亏缺灌溉及叶面喷锌对番茄产量品质及水分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了3个土壤水分水平(W1:田间持水量的60%～65%、W2:75%～80%、W3:90%～95%)、两个锌溶液水平(Z0:0%、Z1:0.2%)对番茄生长、果实产量及品质、耗水、水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,随土壤水分的增加,番茄株高、植株生物量显著提高,W3处理的生物量分别比W2、W1高出20.8%和35.9%,但果实产量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,即W2＞W3 ＞W1的变化规律,过高的土壤水分或土壤干旱使果实产量明显降低;叶面喷施锌溶液对生物量的影响不明显,但使W1、W2、W3下的果实产量分别提高9.4%、9.2%和3.1%,且使果实口味改善、品质提高;土壤水分的提高使植株的耗水量增加,却降低了水分利用效率,水分和喷施锌溶液对以生物量计的水分利用效率影响不显著,但对以果实产量计和营养成分计的水分利用效率均达到显著程度,W2Z1处理的水分利用效率最高分别为:WUE产量=61.62 kg/m3、WUEVc=9.56 mg/m3、WUE糖=4.7 g/m3.     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄产量和品质的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响,本试验以南疆地区设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为2 g·L^-1（T1）、4 g·L^-1（T2）、6 g·L^-1（T3）和8 g·L^-1（T4）,并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展同一灌水定额条件下设施番茄适宜灌水矿化度的研究。结果表明：不同生育期阶段土壤含水率基本表现为20～60 cm土层较高,表层及深层土壤含水率相对较低,土壤含水率随着灌水矿化度的增大逐渐增加;0～80 cm土层平均土壤含水率在生育期内逐渐降低,且深层土壤降幅显著;生育期初始阶段土壤含盐量主要积聚在0～40 cm土层,随着生育期的推进土壤盐分呈累积趋势且向深层土壤运移,生育期末主要积聚在0～60 cm土层;灌水矿化度小于4 g·L^-1时0～20 cm土层整体呈脱盐状态,其中CK处理平均脱盐率达27.79%,T1处理平均脱盐率达17.07%;灌水矿化度2～4 g·L^-1促进了番茄植株生长,株高和茎粗相较CK分别...     

污水灌溉对冬小麦产量及其品质的影响

通过测桶试验,研究了污水、稀释污水、再生水和清水灌溉条件下,冬小麦籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质、氮、磷、钾含量的变化,以及不同水质灌溉对小麦籽粒产量和籽粒中重金属残留的影响.结果表明:当灌水定额相同时,4种不同水质处理,小麦籽粒中粗蛋白质的含量为污水＞稀释污水＞再生水＞清水,且污水中粗蛋白质的含量要明显高于其他水质处理;低灌水定额时,污水、稀释污水和再生水处理与对照相比分别增产12.71%,9.57%和1.14%;高灌水定额时,污水、稀释污水和再生水处理与对照相比分别增产12.22%、5.05%和2.12%.污水、稀释污水和再生水与清水相比,小麦籽粒中的重金属含量无显著差异,其单项污染指数和综合污染指教远小于1.未形成污染.     

生物炭对亏缺灌溉下温室重壤土栽培番茄产量及品质的影响

探究生物炭对亏缺灌溉下温室重壤土栽培番茄产量和品质的影响,确定番茄产量和综合品质最优的灌水量及生物炭添加量,为重壤土地区温室番茄栽培提供灌水及生物炭施加依据。采用桶栽试验,设置3个生物炭添加量(0,3%,6%,按干土重的百分比计)和3个灌水水平(充分灌溉W1:75%～85%θ_f;中度亏缺W2:55%～65%θ_f;重度亏缺W3:40%～50%θ_f。θ_f为田间持水量),共9个处理。结果表明:无生物炭添加时,亏缺灌溉下番茄产量降低了13.8%～54.0%(P<0.05),果实硬度、果色指数、VC、可溶性固形物、有机酸含量等营养品质指标均显著降低,果型指数、番茄红素则呈现增加的趋势,灌溉水利用效率在重度亏缺下降低了10.9%(P<0.05);在充分灌溉条件下添加生物炭,番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了12.3%～22.0%和23.3%～28.6%,可溶性固形物含量降低了6.4%～17.7%(P<0.05),对VC、番茄红素、有机酸含量及外观品质无显著影响;在亏缺灌溉条件下添加生物炭不利于...     

加气灌溉对温室番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

本试验目地是探明加气灌溉不同灌水量和加气灌水频率对温室番茄生长、产量和品质的影响,为实际生产应用奠定基础。采用温室小区对照试验,设置3个不同作物-皿系数K_cp（K_cp=0.8、K_cp=1.0、K_cp=1.2）和2个加气灌水频率（1次/3d、1次/6d）共组成6个处理,均以对应的不加气灌溉为对照,比较不同处理对番茄植株生长及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在相同的灌溉频率及灌水量下,加气灌溉可以提高番茄的生长量、产量及品质,加气灌溉的番茄株高较不加气灌溉增加1.44%、茎粗增加3.02%、产量增加19.49%;加气灌溉有利于温室番茄茎粗、株高的生长,并且对番茄的产量和品质均有利。加气灌溉处理时,在相同的灌水量条件下,1次/6d较1次/3d的加气灌水频率,株高增加了8.08%,茎粗增加了6.33%,产量增加了26.01%。由此得出：加气灌溉对植株生长量及果实产量和品质的影响明显优于不加气处理;灌水频率为1次/6d且K_cp=1.0的处理最有利于番茄生长量的积累、产量的提高和品质的改善。     

调亏灌溉对鸭梨果实的生长、产量及品质的影响

以盛果期的鸭梨树为试材,研究了在梨树生长的不同时期水分亏缺对鸭梨果实生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明：在鸭梨果实生长的前中期,实施调亏灌溉,显著降低了成熟期果实的果形指数,中期控水处理在解除亏缺后呈现显著地加快生长。前期控水处理期间,果实干物质的含量略高于对照,但并未抑制果实的生长发育和最终果实大小;对产量、单果重、果实品质及贮藏性有提高的趋势。     

基于加工番茄产量与品质的加气灌溉处理综合评价

研究不同水气处理对加工番茄产量、果实品质以及灌溉水分利用效率的影响,试验在4个灌溉水平下(W1,4950m3 hm-2;W2,4750m3 hm-2;W3,4500m3 hm-2;W4,4050m3 hm-2)分别与加气灌溉(A2)和无加气灌溉(A1)完全组合.基于各处理下果实产量、品质等的差异,通过模糊Borda综合...     

灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分及产量品质的影响

采用沟灌、畦灌、滴灌、微喷灌和不灌水(CK)5种灌溉方式,通过对比试验研究不同灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分含量、叶片光合参数及果实产量与品质的影响,筛选适宜的节水抗旱灌溉技术。结果表明:(1)果树根层(0～60 cm)土壤含水量表现为微喷灌>滴灌>畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌的蓄水能力显著高于其它灌溉方式;(2)叶片净光合速率表现为微喷灌≥滴灌≥畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌处理的梨树叶片光合作用能力最强,其次是滴灌;(3)增产效果最好的是微喷灌,其次是滴灌,单株产量分别比CK提高了54.98%和44.18%;(4)在果实品质方面,微喷灌和滴灌显著提高了果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物含量及可溶性总糖含量,并且显著降低了果实硬度、含酸量及石细胞含量,两者对果实品质的改善效果明显好于沟灌和畦灌。综合分析表明,微喷灌能够明显改善梨园土壤水分条件和梨树光合能力,显著提高果实产量与品质,是较为理想的节水灌溉技术。     

调亏灌溉对番茄生理指标、产量品质及水分生产效率的影响

在大棚条件下进行了番茄调亏灌溉试验研究.共设有T1,T2,T3,T4,T5五个处理,其中T1,T2分别在开花座果期做亏缺处理,田间持水量分别为55%～65%,45%～55%;T3,T4分别在果实膨大期做亏缺处理,田间持水量分别为65%～75%,55%～65%;T5为常规灌溉,两个时期的土壤含水量分别为65%～75%,75%～85%.结果表明,水分亏缺显著抑制番茄体内蛋白合成,根活力下降;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量有不同程度的上升.开花座果期以处理T1、果实膨大期以处理T3为最优设计.处理T1的总产量比对照T5提高3.8%,T3比T5减少5.3%;T1和T3的单果重分别比T5减少了5.8%、16.9%,而水分利用效率分别提高了19.9%、32.6%.T1、T3两个处理的果实品质明显改善:可溶性总糖、Vc和有机酸含量均与T5差异显著.处理T1的前期产量比T5增加了3.8%,说明复水后有补偿效应,有利于向果实运转与分配,促进生殖生长.     

不同灌溉方式对小白杏生长发育、产量及品质的影响

为探讨新疆南疆地区干旱缺水的节水方法,2009-2010年于新疆库车县,以6～7 a生小白杏树为试材,研究控制性交替灌溉对成龄小白杏树生长发育、产量及品质的影响.结果表明,控制性交替灌溉较常规沟灌用水量减少50%,较漫灌用水量减少75%,显著抑制了树体的新梢生长量,对花朵坐果率、果实硬度和维生素C含量无显著影响,果实的...     

番茄褪绿病毒侵染黄瓜的首次报道

番茄褪绿病毒Tomato chlorosis virus(ToCV)是严重危害世界经济作物的一种病毒,寄主范围广泛。田间调查发现黄瓜Cucumis sativus表现出叶片黄化、脉间褪绿的疑似番茄褪绿病毒感病症状,同时叶片背面聚集了大量烟粉虱。采用RT-PCR方法对样品叶片和烟粉虱进行检测,ToCV感染率为65%,且发病叶片上烟粉虱携带ToCV。为进一步确定黄瓜是否为番茄褪绿病毒的新寄主,室内利用农杆菌侵染性克隆接种健康黄瓜,结果显示:接种30 d的黄瓜新生叶片出现褪绿症状。采用ToCV HSP70基因的引物对田间黄瓜叶片、烟粉虱和室内黄瓜新生叶片进行RT-PCR,扩增出约450 bp的条带,在NCBI上BLAST显示与KC887999.1的同源性最高,为99%。这些数据表明黄瓜是番茄褪绿病毒的寄主。这是ToCV感染黄瓜的首次报道。     

番茄斑萎病毒4种检测方法比较

本研究根据番茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)S RNA上的核衣壳蛋白(N)基因保守序列设计特异性引物,比较了4种检测方法的灵敏度。结果表明,特异性引物可扩增出397bp的片段,序列和已发表的TSWV核苷酸序列同源性高达99%,可用于常规PCR和荧光定量RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)检测。qRT-PCR的灵敏度比快速检测试纸条、双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(DAS-ELISA)和常规PCR分别高出15 625倍、3 125倍和125倍,且能够准确定量;常规PCR灵敏度较高,但不能准确定量;DAS-ELISA方法适用于批量定性测定,但检测时间较长;试纸条法检测速度最快,但灵敏度最低,使用时可根据症状程度和试验条件选择适宜的检测方法。     

番茄褪绿病毒RT-PCR检测技术的优化及河南分离物的鉴定

为获得高效、灵敏和稳定的番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)RT-PCR检测体系,选取文献报道的和重新设计的共9套ToCV的RT-PCR引物,经过一系列测试和比较,筛选出了灵敏度、特异性均较高的引物组合,并对反应条件、参数进行了优化,确定了最优反应条件。应用优化的ToCV RT-PCR检测体系对从河南设施蔬菜生产区采集的疑似感病番茄样品进行检测,扩增产物测序后经BLAST比对发现,河南分离物的CP和HSP70基因序列与GenBank上注册的ToCV典型分离物序列的相似性均达94%以上,通过对ToCV病毒粒子的电镜观察而进一步确定ToCV已在河南侵染设施番茄。     

Tomato early blight (Alternaria solani): the pathogen, genetics, and breeding for resistance

Alternaria solani causes diseases on foliage (early blight), basal stems of seedlings (collar rot), stems of adult plants (stem lesions), and fruits (fruit rot) of tomato. Early blight is the most destructive of these diseases and hence receives considerable attention in breeding. For over 60 years, breeding for early blight resistance has been practiced, but the development of cultivars with high levels of resistance has been hampered by the lack of sources of strong resistance in the cultivated tomato and by the quantitative expression and polygenic inheritance of the resistance. In some accessions of wild species, high levels of early blight resistance have been found, but breeding lines still have unfavorable horticultural traits from the donor parent. Recently, the first linkage maps with loci controlling early blight resistance have been developed based on interspecific crosses. These maps may facilitate marker-assisted selection. This overview presents the current knowledge about the A. solani–tomato complex with respect to its biology, genetics, and breeding.     

Tomato fruits as an alternative host for a laboratory strain of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae

In nature, oviposition and larval growth of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) occur only in the mesocarp of fruits of the genusOlea, including the cultivated olive. Here we report on its growth in tomatoes, in the laboratory, as affected by a number of factors. Caged flies from a colony reared for more than 100 generations on an artificial diet, oviposited in intact fruits of four tomato cultivars in an unheated greenhouse and in the open. In choice tests, at 25°C, 16L:8D and 65% r.h., medium (5–6 cm diam) and large (>6 cm diam) fruits received more eggs than small (3–4 cm diam) fruits, but differences were not significant in all cases. In all cultivars, more eggs were laid in greenhouse than in open-air tomatoes of three different degrees of maturity, the differences being significant in most cases. The smaller the resistance of a cultivar’s epicarp to penetration by flat ended 0.2 and 1 mm square probes, the greater the number of eggs a cultivar received. Green (unripe) fruits proved unsuitable for larval growth. Half-ripe and fully ripe (red) fruits of cvs. ‘Isidro’, ‘204’, ‘Tobo’ and ‘Ace’ yielded pupae of acceptable weight (mean 5.6 to 6.7 mg) with a high percentage of adult emergence, yet the yield was considerably lower than that of olive fruit. Fully ripe greenhouse Isidro tomatoes yielded an average of 3.2 adults per fruit and 20.4% of the eggs laid developed into adults, whereas the other categories and cultivars yielded less. The mean percentages of pupae over eggs were higher in fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, than in half-ripe Tobo and Ace ones. The mean time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 16.2 to 25 days, depending on the cultivar and degree of fruit maturity. In fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, the fewer the eggs laid per fruit, the higher the percent yield in pupae and the longer the time from oviposition to pupation. Greenhouse fully ripe fruits of cv. 204 maintained under a low light intensity of 50 lux gave a much lower yield in pupae and slower larval growth than under 1600 lux. The usefulness of tomatoes as substitutes of artificial diets in rearing the fly is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 20, 2005.     

Characteristics for Practical Use of Attenuated Isolate UA-Fukushima of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato mosaic virus</Emphasis>

L₁₁A-Fukushima (L₁₁A-F) derived from attenuated isolate LuA of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) has the highest ability to cross protect against virulent ToMV among LuA and its derivatives and is stably inherited. Growth, yield, fruit quality and symptom attenuation of inoculated tomato plants did not differ significantly between L₁₁A-F and L₁₁A. The infectivity of progeny viruses in tomato infected with LuA-F was less than 4% of that with virulent ToMV. From these results, L₁₁A-F appears to possess the properties necessary for practical use. To manage L₁₁A-F strictly, a PCR-based assay to detect trace contamination of virulent ToMV in L₁₁A-F preparations was established. Received 10 June 2002/ Accepted in revised form 30 October 2002     

简易瓜/果实蝇诱捕器的制作与应用

本文介绍一个利用废弃的塑料汽水瓶制作瓜/果实蝇诱捕器的方法。首先环绕瓶身中段部分大致对称地划开4个长度约1.2cm的十字,再用尖笔把划开十字的部分向内推并压向瓶内壁,造成4个内陷的开口,使昆虫易入难出。瓶内装有约1/5体积的盐水(5%~10%食盐)和一薄层芥花籽油用来溺毙受困害虫。利用雄性诱剂捕杀时,诱剂的放置方法有两种。一是混溶法,即先把诱剂和芥花籽油以1∶15的比例混合,然后倒入盛有盐水的诱捕器内;二是吊管法,即先把1ml诱剂装入小管中,然后将其吊在诱捕器内。后一种方法需要在瓶盖中间打一小洞,然后穿入铁线,并把铁线向瓶内的一端弯成一个小钩,以便把盛有诱剂的小管挂上。此外,利用南瓜汁、蛋白胨和蜜糖配成食物诱饵置于诱捕器内,则可以捕杀雌性和雄性的南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇。整个诱捕系统具有简单易做、成本低、无农药和持效久的特点。     

The N-terminal 62 amino acid residues of the coat protein of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus</Emphasis> are responsible for DNA binding

The DNA-binding activity and DNA-binding domain of Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus coat protein were investigated. A full-length coat protein (CP) and two truncated derivatives lacking the amino (CPΔ1-62) and carboxyl (CPΔ126-257) termini were produced in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins to glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Southwestern analysis showed that GST-CP bound both single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA, while GST-CPΔ126-257 interacted only with ssDNA. Neither ss nor dsDNA bound to GST-CPΔ1-62. The results suggested that a putative DNA-binding domain is located at the N-terminal 1-62 amino residues. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AF141922 (TYLCTHV-[2]), AF220561 (RTBVCN), X01633 (MSV) and AF295401 (ToLCBV-[Ban5])