吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌JK-SH007的发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的防治效果

本文研究了拮抗细菌吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia pyrrocinia菌株JK-SH007产抗菌物质的最佳发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的野外防治效果。结果表明,牛肉膏、蛋白胨是发酵培养基中最佳营养物质,有利于菌株JK-SH007抗菌物质的产生;培养基初始pH、培养时间、温度、培养体积、不同牛肉膏、蛋白胨组合等对菌株生长及其抗菌物质的产生有明显的影响,初始pH7、牛肉膏2g、蛋白胨20g、以1/2装液量装液、30℃振荡培养36h可获得较高产量的胞外分泌型抗菌物质;菌株JK-SH007的发酵液对杨树溃疡病的野外防效可达40.54%。     

Xenorhabdus spp.菌株的菌落、菌体多样现象及抗菌特性

本文报道了二十多株Steinernema和Heterorhabditis线虫共生细菌在指示培养基上的菌落形态、菌体形态的多样性及菌株的色素与抗菌特性。试验发现菌株出现树枝状菌落,折光性内含物及粒状菌体(比正常菌体小1/4至1/8)的现象,在各菌株中有很大的不同。所有试验菌株都可出现树枝状菌落,但非所有菌株都可见折光性内含物和粒状菌体。实验还观察到H06及CB2B菌株在肉汤培养基中所产生的色素颜色随pH值而变化,但G12及ED/1的色素对酸碱度的变化不敏感,表明菌株产生的色素物质是不同的。直接比较Xenorhaadus菌株之间的抗菌活动显示各菌株间具拮抗作用。菌株产生的抗菌物质是不同的,抗菌物的产生可能与菌株的培养条件有关。     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌5-5B培养特性及杀虫活性研究

对一株昆虫病原线虫共生菌5-5B菌株的发酵条件进行的研究结果表明,最适温度为28℃,最适起始pH7.3～7.8,最佳振荡频率160r/min,250ml三角瓶内装液40ml,接菌量为4%。5-5B菌株发酵液对小菜蛾初孵幼虫的杀虫活性研究表明,250ml三角瓶内装液40ml时,校正死亡率为62.78%;接菌量4%时,校正死亡率63.84%;起始pH7.3时,校正死亡率65.49%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B—903菌株的研究：Ⅲ.影响抗菌物质产生和积累的主？…

培养液的初始ＰＨ值直接影响Ｂ－９０３菌株的生长繁殖，从而对其抗菌物质的产生和积累产生重要影响。ＰＨ值小于５时，不利于细菌生产繁殖，。滤液中抗菌物质活必 ６～８时有利于细菌的增殖，抗菌活性亦最强。培养过程中供氧下菌体繁殖和抑菌活性呈正相关，而培养液初始接菌量高时可缩短抗菌物所出现的时间。基本的物质的初步筛选试验证明：大米粉、豆饼粉、麦麸、酵母粉和ＣａＣＯ３及ＫＨ２ＰＯ４是发酵 中最佳的营养物质，可满     

杂交竹梢枯病菌拮抗细菌筛选及其抗菌物质研究

本文以杂交竹梢枯病菌Arthrinium phaeospermum为生防目标,从健康杂交竹上筛选拮抗细菌,并对其发酵条件及抗菌物质进行了研究。结果表明,分离所得88株细菌中菌株ZB27对暗孢节菱孢菌Arthrinium phaeospermum有较好拮抗作用,平均抑制率达75.52%。形态学、生理生化特征和16S rDNA分析将其鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa。根据正交试验方差分析得出优化培养基配方为:牛肉膏5g,蛋白胨5g,蔗糖1g,(NH4)2SO40.05g,蒸馏水1000ml;最优发酵条件为:25℃,pH7.5,接种量1ml且装液量50ml于300ml三角瓶。其产生的抗菌物质具有耐热、耐酸碱、耐紫外、对氯仿不敏感等特点。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B-903菌株的研究Ⅲ.影响抗菌物质产生和积累的主要因素

培养液的初始 p H值直接影响 B- 90 3菌株的生长繁殖 ,从而对其抗菌物质的产生和积累产生重要影响。 p H值小于 5时 ,不利于细菌生长繁殖 ,滤液中抗菌物质活性弱 ;p H值在 6～ 8时有利于细菌的增殖 ,抗菌活性亦最强。培养过程中供氧条件与菌体繁殖和抑菌活性呈正相关 ,而培养液初始接菌量高时可缩短抗菌物质出现的时间。基本营养物质的初步筛选试验证明 :大米粉、豆饼粉、麦麸、酵母粉和 Ca CO3 及 KH2 PO4是发酵培养基中最佳的营养物质 ,可满足抗菌物质产生对碳、氮和矿物质的营养需求。B- 90 3的发酵过程可分为两个阶段 :在 30℃下 ,2 4小时内 ,细菌数量达最大值 ,p H值由低向高变化 ,但此阶段检测不出抗菌物质的活性 ;第二阶段 ,培养 41小时后 ,抗菌物质活性开始显露 ,至 112小时后达最大值 ,p H值也逐渐由高变低。培养过程中 ,p H值的变化对细菌繁殖和抗菌物质的产生与积累有明显的伴随关系     

枯草芽胞杆菌M29产抑菌物质培养条件的优化及抑菌物质组成初探

前期研究发现枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis M29对黄瓜枯萎病具有较好的防治效果，然而其抑菌物质组成和抑菌机制尚不清楚。本文首先确定了菌株M29产抑菌物质的抑菌效果最强时的培养条件，进一步结合热处理、酶处理、基因检测和质谱检测初步分析此抑菌物质的组成。结果表明，以Landy培养基为基础、初始pH为7、培养温度在30℃、培养36～48 h时，菌株M29产生的抑菌物质的抑菌效果最好。菌株M29抑菌物质粗提液的抑菌活性具有热稳定性和酶稳定性。此外，在菌株M29的基因组DNA中扩增出合成fengycin的调控基因fenB，结合质谱检测到Fengycin B的分子量，推测菌株M29分泌物中可能存在脂肽抗生素Fengycin B。因此，枯草芽胞杆菌M29可能通过分泌脂肽抗生素来抑制病原菌生长，通过优化培养条件可以显著提高该菌的抑菌能力，本研究不仅有助于更深入地理解菌株M29的抑菌机制，同时也将为该菌在未来的实际应用提供理论指导。     

马唐草新月弯孢生物学特性及其代谢产物活性测定

对马唐草新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunata（Wakker）Boedijn菌株MT-011的生物学特性测定结果表明：该菌株致病性强,菌丝体生长最适温度30℃,致死温度65℃/10min,最适pH值7,碳源以D-果糖最佳,氮源以硝酸钠最佳。产生分生孢子最适温度为30℃,最适pH值9,碳源以蔗糖产孢量最大,氮源以赖氨酸产孢量最高。分生孢子萌发温度在20～40℃之间没有差异,萌发率均达90%以上;最适pH值7;光暗交替为最佳光照条件。除赖氨酸外所有供试碳源和氮源的孢子萌发率都很高,处理之间没有差异。MT-011菌株产生的活性物质作用于马唐草,可使叶片黄化或枯死脱落,与用菌体接种时造成大量叶片黄化或枯萎的症状极为相似。代谢产物对指示植物柱花草、辣椒和玉米的种子发芽后的根茎生长都有明显的抑制作用,抑制率达83.27%,表现出很好除草活性。     

长柄木霉ACCC30150与哈茨木霉ACCC30371产厚垣孢子的液体培养条件

对长柄木霉ACCC30150与哈茨木霉ACCC30371产生厚垣孢子的液体培养条件进行了研究.结果表明,培养基、培养温度、初始pH值、氧气等因素对两菌株产生厚垣孢子的数量均有影响.在培养基、培养温度、初始pH值不变的培养条件下,装瓶量对两菌株产生厚垣孢子数量的影响大干转速.两菌株产生厚垣孢子的最佳条件:长柄木霉ACCC30150为玉米秸秆粉或Gorodkowa培养基,在28℃、初始pH5.0、250r/min、装瓶量75ml/250ml下培养,10d后厚垣孢子数量达4.07×108个/ml;哈茨木霉ACCC30371为玉米秸秆粉培养基,在28℃、初始pH6.0、250r/min、装瓶量75ml/250ml下培养,10d后厚垣孢子数量达5.13×108个/ml.     

大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌12-34菌株发酵产抗菌蛋白的条件优化

采用单因素试验及正交试验结合的方法,优化大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的发酵条件。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的适宜碳源、氮源和无机离子,优化了培养基的组成;并对B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的发酵时间、装瓶量、接种量、培养基初始pH、摇床转速和发酵温度进行了优化。结果显示,B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的最佳培养基组成为玉米粉5%,牛肉浸膏3%,CaCl 2 0.10%,KCl 0.05%;B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的最佳发酵条件为培养基初始pH9.0,种子液按10%接种量接种至50 mL/250 mL三角瓶中,200 r/min,37 ℃培养48 h。优化后表征抑菌蛋白产量的抑菌圈直径增大了115.5%。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.