几种重金属离子对淡水石斑胚胎及仔鱼的毒性试验

本实验研究了Hg^2 、Cd^2 、Cu^2 和Pb^2 四种重金属离子淡水石斑胚胎及仔鱼的毒性，四种离子毒性大小顺序均为：Hg^2 ＞Cd^2 ＞Cu^2 ＞Pb^2 。对仔鱼24h的半致死浓度为0.36mg/L、1.75mg/L、5.85mg/L和3.80mg/L；48h的半致死浓度0.17mg/L、1.10mg/L、2.75mg/L和1.70mg/L。对仔鱼的安全浓度为：Hg^2 0.011mg/L、Cd^2 0.1mg/L3、Cu^2 0.10mg/L、Pb^2 0.18mg/L。     

重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cu2^3＋和Cd^2＋对大银鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

分析了重金属离子Pb^2 ,Cu^2 ,Cd^2 不同离子浓度对大银鱼胚胎发育的影响。结果表明：在相同浓度下．Cu2~对大银鱼的危害比Pb^2 、Cd^2 要大；Cu^2 、Cd^2 、Pd^2 对大银鱼受精卵96h的半致死浓度分别为0．0112mg/L、0．1820mg/L、0．1202mg／L。大银鱼仔鱼对重金属离子的耐受浓度比大银鱼受精卵要高。     

一种新型聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵及无节幼体的活体消毒试验

为了解一种新型的聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵及无节幼体的消毒杀菌效果,研究了该聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵和无节幼体的毒性以及对3种不同产地卤虫卵孵化率的影响,并进行了卤虫活体和孵化水的灭菌试验。结果显示,该聚维酮碘制剂在极高浓度(20000 mg/L)下,长时间(60 min)浸泡对市售卤虫卵孵化率无影响,并且未引起卤虫无节幼体死亡,毒性极低;试验分离到市售卤虫携带的4种优势细菌,分别为Vibrio tubiashii、V.sinaloensis、V.anguillarum和Uncultured V.sp.,以浓度500 mg/L的该聚维酮碘制剂处理30min后,可将孵化水中的细菌几近全部杀死(细菌存活率为1.67%);在试验浓度(2 000 mg/L)下,聚维酮碘对渤海湾盐田卤虫卵和巴里坤盐湖卤虫卵的孵化率无影响,但浓度在500 mg/L及以上时,俄罗斯进口卤虫卵的孵化率显著下降。试验结果表明,该聚维酮碘制剂可以作为优良的卤虫消毒剂,建议生产上使用浓度为200~500 mg/L。     

冷冻等处理对不同孵化进程的卤虫卵存活率的影响

研究了冷冻、双氧水和干燥处理对处于不同孵化进程中的卤虫卵的存活率(孵化率)的影响。冷冻对未经孵化处理的卵的孵化率影响很小,冷冻1~8周,基本保持不变。孵化进行了3h的卤虫卵,冷冻8周后,其孵化率降低了10个百分点。孵化进行了6h的卤虫卵,冷冻8周后,其孵化率降低了31个百分点。孵化进行了9h的卤虫卵,冷冻8周后,其孵化率降低了40个百分点。处于不同孵化阶段的卤虫卵经冷冻处理8周后,再经3%双氧水处理10min和40℃干燥处理6h,其孵化率表现为不同的特点。未经孵化处理卵的孵化率基本保持不变。孵化进行了3h的卤虫卵,其孵化率再次降低5个百分点。孵化进行了6h的卤虫卵,其孵化率再次降低了20个百分点。孵化进行了9h的卤虫卵,其孵化率再次降低了37个百分点。     

冷冻等处理对不同孵化进程的卤虫卵存活率的影响

本文研究了冷冻、双氧水和干燥处理对处于不同孵化进程中的卤虫卵的存活率（孵化率）的影响。冷冻对未经孵化处理的卵的孵化率影响很小，冷冻1-8周，基本保持不变。孵化进行了3个小时的卤虫卵，冷冻8周后，其孵化率降低了10个百分点。孵化进行了6个小时的卤虫卵，冷冻8周后，其孵化率降低了31个百分点。孵化进行79个小时的卤虫卵，冷冻8周后，其孵化率降低740个百分点。处于不同孵化阶段的卤虫卵经冷冻处理8周后，再经3％双氧水处理10分钟和40℃干燥处理6小时，其孵化率表现为不同的特点。未经孵化处理卵的孵化率基本保持不变。孵化进行了3个小时的卤虫卵，其孵化率再次降低5个百分点。孵化进行了6个小时的卤虫卵，其孵化率再次降低了20个百分点。孵化进行79个小时的卤虫卵，其孵化率再次降低了37个百分点。     

蟹壳脱除废水中重金属离子的研究

采用颗粒状蟹壳对废水中镉和铅进行吸附去除实验,研究蟹壳不同预处理方法、吸附剂投加量、初始金属浓度、溶液初始pH值、动力学因素、不同温度条件下对蟹壳生物吸附剂吸附Cd^2＋和Pb^2＋的影响。结果表明,在40c时,Cd^2＋溶液初始浓度200mg／L,蟹壳生物吸附剂量4g／L,溶液初始pH为6时对Cd^2＋的吸附量最大,去除率达到89．25％;Pb^2＋溶液初始浓度1000mg／L,蟹壳生物吸附剂量2．4g／L,溶液初始pH为5时对Pb^2＋的吸附量最大,去除率达到98．7％。蟹壳对Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。获得的动力学数据表明,吸附速度快,Cd^2＋大部分的吸附进程在2小时内完成,Ph^2＋大部分的吸附进程在3／b时内完成,随后是缓慢地实现平衡,较高的相关系数符合HoYS二级吸附动力学模型。     

Cd2+和Hg2+对波纹龙虾的急性毒性

采用毒理学方法,在水温28.0~29.0℃下于0.5 m^3的圆形玻璃钢桶中,用氯化镉和氯化汞配成不同质量浓度的Cd^2+和Hg^2+试验溶液,研究Cd^2+和Hg^2+对体质量49.10~52.10 g波纹龙虾的毒性,用直线内插法求得Cd^2+和Hg^2+的半致死质量浓度及安全质量浓度。试验结果显示,Cd^2+对波纹龙虾的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别是2.5169、1.3378、1.0445、0.9500 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0095 mg/L;Hg^2+对波纹龙虾的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别是0.0560、0.0333、0.0246、0.0227 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.000227 mg/L。Hg^2+对波纹龙虾的毒性作用强于Cd^2+的毒性作用。     

如何选购卤虫卵?

卤虫卵是大规模集约化培育鱼、虾、蟹幼体必不可少的饵料。选购质量好、杂质少、孵化率高的卤虫卵,对保证育苗成功至关重要。现根据笔者的经验和所见文献资料,将选购卤虫卵的标准总结归纳如下：一看产地。国内外不少研究结果均证明,卤虫、卤虫卵的成份很少受遗传因子的影响,主要取决于其本身摄取的饲料成份。水产育苗使用的卤虫无节功体,并没有开口吃食,因此,其本身营养组成取决于卵子本身,而卵子的成份又取决于卤虫产地的饵料组成。不同产地,生态条件不同,浮游生物种群组成不同,所产卤虫的营养成份也不同。不同产地卤虫卵培育水…     

卤虫卵孵化强化剂的初步研究

对不同品系的低孵化率卤虫卵进行了孵化对比试验，分为试验组和对照组，其中试验组添加孵化强化剂与对照组进行同等条件的试验，2组对照组的孵化率分别是66．8％、64．9％，试验组的孵化率分别是84．3％、81．5％增幅超过15个百分点，说明这种针对低孵化率卤虫卵研制的强化剂有效可行，可做进一步推广试验。     

温度、盐度对西藏卤虫卵孵化率的影响

西藏卤虫(Antemia tibetiana)是一种重要的水产资源,其无节幼体是鱼虾幼苗的优质饵料。影响卤虫卵孵化的因素有多种,最重要的是温度和盐度。本文探讨了不同的温度和盐度对西藏卤虫卵孵化率的影响,也进行了光照对孵化率影响的对比试验。结果表明在温度28℃、盐度15时孵化率最高,无光照时会显著降低卤虫卵的孵化率。     

Effects of Heavy Metals on the Hatching Rates of Brine Shrimp Artemia salina Cysts

The effects of heavy metals (Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³+, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺. Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn⁷⁺, Mn⁴⁺ and Mn²⁺) on the relative hatching percentage of brine shrimp, Artemia salina were assessed. Artemia salina cysts (San Francisco Bay Brand) hatched in seawater containing various heavy metal concentrations. After 48 hours, the number of hatched nauplii were counted. A negative linear relationship between hatching rate of Ariemia salina cysts and heavy metal concentration occurred, except copper which conformed to a cubic model. The relative toxicities of heavy metals on Artemia salina cysts were as follows (Cu²⁺, most toxic; Mn²⁺, least toxic): Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Mn⁷⁺ > Cr³⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Fe²⁺ > Hg²⁺ > Mn⁴⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Mn²⁺.     

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Nauplii of Artemia salina

Artemia salina cysts (San Francisco Bay Brand) were exposed in seawater containing multiple concentrations of either a single heavy metal (Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe) or combination of heavy metals. The heavy metal accumulation in Artemia nauplii increased linearly with an increase in the heavy metal concentration in water. The metals could be detected in nauplii exposed to a single heavy metal at dosages of 5 μg/L for Hg, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu; 25 μg/L for Cd and Cr; 50 μg/L for Co; 100 mUg/L for Ni; and 250 μg/L for Pb. Cysts exposed to several heavy metal combinations had minimum effective dosages equal to or lower than the single heavy metals- 5 μg/L for Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe; 25 μg/L for Cd and Ni; 50 μg/L for Co; and 250 μg/L for Pb. The accumulation of Cu, Ni and Co by Artemiu nauplii did not differ for animals exposed to single or combined heavy metal solutions. Cr, Zn and Pb had a synergistic effect of heavy metal uptake in combined heavy metal element solutions, however, Fe, Cd and Mn had an antagonistic effect.     

棒叶蕨藻变种对重金属Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)胁迫的生理响应

为研究棒叶蕨藻变种(Caulerpa sertularoides f.Longipes)对重金属离子胁迫的生理响应,通过恒温光照培养方法探讨棒叶蕨藻变种在重金属铜离子(Cu~(2+))、铅离子(Pb~(2+))、镉离子(Cd~(2+))的胁迫下对其日特定生长率(SGR)、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等指标的影响。结果显示,3种重金属离子的胁迫会影响藻体的正常生长,SGR均出现负增长,可溶性蛋白和Chl-a含量随处理浓度的增大而呈下降趋势,其中Cu~(2+)的影响尤为明显;重金属对藻体生长的抑制能力大小为Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+);3种重金属离子对SOD和GST影响均表现为先升后降趋势,除了Cd~(2+)对SOD影响峰值出现在5.00 mg/L之外,其他处理组的峰值均出现在质量浓度为2.50mg/L时。研究结果可为棒叶蕨藻变种的重金属胁迫机理研究提供参考。     

Zn2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼早期胚胎发育阶段的单一与联合毒性

研究了重金属Zn2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)早期胚胎发育阶段的单一与联合毒性效应。分别用不同质量浓度的Zn2+和Cd2+对受精后24 h(24 hpf)的受精卵进行染毒实验,统计了斑马鱼胚胎48 hpf的卵凝结和心律,72hpf的卵凝结、孵化率和畸形率等指标。结果显示,Zn2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼胚胎各不同发育阶段的影响不同,镉的毒性比锌大。斑马鱼胚胎对Zn2+和Cd2+最敏感的毒理学终点均为72 hpf。Zn2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼胚胎72 hpf的发育毒性比48 hpf的发育毒性大。Zn2+和Cd2+在毒性单位配比为1︰1时,对斑马鱼胚胎的联合毒性趋向于毒性剧增的协同作用。Zn2+和Cd2+在毒性单位配比为1:2时,对斑马鱼的联合毒性由48 hpf的协同作用转为72 hpf的拮抗作用。Zn2+和Cd2+在毒性单位配比为2︰1时,对斑马鱼的联合毒性在凝结时为协同作用,在孵化时为拮抗作用。结果表明,Zn2+和Cd2+在不同毒性单位配比下,对斑马鱼胚胎的联合毒性不完全相同。即使在同一毒性单位配比下,Zn2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼胚胎不同毒理学终点的联合毒性也不完全相同。此外还发现,联合作用不仅与化合物的剂量有关,还与染毒时间相关。     

基于循环水孵化系统的俄罗斯鲟受精卵孵化性能研究

目前,绝大多数海淡水增养殖鱼类的苗种繁育几乎完全是人工繁殖,但对受精卵的孵化方式的研究较少,尤其循环水孵化方面。为探索封闭循环水孵化系统对鲟鱼(Acipenseriformes)受精卵孵化性能的影响,本文通过对俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)受精卵孵化率、孵化酶组成和含量以及孵化过程中水体氨氮浓度变化规律进行研究。结果显示,封闭循环水孵化系统中总氨氮浓度随孵化时间呈线性增长,受精卵的排氨率为60~90 mg/(g·h),破膜6 h后孵化率为86%,孵化水体中孵化酶累积较严重。俄罗斯鲟的孵化酶主要由分子量为41.3 k Da的蛋白质组成,受精卵的孵化液由23种蛋白质组成,其中包括7种水解酶。研究表明,对氨氮的去除及孵化酶控制技术是循化水孵化系统急需攻克的首要问题。     

Lipid Nutrition and Feeding of Cobia Rachycentron canadum Larvae

This study examined the fatty acid composition of cobia Rachycentron canadum eggs and yolksac larvae, as well as the ovaries of wild caught females as an initial guide to lipid nutritional requirements. A 2-wk feeding study also was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of four dietary treatments on the growth and survival of cobia larvae. Cobia eggs in the tailbud stage contained 31.4 ± 1.3 μg lipid/egg. After hatching, the amount of lipid decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 28.3 ± 0.3 to 23.2 ± 0.1 μg lipid/larvae during the yolksac larval stage (days 1 to 3 after hatching). Ovaries from wild caught adults and captive spawned eggs and yolksac larvae contained high levels of PUFAs with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) accounting for approximately 80% of the total suggesting that cobia larvae may have a high dietary requirement for these fatty acids. For the feeding study, larvae were fed: 1) Artemia only; 2) enriched rotifers for 1 d only + microparticulate diet (day 313); 3) enriched rotifers for 3 d (day 3–5) + Artemia (day 3–13); and 4) enriched rotifers for 6 d (day 3–8) + Artemia (day 3–13). Cobia larvae began feeding on rotifers 3 d after hatching and on newly hatched Artemia nauplii by the fifth day following the onset of exogenous feeding (day 7). On day 7, no differences in larval growth were found among larvae fed rotifers for 3 versus 6 d, whereas larvae fed only Artemia or rotifers for I d followed by microparticulate diet were significantly smaller (P < 0.05) and did not survive beyond day 9 and 13, respectively. The results of the feeding study indicate that cobia larvae require rotifers for a minimum of 4 d following the onset of exogenous feeding.     

Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(6+)对鳙胚胎和仔鱼的急性致毒效应

研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+ 4种重金属对鳙胚胎发育及仔鱼存活的影响.试验结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,除0.5、1.0 mg/L的Cd2+可促进胚胎发育速率外,其余3种重金属均不同程度地减慢胚胎孵化速率;受精卵孵化率明显低于对照组;初孵仔鱼出现不同程度的畸形;Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+对鳙仔鱼的毒性强度为Cu2+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Cr6+.根据试验数据求得4种重金属对鳙仔鱼的24、48、72、96 h的LC50值及安全质量浓度.     

The Influence of Different Rotifer and Artemia Enrichment Diets on Growth, Survival and Pigmentation in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) Larvae

An experiment was carried out on turbot larvae fed three different rotifer enrichment diets: Dry Selco, Protein Selco and ICES low-HUFA (an enrichment emulsion containing low amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids—HUFA). Seven tanks were set up for each diet. After the rotifer stage, approximately seven days after hatching, the larvae were fed newly-hatched Artemia salina nauplii (AT-1; Brazil strain). From day 10, enriched Great Salt Lake Artemia nauplii were introduced. Each set of seven tanks was further subdivided and the larvae fed Arternia nauplii enriched with one of four enrichment diets: Dry Selco, Protein Selco, ICES low-HUFA or Super Selco. The rotifer enrichments had no significant effect on larval growth and survival. The nutritional value of the Artemia stage (day 13 to 26) was more important for the overall larval survival.     

Cu2+、Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对淡水石斑鱼仔鱼的急性毒性研究

试验探讨了Cu2 、Hg2 、Cd2 、Pb2 4种重金属离子对淡水石斑鱼仔鱼的急性毒性作用。试验表明:Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 和 Pb2 对淡水石斑鱼仔鱼的96hLC50分别为0．069 mg/L、0．48 mg/L、0．928 mg/L和3．421 mg/L,安全浓度分别为0．00069 mg/L、 0．00481 mg/L、0．00978 mg/L和0．0321 mg/L。急性毒性由强至弱依次为:Hg2 >Cd2 >Cu2 >pb2 。     

波纹龙虾早期叶状幼体的培育及其形态观察

为了探索波纹龙虾(Panulirus homarus)幼体培育新方法,并系统描述其幼体形态特征.在室内以5种不同的饵料组合投喂波纹龙虾早期叶状幼体.结果表明,扁藻(Platymonas sp.) 卤虫(Artemia salina)组的存活率和变态率最高,到48 d后,幼体存活率达25%,并25%的幼体能顺利完成6次蜕皮;卤虫组、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.) 卤虫组的存活率和变态率较低,没有幼体能顺利完成4次蜕皮.对叶状幼体的形态特征进行观察,发现刚孵出和蜕皮1次的叶状幼体无眼柄,第2次蜕皮后开始出现眼柄,第3次蜕皮后开始出现第4步足,第5次蜕皮后开始出现第5步足,在随后的几次蜕皮后,第4步足明显增长,第9次蜕皮后第4步足出现带有羽状刚毛的外肢.以扁藻 卤虫作为饵料时,波纹龙虾早期叶状幼体培育效果较好,并获得了脱皮9次的叶状幼体.