IBV广西分离株GX-YL5在鸡体内动态分布和排毒规律及组织嗜性研究

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)广西分离株GX-YL5通过滴鼻点眼人工感染14日龄健康非免疫雏鸡,对接毒后1、3、5、7、10、14、21、28、35和42 d试验鸡的气管、肺脏、肾脏、胸腺、腺胃、盲肠扁桃体和肝脏等组织及泄殖腔棉拭子进行IBV的反转录巢式PCR检测,同时对接毒后不同时间的气管、肺脏、肾脏、胸腺、腺胃、法氏囊、脾脏和肝脏进行组织病理学观察。结果表明接毒后的3～21 d,气管、肺脏、肾脏、胸腺、腺胃、盲肠扁桃体和肝脏的病毒检测均为阳性,接毒后42 d肾脏和气管检测结果仍为阳性;接毒后3～42 d泄殖腔棉拭子检测结果为阳性。组织病理学观察见到气管黏液,气管和细支气管纤毛脱落,炎症细胞浸润,肺充血,淋巴细胞浸润,肾脏间质性肾炎以及法氏囊水肿。研究结果表明,GX-YL5株对雏鸡具有广泛的组织嗜性,主要脏器带毒时间21 d或更长,泄殖腔排毒持续至少39 d。     

2012年山东鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株遗传进化和免疫保护分析

从2012年山东省发病商品鸡群中分离鉴定了9株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV),并对其S1基因进行了序列测定和分析。遗传进化分析发现,9个IBV流行株和国内外参考毒株可分成4个基因型。其中8个IBV流行株属于以QX为代表的基因I型,而SDIB781/2012与其他8个流行株遗传距离较远,属于基因IV型。为明确现有弱毒活疫苗对IBV流行株的免疫保护效力,分别用491、2886、MA5和H120弱毒疫苗免疫3日龄SPF鸡,14d后用流行株SDIB821/2012进行攻毒。根据攻毒后试验鸡发病死亡情况,491免疫组保护率为90%;与对照组相比,2886、MA5和H120免疫组几乎没有保护效力。但是攻毒后3、5和7d各免疫组和对照组试验鸡气管、肺和肾脏组织病毒检出率没有明显差异,表明4种IB疫苗均不能有效抵抗病毒在试验鸡气管、肺脏和肾脏组织内复制。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒MM41株感染雏鸡的组织病理学研究

为全面了解鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)感染引起雏鸡多个器官组织病理损伤情况,研究对IBV M41株人工感染SPF雏鸡后不同时间的气管、肺脏、肾脏、哈德氏腺、胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏、肝脏、胰腺和十二指肠进行病理组织学变化观察,同时应用实时荧光定量PCR方法对气管和肾脏中IBV载量进行检测。结果显示,IBV M41株主要侵害鸡呼吸器官气管和肺脏,分别在感染后第1、3天开始出现病变并持续2~3周。肾脏主要表现为肾小管上皮细胞轻度变性和少量淋巴细胞浸润,从第5天持续到第28天。感染后第5天,免疫器官哈德氏腺、胸腺和法氏囊开始出现不同程度的细胞变性,其中哈德氏腺最严重。感染后第3~21天,脾脏白髓面积增大,局部出现少量异嗜性细胞,病变轻微。感染5 d后,肝脏、胰腺和十二指肠先后出现轻度细胞变性,少量淋巴细胞浸润,持续到第28天。感染后第1~11天气管和肾脏病毒载量维持较高水平,分别在第5、8天达到峰值,气管病毒载量较肾脏高。结果表明,IBV M41株主要侵害鸡呼吸系统,对泌尿、免疫和消化系统也有亲嗜性;不同器官组织损伤程度和持续时间存在差异;气管和肾脏的病毒载量与组织损伤存在相关性。研究首次对IBV M41株感染雏鸡进行系统的组织病理学观察,为了解疾病发展过程、IBV致病机理和病理学诊断提供参考。     

猪细小病毒分离株感染初孕母猪的病毒组织分布和病理学观察

本研究旨在研究猪细小病毒分离株感染初孕母猪后母猪和胎猪的病毒组织分布和组织病理学变化情况。试验选用妊娠35d的初孕母猪接种PPV—BQ株第15代细胞毒,以接种RPMI1640的母猪作为对照。攻毒40d后剖杀,采集母猪的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、扁桃体、子宫内膜和腹部淋巴结,胎猪的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑和小肠,进行组织病毒载量测定和组织病理学检测。实时定量PCR检测结果显示,攻毒组母猪的心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏和子宫内膜存在病毒复制,子宫内病毒含量最高;胎猪的心脏、脾脏、肺脏中存在病毒复制。对照组脏器中无病毒复制。病理切片结果显示,攻毒组母猪肺脏出现细支气管性肺炎,脾脏出现淋巴细胞减少,心脏、肝脏、肾脏、扁桃体、子宫内膜和腹部淋巴结未见明显的组织病理学变化;胎猪的脏器未见明显的病理损伤。对照组未发现组织病理学变化。     

IBV疫苗株基因组3‘末端序列分析

以5株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）疫苗株（D41、H120GD、H120SH、H52BJZH和H52GD株）和IBV标准强毒M41-E4株的基因组RNA为模板，利用RT-PCR技术，扩增出1条特异性条带，包括部分核衣壳蛋白（N）基因以及紧接着N基因下游的基因组3‘端非编码区（UTR）。测序结果表明，从D41、H120GD和H120SH株扩增的特异性片段长度为614bp；而从H52BJZH、H52GD和M41-E4株扩增的特异性片段长度为406bp。序列分析发现，被检的6株IBV毒株可分为两组，其中D41、H120GD和H120SH株为一组，核苷酸序列同源性为99.7%-99.8%；而H52BJZH、H52GD和M41-E4株构成另一组，其核苷酸序列同源性为99.3%-100%；两组之间的最大同源性仅为94.6%。在系统性发生进化树上，这两组分别位于不同的分支簇上，国内的H52BJZH、H52GD与国外的H52株不在同一分支簇上，相反却与国内强毒M41-E4株以及国外M41株在同一分支簇上。提示国内H52疫苗株与国外H52疫苗株不同，它们在亲缘关系上更靠近M41-E4株和M41株。     

国产IBV疫苗株核衣壳蛋白基因的亲缘关系

利用自行设计的引物Cx和Cs，通过RT－PCR方法分别扩增出鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）D41株，H120GD株、H120SH株、H52GD株等4个国产疫苗株和标准强毒M41－E4株完整的N基因cDNA,然后将其分别克隆到pGEM T-Easy或pMD 18-T载体中并测序。测序结果表明，这5个IBV毒株可分2组，其中D41株，H120GD株和H120SH株为一组，它们的核苷酸和推导氨基酸序列同源性为99．7％－99．8％和99．0％－99．5％，而H52GD株与M41－E4株构成另一组，其核苷酸和推导氨基酸序列同源性为99．7％和99．5％；而2组之间的最大同源性仅为91．0％和93．2％。在系统发生进化树上，这2组分别位于不同的分支簇上。值得注意的是，国内的H52GD株与国外报道的H52株不在同一分支簇上，相反却与国内强毒M41－E4株以及国外报道的M41株在同一分支簇上。这一结果表明，国内的H52GD疫苗株与国外报道的H52疫苗株不同，它们在亲缘关系上更靠近M41－E4株和M41株。     

传染性支气管炎病毒(M41株)HI试验抗原的特异性和敏感性试验

采用本研究室制备的3批传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV,M41株)HI试验抗原,分别对100份和80份不同鸡血清进行IBV HI抗体检测,同时用IBV ELISA抗体检测试剂盒进行检测,比较两种不同方法检测的特异性和敏感性。结果显示,特异性试验中80份SPF鸡血清,自制抗原检测均为阴性,IBV ELISA检测79份为阴性,10份其他鸡病血清,两种方法检测9份均为阴性,10份IBV阳性血清两种方法检测均为阳性;敏感性试验中,74份已知IB疫苗免疫或IBV M41株感染鸡血清IBV HI检测72份为阳性,阳性检出率为97.3%(72/74),IBV ELISA检测74份均为阳性,阳性检出率为100%(74/74),SPF鸡血清及其他鸡病血清,两种方法检测均为阴性,两种检测方法总符合率为97.5%,差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果证明,本研究室自制抗原具有良好的特异性,特异性为100%,抗原同时具有良好的敏感性,但IBV ELISA方法的敏感性要高于IBV HI方法。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NADC30-like毒株的毒力评价

为了评估当前优势流行的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）NADC30-like毒株的毒力，试验利用经猪肺泡巨噬细胞分离的5个NADC30-like毒株接种6～7周龄健康易感猪，以进行毒力评价（A-E组），并设立未攻毒阴性对照组（F组）。所有组攻毒后进行临床症状观察，并在第0、3、5、7、10、14和21天采集全血、咽拭子和肛拭子进行病毒载量检测。结果显示，除D组外其他攻毒组表现一过性体温升高，偶有到41℃，而D组在攻毒后第4～15天，该组试验猪平均体温均不低于40.5℃，体温显著高于其他攻毒组。病毒血症检测发现，除D组外，其他攻毒组在第3、5、7和10天均为核酸阳性，在第14天部分转为核酸阴性，但到第21天又转为阳性，而D组从攻毒到结束病毒血症始终为阳性。肛拭子和咽拭子病毒载量测定发现，除D组外，其他攻毒组在第3、5和7天均为核酸阳性，在第10、14和21天部分猪有时转为阴性，后又转为阳性；D组攻毒到结束肛拭子始终为阳性。从上述数据统计综合分析，结果表明D组所攻击的毒株毒力高于其他毒株，可引起3/5猪发病，且死亡一头，该毒株感染能产生PRRSV的典型临床症状，可初步用于NADC30-...     

鸡传染支气管炎病毒H52、H120和M41株的PCR鉴别方法研究

根据GenBank发表的序列,对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）H52、H120和M41株全基因组序列进行比较,设计并合成了两对特异性引物,其中一对引物能以M41株为模板,特异性扩增出1791bp的目的片断,从而特异鉴定IBVM41株;另一对引物能以H52株和H120株为模板,特异性扩增1700bp的目的片断,再用限制性内切酶NaeI对PCR产物进行酶切,H120株能够被切成1000bp和700bp两个片段,而H52株的PCR产物不存在该酶切位点,从而能区分H52株和H120株。本研究建立的PCR方法和技术具有快速、简单、特异性强等优点,可用于IBVH52、H120和M41株活疫苗的分子鉴别。     

一株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的鉴定及S1基因序列分析

将分离到的一株疑似鸡传染性支气管炎病毒接种SPF鸡胚增殖,通过致鸡胚矮小化试验、红细胞凝集试验、对新城疫病毒增殖干扰试验、动物回归试验及RT-PCR分子鉴定,结果证实该病毒为鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)。应用MEGA5分析软件,与Gen Bank上IBV常见疫苗株、流行毒株和部分参考株进行序列比对,其S1基因序列与近年来我国流行毒株同源性较高,为95%~99%,与传统疫苗株H120、H52、M41和W93同源性较低,仅为77%~79%。     

Transmissibility of infectious bronchitis virus H120 vaccine strain among broilers under experimental conditions

The aim of this study was to quantify transmission of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) H120 vaccine strain among broilers, and to assess whether birds that have been exposed to vaccine strain-shedding birds were protected against clinical signs after infection with a virulent strain of the same serotype. A transmission experiment and a replicate were carried out, each with six groups of commercial broilers. At day of hatch (n = 30) or at 15 days of age (n = 20), half of each group was inoculated with either IBV H120 vaccine (H120 group), virulent IBV M41 (M41 group), or were mock-infected, thereby contact-exposing the other half of each group. Nasal discharge was recorded, and antibody response and virus shedding were measured. To measure clinical protection, four weeks after inoculation all birds, in all groups, were challenged with IBV M41. The reproduction ratio (R; the average number of contact infections caused by one infectious bird) was determined to quantify virus transmission. All contact-exposed birds, except for one in an H120 group, became infected with either IBV H120 or IBV M41. Almost all birds contact-infected with IBV H120 or IBV M41 were subsequently protected against clinical signs after challenge with IBV M41. The lower limits of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the R of IBV H120 vaccine, and of IBV M41, were significantly <1. For both IBV H120 and IBV M41, the 95% CI was [2.1-infinity] following inoculation at day of hatch and [1.8-infinity] after inoculation at 15 days of age. This finding demonstrates that IBV H120 vaccine is able to spread extensively among broilers. This implies that this vaccine strain might be able to become endemically present in the poultry population. It also implies that, even if not all birds received vaccine during spray application, due to the ability of the vaccine to spread in the flock, they will most likely be protected against clinical signs after a subsequent field virus infection.     

Early pathogenesis in chicks of infection with an enterotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus

One-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were inoculated intranasally and intraocularly with infectious bronchitis virus (strain G). At days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 postinfection, three birds were euthanatized, and the virus contents of both enteric tissues and some non-enteric tissues were assayed. Immunofluorescence and histopathological studies were also conducted. Six of 30 chicks died of nephritis between days 5-10 postinfection. Gross kidney lesions were the major pathological abnormalities. Inflammation was observed histologically in trachea, kidney, and rectum. High virus titers were found at various times in trachea, kidney, and all enteric tissues except for the jejunum. Relatively high titers of virus were still detectable at day 14 postinfection in the kidney, proventriculus, cecal tonsil, ileum, rectum, and bursa of Fabricius. Immunofluorescence staining showed viral antigens in enterocytes at the tips of villi in the ileum and rectum, and in the bursa. Viral antigens were also demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the trachea and in kidney tubules.     

Course of infection and immune responses in the respiratory tract of IBV infected broilers after superinfection with E. coli

Colibacillosis results from infection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria. Healthy broilers are resistant to inhaled E. coli, but previous infection with vaccine or virulent strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) predisposes birds for severe colibacillosis. The aim of this study was to investigate how IBV affects the course of events upon infection with E. coli. Broilers were inoculated with IBV H120 vaccine virus or virulent M41 and challenged 5 days later with E. coli 506. A PBS and E. coli group without previous virus inoculation were included. Sections of trachea, lung and airsacs were stained for CD4, CD8, gammadelta-TCR, alphabeta1-TCR, and for macrophages (KUL-01) and both pathogens. Changes in the mucociliary barrier of trachea, lung and airsacs did not predispose for bacterial superinfection. The disease in the lungs of the E. coli group and both IBV/E. coli groups was similar. Lesions in the airsacs were more pronounced and of longer duration in the IBV/E. coli groups. The immunocytological changes differed substantially between the E. coli group and both IBV/E. coli groups. In trachea, lungs and airsacs the CD4+ and CD8+ populations were significantly larger than in the E. coli and PBS groups. In the lungs and the airsacs the macrophages were more numerous in the IBV/E. coli and the E. coli groups than in the PBS group. The presence of high numbers of T cells and macrophages in IBV infected birds most likely induced an altered immune response, which is responsible for the enhanced clinical signs of colibacillosis.     

Tissue distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus following in ovo inoculation of chicken embryos examined by in situ hybridization with antisense digoxigenin-labeled universal riboprobe.

Chicken embryos were inoculated with 8 different strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) representing 7 different serotypes at 17 days of embryonation. At 2 and 5 days postinfection (dpi), tissues were collected for in situ hybridization using an antisense digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe corresponding to the sequence of the mRNA coding for the membrane protein. Extensive antigen staining in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the trachea, lung, bursa, and intestine was detected at 2 dpi with all 8 strains of IBV. At 5 dpi, little or no positive staining was observed in these tissues. However, tubular cells of the kidney showed multifocal positive staining with the Wolgemuth strain-, Gray strain-, JMK strain-, and Mass41 strain-infected chickens. No viral RNA was detected in the spleen at any time point. The results demonstrated strict epitheliotropic nature and wide tissue tropism of strains of IBV in the chicken embryo and the universality of our riboprobe. In situ hybridization with this probe will be useful for understanding the tissue tropism and the pathogenesis of IBV in vivo.     

Infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein specific CTL response is generated prior to serum IgG

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens. To understand the kinetics and relationships between the humoral (Ab) and antigen specific T cell immunity as well as pathological changes during infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection and immunization, one-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with live IBV H52 strain and challenged with IBV M41 15 days post primary infection. Chickens were sacrificed every 3 days to monitor antigen specific serum IgG and IBV nucleoprotein-specific immune responses using a chicken MHC I tetramer developed in our laboratory. The results demonstrated that T cell responses developed more rapidly than the humoral (Ab) immune response after vaccination with H52. However, serum IgG dramatically increased after M41 challenge. Chickens from the control, non-vaccinated group developed severe respiratory symptoms and demonstrated significant pathological changes in lung, kidney and bursa of Fabricius post challenge with M41. However, chickens vaccinated with H52 did not demonstrate clinical signs or histological changes post challenge with M41. These results indicated that the live IBV H52 inoculation effectively protected chickens from morbidity and pathological changes associated with IBV infection. These data facilitates the design of a new generation of IBV vaccine.     

Induction of chicken interferon by avian infectious bronchitis virus.

The ability of nine strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to induce chicken interferon has been investigated using Semliki Forest virus for the tests. The Beaudette, H120 and Connecticut 46 strains induced interferon in the allantoic fluids of embryonated hens' eggs, the highest titre (1 : 30) being associated with Beaudette; but these as well as the Massachusetts M-41 and H52 strains failed to yield interferon in primary monolayer cultures of chick kidney cells as did all nine strains in organ cultures of chick embryo trachea. None of six strains of IBV investigated was susceptible to the inhibitory effects of chicken interferon.     

Detection of avian infectious bronchitis viral infection using in situ hybridization and recombinant DNA

A recombinant DNA probe with specificity for the 3' end of genomic RNA from the Ark 99 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was found to hybridize with extracted RNA of three strains with the Ark serotype, as well as the Mass41, Holl52, Gray, JMK, Conn, Fla and SE17 strains of IBV. Viral infection was detected in the cytoplasm of chicken embryo kidney cells inoculated with Mass41, Ark99, SE17 or two recent field isolates of IBV using in situ cytohybridization and a biotinylated probe. In vivo infections were detected in individual cells of tracheas and lungs 2,4, and 6 days after inoculation of chicks with Mass41 and Ark99. In situ hybridization of Ark99 infected tissue sections using 32P-dATP labelled probe indicated that more viral replication was present in the trachea on day 4 than either days 2 or 6; whereas more viral RNA was found in the lungs on day 6 than days 2 or 4 after inoculation.     

肾型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒X株S1基因序列的测定及同源性分析

根据国外已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 (IBV) S1基因序列 ,设计了 2对引物并以 RT- PCR特异性扩增出IBV X株的 S1基因 ,基因产物大小为 1.6 4kb,与设计相符 ,对其进行序列测定后 ,与标准毒株 H5 2、H12 0、M41、BEAU和澳大利亚 T株的 S1基因进行同源性比较。结果表明 ,X株与 H5 2、H12 0、M41、BEAU和澳大利亚 T株的核苷酸序列的同源性分别为 75 .8%、76 .1%、76 .3%、75 .5 %和 76 .9%,由此可以看出 ,IBV X株与标准毒株在 S1基因上存在较大差异。