不同橡胶树优良品种区域试种调查研究

通过对1990年建立在广东省南华农场的橡胶优良品种区域试种试验区的跟踪调查发现:云研1抗风能力最差、产量低,不适于重风区种植;文昌193和徐育25030A死皮树率高、风害严重,在轻风生态类型区种植能更好的发挥其产量特性,特别是文昌193的高产特性;文昌215和徐育11721抗性和产量中等,可在风害较重的区域适当种植;文昌33-24和湛试167-16虽然抗风能力强、但产量低,不适宜较大面积推广种植,可作为抗风性选育种研究材料。综合来看,对照品种PR107虽然有效割胶率较低,可单株产量高使单位面积产量高;对照红星1产量中等,其抗风能力强和死皮树率低使其有效割胶树率最高,保证了单位面积产量。     

海南岛气候与油棕种植

本文对马来西亚与海南岛的崖县、儋县、定安等地的油棕单产作了比较,以马来西亚最高,其余依次递减,究其原因主要是海南各地有不同程度低温和台风为害所致。目前,在气温和台风难于人为控制的情况下,欲求海南油棕高产,只能择地而种。按油棕生态要求,可将海南划分为5个区:西南部干热区(崖县、乐东、东方等地),是海南种油棕最好的地方;东南沿海风热区(陵水、万宁等地),油棕达中年后易受风害,经济寿命短;西部旱寒区(儋县等地),油棕产量低于前两区,但高于其他油料作物;中部重寒区(通什、琼中、澄迈等地),种植油棕要冒风险;东北部风寒区(琼山、文昌等地),种植油棕较危险。     

不同椰子品种对椰心叶甲生长发育和繁殖力的影响

研究椰心叶甲在海南高种椰子(Hainan Tall)、黄矮椰子(Yellow Dwarf)、红矮椰子(Red Dwarf)、78F1椰子(78F1)、香水椰子(Ammatica Green Dwarf)和马哇椰子(Mawa)6个椰子品种未展开心叶上的发育、存活和繁殖情况.结果表明,在取食不同椰子品种的情况下,椰心叶甲完成1个世代所需的时间差异显著,其中取食红矮椰子所需的时间最长,为(79.06±3.65)d,取食海南高种椰子所需的时间最短,为(7206±1.14)d;取食海南高种椰子的椰心叶甲平均产卵量最高,为(25075±3.57)粒,而取食马哇椰子的最少,为(144.42±1.14)粒;取食78F1椰子的椰心叶甲成虫寿命最长,为(235.84±2.62)d.取食香水椰子的最短,为(142.15±8.25)d.椰心叶甲在6个椰子品种上的实验种群趋势指数从高到低为78F1椰子96.07、海南高种椰子82.34、黄矮椰子73.93、马哇椰子60.16、红矮椰子60.07和香水椰子55.26.     

PR107在海南岛西部地区的适应性

针对海南橡胶垦区存在的品种配置问题,本文着重分析PR107在海南岛西部地区的生长、产量以及抗性等方面的反应,以便合理推广使用。研究结果表明:PR107在海南岛西部地区确有良好的适应性,开割头五年的平均亩产置虽略低于RRIM600,但由于大田保苗率高,死皮树少,开割后的产量递增快,第6—10割年平均亩产量显著优于RRIM800和海垦1。PR107抗风能力比RRIM600强,而与海垦1相当(指风力小于12级时),树冠及茎干的耐寒力均比RRIM600强,茎干的耐寒力与海垦1相当。不容易死皮,比较耐割,干胶含量特高,适合于刺激采胶,产胶潜力大。因此,认为PR107可在该地区继续推广使用,并能收较好的增产效果(约增产5～20％)。     

海南高种椰子酯酶同工酶的研究

海南高种椰子（CocosnuciferanL．HainanTall）的根、叶、椰水酯酶同工酶电泳结果表明,以叶作为材料分析椰子的同工酶谱较为适宜．叶样保存试验得出,椰子完整小叶于室温下（20～25℃）保存4d对酯酶活性影响不大。不同地区海南高种椰子酯酶同工酶谱表明,Rf＝0．56,Rf＝0．78两条谱带是海南高种椰子的特征谱带,同一地区株间及不同地区之间酯酶同工酶谱差异主要表现在Rf＝0．65,Rf＝0．67和Rf＝0．74的有无。     

生物质能源甜高粱新高粱2号选育报告

甜高粱新高粱2号是新疆农业科学院吐鲁番研究所(吐鲁番)以本地主栽品种克皮西巴西为作母本,从海南岛引进的红粒甜高粱品种海南高粱蔗作父本培育而成的常规种。2006年通过新疆科技厅品种审定委员会鉴定。该品种遗传性稳定、高产、高糖、早熟、抗丝黑穗病、耐旱、耐盐碱,适应性广,产量可达93000 kg/hm2,含糖锤度17.4%~19.5%,可用作制燃料乙醇、制糖及青贮饲料。适宜新疆、甘肃、内蒙古、青海、吉林等地种植。     

橡胶树优良无性系热研5-11选育初报

橡胶树热研5-11是四生代无性系,亲本为热研56-5x热研88-13,经初级系比试验5割年及高级系比6割年的干胶产量和副性状的鉴定,结果表明:热研5-11是一个早熟、高产的品种,树围生长与对照(RRIM600)相当,高比区前6割年平均年干胶产量为5.86 kg/株和2 253kg·hm-2,分别比对照高93.4％和65.3％;抗风力一般,风害断倒率为3.0％,比对照高0.7个百分点,无显著差异:第6割年末死皮停割率为4.2％,比对照高1.9个百分点。该品种可在海南岛中西部轻风害区种植。     

海南岛西部植胶区亩产干胶150—200公斤的橡胶丰产栽培技术研究

对无性系PR107采取丰产栽培措施使亩产干胶从100公斤提高到200公斤,并保持了5年持续高产;扩大试验中(98.6亩),四年平均达到亩产181.7公斤,增产80％。证明橡胶树通过丰产栽培措施能大幅度提高干胶产量。这些措施是(1)选用抗性高产无性系为种植材料;(2)覆盖培肥改良土壤,提高橡胶树对养分的吸收能力;(3)营养诊断指导施肥,保持胶树有良好的营养水平;(4)合理地刺激割胶提高胶树经济产量;(5)应用产胶动态分析指导割胶,发挥和保护胶树产胶能力与健康。提出海南岛西部植胶区实现亩产干胶150公斤以上的栽培措施。     

肥密互作对旱地冬小麦品种普冰151旗叶光合特性、产量及品质的影响

为给旱地冬小麦优质高产栽培提供参考,选用旱地冬小麦品种普冰151为试材,采用裂区试验设计,主区为施肥量,设229、459和688kg·hm~(-2)3个水平,副区为种植密度,设180×10~4、240×10~4、300×10~4和360×10~4株·hm~(-2) 4个水平,研究了施肥量和种植密度对普冰151旗叶光合特性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施肥量和种植密度均显著影响普冰151的旗叶光合特性,旗叶净光合速率(Pn)和SPAD值在施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2)和种植密度为240×104株·hm~(-2)时达到最高值。随施肥量增加,普冰151产量先升后降,在施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2)时最高;当种植密度为300×104株·hm~(-2)时产量最高。增加施肥量可显著提高普冰151的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值,稳定时间在施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2)时达到最大值;蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和稳定时间随种植密度的增加先升后降,沉降值随种植密度增加而增加。在本试验条件下,实现普冰151高产和优质的适宜施肥量为459kg·hm~(-2),种植密度为300×104株·hm~(-2)。     

通什茶场红碎茶产制工艺经验简介

通什茶场位于海南岛五指山南麓,1962年开始大面积种植,在发掘本地区优良品种——海南大叶种的同时,引种我国优良品种——云南大叶种。加上自然条件得天独厚和推广科学的种植、加工方法,所产制的红碎     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.