Influence of methyl bromide soil fumigation method on fungicidal efficacy and bromide residues

Highest inorganic bromine residues (30 ppm) were found when soil was fumigated with liquid methyl bromide (MB) introduced by conventional means into evaporating dishes. With preheated (vaporized) MB or injection of MB/chloropicrin (CP) mixtures, bromide concentrations were reduced by 50%. They were uniform throughout the soil (0 to 60 cm) except after MB/CP injection, when larger residues were found in the 30-60 cm layer. Leaching with 2000 m^p3/ha (20 cm) of water always reduced bromide content to 7.5 and 10 ppm at the 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth, respectively. Organic amendments to soils substantially increased bromide levels up to 118 ppm, most of which was found in the upper soil layers; two teachings with 2000 m^p3 /ha water were required to return the soils to their normal state.Sclerotium rolfsii andFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi cultures buried in soil were eliminated from the upper 30 cm with MB applied either conventionally or preheated. At 50 cm, 500 kg/ha of the preheated gas was superior to 1000 kg/ha of the cold gas. All MB fumigations suppressed carnation flower yields compared with CP alone but were superior to no treatment. After leaching, MB-fumigated soils yielded the highest number of flowers.     

Effects of fenamiphos and biocontrol agents on cotton growing in nematode-infested soil

Efficacy of a chemical nematicide, fenamiphos and three microorganisms in controllingRotylenchulus reniformis andTylenchorhynchus latus on cotton planted in field plots was investigated. Monthly records of the nematode population levels showed that fenamiphos had the highest (p0.05) levels of their control which resulted in the top cotton yield. Plots receiving the bacteriumBacillus sp. had various degrees of nematode control though their cotton yield was comparable (P0.05) to the fenamiphos-treated plots. Plots inoculated with a fungusChaetomium spirale recorded the least effect for controlling the two nematode species and their cotton yield was not significantly different from the untreated plots. Plots treated with an actinomycete,Streptomyces sp., had an intermediate effect on both nematode population densities and cotton yield. At harvest,T. latus population densities were equally suppresed (P0.05) in all treatments which should be reflected on the subsequent crop.With 2 tables     

Nematode response to methyl bromide and 1,3‐dichloropropene soil fumigation at different temperatures

Several heat‐based methods, such as soil solarization, are being developed as alternative practices for managing soil‐borne pests and pathogens. The effectiveness of these practices is often inconsistent or marginal, thus commanding the need for their integration with other methods. The main objective of this study was to determine synergistic interaction between soil fumigants and temperature. Soil infested with citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans was exposed to methyl bromide or 1,3‐dichloropropene at various temperatures. Fumigant degradation was concurrently measured and concentration‐time index (ct) was calculated and correlated to the recovered nematode population. In untreated soil, nematode survival was not affected by temperatures of 20–30 °C, but was strongly reduced at ≥ 40 °C. In fumigated soil, nematode suppression was much greater at 30 °C than at 20 °C, and the ct required for nematode elimination at 30 °C was < 50% of that needed at 20 °C for both fumigants. These results suggest that these fumigants became more active with increasing temperature in the sub‐lethal temperature range. It also implies that, when integrated with a heat‐based practice, reduced rates of fumigants may provide adequate pest control, thus minimizing the environmental input of chemical fumigants. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段,但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染,而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面,土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物,给土壤进行消毒处理;另一方面,施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群,引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展,旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响,以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。     

土壤熏蒸对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸凭借高效、广谱等优点已被广泛应用,但正因为其具有广谱性,熏蒸剂在杀死土壤中有害生物的同时,也影响着驱动土壤中各种元素循环、转化的非靶标微生物。土壤氮循环是连接大气、土壤和水体的重要枢纽,而与氮循环有关的关键过程主要由微生物所驱动,因此,土壤熏蒸势必会影响氮循环中的物质转化。已有研究表明,熏蒸剂可显著改变一些与土壤氮循环相关的功能基因及功能微生物的种类及丰度,其中一些熏蒸剂在进行熏蒸处理后,短期内均能提高土壤中氮的矿化速率,增加土壤中的氮素累积矿化量,而固氮、硝化和反硝化过程均受到抑制,可提高对氮素的利用率。本文就常用的几种熏蒸剂在进行土壤熏蒸后,对土壤中氮循环中的固氮、矿化、硝化和反硝化等反应中的各个关键过程和功能微生物产生的影响进行综述,可为研究土壤熏蒸的环境风险提供依据。     

我国土壤熏蒸消毒60年回顾

熏蒸剂棉隆和氯化苦于20世纪60年代在我国曾用于棉花黄萎病的防治,由于缺乏施药机械、相关施药标准和方法,加之与国外交流甚少,虽然发现熏蒸剂对土传病害有一定的效果,但一直未形成规模化应用。我国大量使用熏蒸剂进行土壤消毒处理始于20世纪90年代,随着溴甲烷的引进与广泛应用,溴甲烷的替代技术及产品研发,开启了我国土壤熏蒸消毒的新纪元。伴随着土壤消毒技术与理论的不断丰富,新型配套机械装备的成功研发,社会化服务模式的广泛运用,土壤熏蒸消毒在我国进入快速发展时期,大批专业化服务组织应运而生,为我国农作物病虫害的绿色防控、实施乡村振兴战略提供了强有力的技术支撑。该文从土壤熏蒸剂的种类、发展历史、基础理论的建立与阐明3方面综述了我国土壤熏蒸发展情况,并对我国土壤熏蒸消毒未来发展方向提出了展望。     

溴甲烷在番茄土壤消毒中替代技术研究

采用保护地内划分小区实验方法，在番茄载培过程中，研究了代替溴甲烷的其它3种消毒技术，结果表明，生物熏蒸，人工基质和阿维菌素对防治根结线虫都有不同的效果，增产幅度分别为18．9％，14．05％，19．0％，同时嗅甲烷土壤消毒增产22．06％。从直接经济效益看，阿维菌素＞生物熏蒸＞溴甲烷＞人工基质。     

The effects of soil solarization and soil fumigation on Fusarium wilt of watermelon grown in plastic house in south-eastern Spain

The effects of pre-planting solarization or fumigation with metham-sodium of sand-mulched soil on fusarium wilt of watermelon in plastic house culture were investigated at Almeria, south-eastern Spain. In two trials, 2 months' solarization increased the average maximum soil temperature by c. 5°C to 44-48° C at 10 cm depth and by 4-5° C to 40-42° C at 20-30 cm. The amount of Fusarium oxysporum in the upper 15 cm of a naturally infested soil was reduced by solarization and by fumigation. During the 9 months following treatment, the F. oxysporum population stabilized at a low level in soil solarized for 2 months, but fluctuated in soil solarized for 1 month and increased in fumigated soil. The amount of wilt in watermelon sown into this soil after treatment was generally low; plants growing in solarized or fumigated soil suffered less wilt than plants in untreated soil but the differences were not significant. In a soil artificially infested with the highly pathogenic race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, F. oxysporum populations were greatly reduced following solarization or fumigation, and fluctuated erratically thereafter. Solarization for 2 months completely controlled wilt in watermelon and gave a fruit yield almost five times that of plants in untreated soil. Solarization for 1 month only slowed disease development slightly but gave a yield more than twice that in untreated soil. Fumigation with metham-sodium retarded disease development considerably and tripled fruit yield. Plant performance was significantly better in soil solarized for 2 months than in uninfested control soil, suggesting beneficial effects of this treatment additional to wilt control.     

Dosage values obtained following pre-plant fumigation for perennials II. Using special methods of applying methyl bromide and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicides

The movement of 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl bromide was monitored in various field situations involving fumigant application coupled with contemporary soil profile modification techniques. The soil moisture, temperature, texture and profile differences are reported in each case. A combination of soil modification and soil fumigation may provide for better plant response than either treatment alone. Spot and strip treatments may provide an efficient method of applying certain pre-plant fumigants to protect young perennials.     

Status of chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for pre-plant fumigation of soil

ABSTRACT None of the chemical alternatives currently registered and available has the full spectrum of activity and versatility of methyl bromide as a pre-plant soil fumigant. Chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone) can provide significant control of many plant pathogens in soil and growth stimulation in annual crops. These compounds, however, provide limited control of weeds or other residual plant materials in soil of concern in nursery production systems, and some perennial replant diseases. Methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam sodium have broad biocidal activity in soil, but are more difficult to apply effectively. In most soil applications, the available alternatives are likely to be used in combinations, either as mixtures (e.g., 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin) or sequentially (e.g., chloropicrin followed by metam sodium). They may also be supplemented with other more specific pesticides and cultural controls. Among the alternatives currently under active development but not yet available, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide probably have activity that most closely parallels that of methyl bromide in soil. However, all of the chemical alternatives to methyl bromide will be subject to continuing review and more regulation. Furthermore, we do not know the actual prospects for registration of the new fumigants currently under development and there is a risk that registered fumigants will not be available for large-scale use in soil indefinitely.     

威百亩熏蒸后土壤微生物群落重建及功能恢复

本研究旨在科学评价威百亩熏蒸对土壤微生物生态系统的影响,为环境友好型消毒剂的选择提供理论线索。本研究以实验室威百亩熏蒸的土壤为材料,通过高通量测序技术,研究威百亩熏蒸对土壤细菌群落的影响及熏蒸后土壤微生物群落重建及功能修复的机制。结果表明：高通量测序总共测得1 062 241个高质量序列,共比对出5 882个细菌分类单元(OTUs)。熏蒸处理后不同阶段土壤细菌群落结构在门水平上较为类似,但是在种水平差异显著。威百亩熏蒸处理对微生物群落结构和功能造成很大影响,使得细菌群落α多样性、群落构建的驱动因素、共发生网络关系以及碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢等代谢活性在熏蒸处理后的初、中期阶段表现出上升或者下降的趋势,并在处理后的中后期迅速恢复并趋于平稳。以上结果表明,威百亩处理对细菌群落造成强烈的“生态扰动”,导致细菌群落表现出“抑制-激活-恢复”的阶段性特征。微生物群落的稳定性与群落的抵抗力和恢复力密切相关。本研究为科学评价威百亩土壤消毒对土壤微生态系统的影响提供理论支撑,为环境友好型消毒剂的选择提供线索。     

不同施肥条件下甘肃夏玉米农田灌淤土土壤氨挥发研究

通过间歇密闭室抽气法对不同施肥方式下甘肃农田灌淤土土壤氨挥发,以及不同施肥方式对玉米生长发育与氮素平衡的影响进行了研究。结果表明,基肥与追肥氨挥发分别持续了15 d与11 d,基肥时期氨挥发累积量在2.970~4.123 kg·hm~(-2)之间,占施肥量的0.81%~1.65%;追肥时期累积量在6.240~8.347 kg·hm~(-2)之间,占施肥量的3.1%~4.6%;覆膜+尿素施肥条件下农田氨挥发损失较小,氮肥利用率高,千粒重比常规施肥高出3.6%~11.9%;产量比常规施肥高出24.98%~36.73%;降低氮盈余量40.46~68.67 kg·hm~(-2)。综上所述,覆膜施肥(尿素深施/表施灌水)能降低土壤氨挥发损失,促进夏玉米生长发育及产量,增加生产效益,农业面源污染小。因此,可以在甘肃灌淤土玉米种植区进行大面积推广使用。     

聚丙烯酰胺施用方式对土壤水热及春小麦生产的影响

为了寻找聚丙烯酰胺在春小麦生产中的最佳施用方式,2010年在河套灌区,采用田间试验,以不施用聚丙烯酰胺为对照,开展了沟施、混施、撒施聚丙烯酰胺对土壤水分、土壤温度和春小麦生长状况的影响研究.结果表明:不同施用方式均提高了土壤水分含量,特别是在缺乏灌溉的开花期具有显著作用,其中撒施效果较强,沟施、混施较弱;不同施用方式降低了土壤最高温度,提高了最低温度,缩小了日温差,降低了日均温,其中撒施对地表温度影响较大,沟施对10 cm土层土壤温度影响较大;沟施、混施、撒施均提高了春小麦的总生物量及根系生物量,促进了根系向深层土壤分布,分别较对照增产9.11％、3.94％和28.82％;不同施用方式提高了水分利用效率、水分产出率和灌溉水分产出率,其中撒施效果较强,沟施较弱.在河套灌区,春小麦播种时施用聚丙烯酰胺,撒施应是最适宜的方式.     

短期秸秆不同还田方式对土壤结构和水分影响

通过大田试验和蒸发桶模拟试验,分析了短期秸秆不同还田方式对土壤结构和水分蒸发的影响.设对照(CK)、碎秆还田(T1)、碎秆还田+整秆覆盖(T2)和整秆覆盖(T3)4种处理.研究发现:(1)0～20 cm土层,T1、T2和T3均能降低土壤容重,增大土壤毛管孔隙度,但对团聚体影响差异较大,T1和T2大团聚体含量比CK显著增...     

Modern means and methods of plant product fumigation in the USSR1

Recent advances in fumigation technique in the USSR are reviewed. The problem of fumigation in containers is being approached by introduction of the gas through air-holes. Mixtures of methyl bromide with carbon dioxide are being used increasingly against storage pests, and allow lower dosage rates and safer application conditions. Recent experience on quarantine fumigation of potato tubers against Phthorimaea operculella is reviewed, and finally research is reported on neutralizers and absorbents of methyl bromide used to facilitate degassing.     

灌水方式对轻度盐化土壤玉米生长及土壤水分的影响

以盆栽玉米为研究对象研究了直接浇灌、滴灌、微润灌等3种灌水方式下玉米的生长、叶绿素含量和光合速率、蒸腾速率等生理生态指标及土壤水分垂直分布的特征,结果表明:灌水方式对玉米生理生态指标有较大影响,苗期滴灌玉米生长较快,拔节前期,微润灌条件下玉米生长最为迅速,滴灌次之,直接浇灌生长最慢;滴灌条件下叶绿素含量最高,拔节期需水旺季时微润灌叶绿素含量最低.三种灌水方式对玉米光合速率的影响为:微润灌＜滴灌＜直接浇灌.土壤水分特征表明:微润灌稳定后土壤水分主要分布在10～ 30 cm土层,滴灌主要分布在10～ 40 cm土层;苗期、拔节期灌水后取样测定的土壤含水率表明,作物根系层内微润灌与滴灌均大于直接浇灌时的土壤含水率.     

农田土壤墒情预报研究现状及不同预报方法的对比分析

土壤墒情预报是实施农田土壤水分有效调控的基础和前提。回顾总结了国内外土壤墒情预报研究发展的历史和现状,并对几种预报模型进行了重点对比分析。在此基础上,对现有研究中存在的问题及发展趋势和今后研究的重点进行了展望。