried out in KOH solution, and in ten other rabbits, formaldehyde was injected by the dissection technique into the vertebral canal. We found high variability of segmental arteries supplying blood to the spinal cord. There are 12 intercostal arteries and 1 costo‐abdominal artery. Dorsal branches arising from the dorsal surface of the aorta thoracica were found as follows: in 70% of the cases, 9 pairs were present; in 20% of the cases 8 pairs; and in 10% of the cases 10 pairs. The paired arteriae lumbales were present in 6 pairs in 90% of the cases and in 5 pairs in 10% of the cases. On the dorsal surface of spinal cord, we found two irregular longitudinal arteries in 70% of the cases, no longitudinal arteries in 20% of the cases and three irregular longitudinal arteries in 10% of the cases receiving dorsal branches of rami spinales. Among the dorsal branches observed in the thoracic region, 60.5% were left‐sided, 39.5% right‐sided and in the lumbar region, 52.5% were left‐sided and 47.5% right‐sided.     

布莱凯特牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的序列测定及分析

根据GenBank发表的牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白(heart fatty acid-binding protein,H-FABP)基因的序列设计13对引物,分13段扩增出布莱凯特牛H-FABP基因,采用PCR产物直接测序的方式对各个片段进行测序,使用生物信息学软件对各个片段的测序结果进行拼接,得到布莱凯特牛H-FABP基因的全序列,并对其进行序列分析。结果表明,布莱凯特牛的H-FABP基因(GenBank登录号:FJ756345)是由4个外显子(73、173、102和54 bp)和3个内含子(3463、1892和1494 bp)组成;布莱凯特牛与牦牛、普通牛、山羊、猪、马、人、大鼠、小鼠和鸡等9个物种之间的核苷酸同源性大小依次为99.3%、99.0%、96.3%、92.5%、89.8%、88.3%、83.3%、82.8%、75.6%,其氨基酸的同源性为99.2%、99.2%、96.2%、93.2%、91.7%、88.7%、86.5%、86.5%、77.4%;系统发生树将这些物种总体上分成2支,鸡为独立的一支,布莱凯特牛、牦牛、普通牛、山羊、猪、马、人、大鼠、小鼠为另一独立的大分支。因此,渤海黑牛H-FABP基因具有很强的保守性,其进化树符合物种进化规律。     

Die laterokranialen Faszienstrukturen am Ober- und Unterarm sowie Unterschiede im Ansatz des M. biceps brachii bei Haussäugetieren

Structures of the laterocranial Fascia in the Upper- and Forearms of Domestic Mammals, including Differences in the Aponeuroses of the M. biceps brachii The laterocranial fascia of the upper arm and forearm, as well as aponeurotic relationships of the Musculus biceps brachii were investigated on each of ten forelimbs from horses, cattle and swine. Ten canine biceps were also investigated. Equine and bovine fascia contain elastic components. An as-yet undescribed ligament-like aponeuroses of the laterocranial forearm fascia to the Fossa radialis humeri was seen in all three species studied. The laterocraniale fascia of the upper and forearm form a common passage for the Musculi hrachialis et extensor carpi radialis. In the case of the horse, the ulnar aponeurotic tendon of the biceps muscle crosses below the Ligamentum collaterale cubiti medialis. In cattle, on the other hand, it runs between the two branches of the collateral ligament, to attach on the olecranon. This portion of the equine tendon protrudes into the joint. It has connective tissue character in young animals, but becomes fibrocartilaginous in older horses. The radial aponeuroses of the canine biceps exhibits two branches. A situation similar to that seen for the ulnar aponeuroses of the equine Musculus biceps brachii is observed on the inside surface of the porcine Ligamentum cubiti mediate, in which a wedge of connective tissue protrudes into the joint, taking on fibrocartilaginous character in older animals.     

Bovine paravertebral analgesia: radiographic analysis and suggested method for improvement

The use of paravertebral analgesia in cattle is not always successful. Dissection studies in five cadavers indicated that there was a divergence in the courses of the dorsal and ventral branches of the lumbar nerves which can account for the unreliability of conventional techniques. An alternative more certain method of blocking the lumbar nerves is described.     

Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates off very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramus angularis is also absent but the left distal atrii ramus is present.Abbreviations LCR left ramus circumflexus - RCR right circumflexus ramus - RIS ramus interventricularis subsinosus - RIVP ramus interventricularis paraconalis     

Le Plexus lombo-sacral du dromadaire (Camelus dromedarius)| Note I Partie crâniale: Anatomie descriptive

In this work, we have used 12 adult dromedaries of both sexes, aged between 2 and 12 years. The nerves were traced in the fresh state with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
The lumbosacral plexus was compared with that of the horse, other ruminants, pig, and carnivores. The origin, course, and distribution of the various branches of the cranial part of the plexus are described in detail.
The lumbosacral plexus of the dromedary was found to be almost identical to that of the horse; some similarities with cattle were observed.     

New surgical approach to the plantar fetlock joint through the digital flexor tendon sheath wall and suspensory ligament apparatus in cases of concurrent septic synovitis in two cattle

A new surgical approach to the infected fetlock joint is described in two cattle suffering from septic tenosynovitis of the lateral digital flexor tendon sheaths of the right lateral hind-digits with concurrent septic serofibrinous arthritis of the adjoining fetlock joints, caused by penetrating wounds. In both patients, the infected sheaths were opened and the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons were removed. Intraoperatively, a small entry through the fetlock joint capsule was detected, directly distal to the lateral proximal sesamoid bone. The tract was surgically enlarged and a second approach into the plantar fetlock joint pouch was created proximally by making a 3 cm long and 0.5 cm wide incision between the two lateral suspensory ligament branches. This allowed easy access to the plantar joint pouch, removal of fibrin clots and an effective joint lavage using 5L of sterile saline solution. The incisions of the fetlock joint capsules remained unsutured and were drained using soft polyurethane foam to preclude premature closure. The tendon sheath wounds remained unsutured. In both patients, the digital flexor tendon sheath and the fetlock joint were lavaged daily for the following three days. The infection was eliminated in both cattle and both fully recovered without residual lameness.     

迪庆黄牛血液蛋白多态性及其在中国黄牛中的地位

本研究采用淀粉凝胶电泳法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定云南迪庆黄牛血清白蛋白（Ａ１ｂ）、血清运铁蛋白（Ｔｆ）、血清碱性磷酸酶（Ａｂｐ）和血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）等四个位点的基因频率。为分析迪庆黄牛这一高原类型地方牛种在中国黄牛中的地位，利用本研究的迪庆黄牛以及文献报道的中国１０种黄牛的四个多态位点的等位基因频率资料，计算标准遗传传距离，并进行聚类分析。结果表明：迪庆黄牛独自一类，来自于青藏高原的迪庆黄牛在中国黄牛中占有十分重要的地位．结合文物考证资料，推测青藏高原很可能是中国黄牛的发源地。