QBOL: a new EU project focusing on DNA barcoding of Quarantine organisms

In 2009 a new three year EU funded project (QBOL) started on DNA barcoding of important plant pests. An international consortium of 20 partners (universities, research institutes, and phytosanitary organizations) from around the world, coordinated by Plant Research International (Wageningen, the Netherlands), will collect DNA barcodes from many plant pathogenic quarantine organisms, store these sequences in a database accessible over the internet, develop a DNA bank and train end-users. All these activities should help National Plant Protection Services in the correct identification and detection of plant pathogenic quarantine organisms.     

Development of a multiplex PCR for the identification of Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum in a single step

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum are plant pathogenic fungi that cause root rot and wilt, respectively, in many economically important crops....     

Reliable detection of the fungal pathogenfusarium oxysporum f.sp.albedinis, causal agent of bayoud disease of date palm, using molecular techniques

Bayoud, caused by the soilborne fungusFusarium oxysporum f.sp.albedinis (FOA), is the most serious disease of date palm. Since the disease is located in the North African countries of Morocco and Algeria, and advancing steadily eastwards, the ultimate goal is to prevent spread of the pathogen to other date-growing areas in the region and farther afield. Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for detection of FOA. In view of the fact that the fungus does not exist in Israel, DNA of FOA was obtained to determine the reliability of these methods for diagnostic purposes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA was not reliable enough for differentiation between FOA and various pathogenic and saprophyticFusarium isolates. However, the polymerase chain reaction utilizing FOA-specific primers was accurate and enabled amplification of a unique band specific to FOA DNA alone, and not that of the other tested pathogenic and saprophyticFusaria. The availability of a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for detection of FOA will enable the Plant Protection and Inspection Services of the Israel Ministry of Agriculture to test date palm tissue for the presence of the pathogen. Contribution no. 513/00 from the Inst. of Plant Protection, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.     

First record of Monilia fructicola on blackberry fruits

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In summer 2009 fungi belonging to the genus Monilia were isolated from mummified blackberry fruits covered with white to grey fungal structures between...     

Field efficacy of pyraclostrobin against populations of Pyrenophora teres containing the F129L mutation in the cytochrome b gene

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Resistance of plant pathogenic fungi towards QoI fungicides is mainly caused by two mutations in the cytochrome b gene, the F129L and G143A. In...     

Official diagnosis of pests in Germany: recent activities to secure the quality of diagnostic work*

Within the federal organization of Germany, the practical implementation of phytosanitary legislation including diagnosis of pests is the task of the Plant Protection Services of the 16 Federal Länder. The Federal Biological Research Centre (BBA) gives support by developing diagnostic methods, advising and in some instances reference testing. Due to budgetary constraints during the past decade, there has been a considerable decrease in diagnostic and taxonomic capacities. An analysis of the status quo of the diagnostic abilities in relation to regulated pests, and new pests not yet present in Germany, was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to the Plant Protection Services of the Länder and to the various institutes of the BBA. The data gathered by the questionnaire supports the need for maintaining and improving diagnostic capacities in Germany, in order to fulfil legal obligations and to cope with evolving challenges, e.g. in the field of quality assurance. In this respect, a future scenario could be the establishment of a diagnostic network within Germany. Some key elements of such a network are already implemented in the potato sector.     

Rubus stunt: a review of an important phytoplasma disease in Rubus spp.

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria that colonize the phloem of their host plants and can be transferred by plant sap-sucking...     

具有除草活性植物病原真菌毒素的作用模式

作用模式得到明确的具有除草活性的植物病原真菌毒素为数不多,主要是危害农作物的病原真菌产生的植物毒素,目前只有少数几个具有除草活性的杂草病原真菌植物毒素的作用模式得到鉴定。而近些年来,新获得的绝大多数具有除草活性的杂草病原真菌植物毒素的作用模式尚未得到鉴定。在作用模式已经明确的具有除草活性的植物病原真菌毒素中,除了极个别与有些化学合成除草剂共享相同作用模式,绝大多数具有与现有化学合成除草剂完全不同的作用模式和独特的分子靶标位点,很有希望开发成为新型除草剂。本文重点介绍了目前已经得到鉴定的具有除草活性的植物病原真菌毒素的作用模式。     

草莓胶孢炭疽菌CFEM候选效应子的生物信息学鉴定及其侵染过程中的转录分析

病原真菌通常分泌效应子到寄主组织中调控寄主的生理过程,从而有利于其侵染。CFEM(common in several fungal extracellular membrane)蛋白是真菌所独有的,且与致病性密切相关。本研究利用Pfam数据库对草莓胶孢炭疽菌全基因组进行搜索,鉴定获得22个CFEM蛋白。对CFEM蛋白的信号肽、跨膜结构域和亚细胞定位进行分析,结果表明仅有8个CFEM蛋白为分泌蛋白。对CFEM分泌蛋白在不同侵染阶段的转录情况进行转录组学及RT-PCR分析,结果显示8个CFEM蛋白在侵染后不同时期均有表达。其中,1个CFEM分泌蛋白于附着胞形成期特异表达,2个于活体寄生阶段特异表达,2个于死体寄生阶段特异表达。综合上述分析结果,预测这8个分泌蛋白可能为草莓胶孢炭疽菌的效应子。本研究为深入解析植物病原真菌CFEM效应子提供了理论依据。     

丝状真菌代谢组学研究方法进展

代谢组学研究的是生物体系受到内在和外在因素刺激产生的内源性代谢变化。近年来,随着代谢组学在病原真菌致病机理、真菌与植物互作以及新型生物活性物质开发研究领域的应用,真菌代谢组学越来越受到国内外的重视,同时也取得了较大的进展。由于丝状真菌类型和研究目的的差异,其研究方法不尽相同。本文主要综述近年来国内外丝状真菌代谢组学分析方法的研究进展,从丝状真菌样品制备、代谢物鉴定、数据分析、生物标志物发掘、代谢通路方面进行概述,以期为该领域研究者提供参考,进一步推进代谢组学在真菌研究领域中的应用。     

Epiphytotics of chickpea Ascochyta blight in Turkey as influenced by climatic factors

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Chickpea Ascochyta blight caused by Didymella rabiei is one of the most important fungal diseases affecting yield and seed quality negatively in Turkey....     

Effectiveness of new sources of resistance against oat powdery mildew identified in A. sterilis

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The assessment of the effectiveness of resistance sources to fungal diseases is a very important issue allowing to determine the possibilities of...     

一株拮抗4种马铃薯病原真菌的拟康宁木霉的分离鉴定

本研究从黑龙江省土壤中分离获得一株木霉, 运用生物学特征和ITS序列分析相结合的方法将其鉴定为拟康宁木霉Trichoderma koningiopsis?薯块活体抑菌测定表明, 该木霉对接骨木镰孢Fusarium sambucinum?马铃薯早疫病菌Alternaria solani?立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani (AG3和AG5)等病原真菌引起的马铃薯病害具有抑制作用?对峙培养试验结果显示, 该木霉对上述病原菌的生长具有拮抗作用, 平均抑制率均超过50%, 且该木霉生长速度快于上述病原真菌, 以竞争生长方式抑制病原菌菌丝生长和菌核形成?采用扫描电子显微镜观察发现, 该木霉可通过缠绕或并行生长等方式寄生在上述病原真菌菌丝上?以上结果表明, 从土壤中分离获得的拟康宁木霉具备良好的生防潜力, 可为马铃薯种植中多种真菌病害的统防统治提供良好的生防菌株?     

Modelling greenhouse climate factors to constrain internal fruit rot (Fusarium spp.) in bell pepper

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Internal fruit rot in bell pepper is an important fungal disease which results in mycelium growth and/or necrosis on the ovarium and fruit flesh. It is...     

Stem rot disease incidence on faba beans in an artificially infested field

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Stem rot, a destructive fungal disease caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriksson, is a serious problem for many important crops including faba beans...     

Micronutrients reduce root rot in red clover (Trifolium pratense)

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is an important component of mixed grass-legume leys; however, fungal root rot decreases red clover viability over time....     

真菌源蛋白类激发子及其转基因植物研究进展

真菌源蛋白类激发子是广泛存在于植物病原真菌的信号传导分子,不仅在植物与病原菌互作中起重要作用,而且还具有广谱诱导植物抗性和促进植物生长的功能。本文就真菌源蛋白类激发子的种类、功能及蛋白激发子基因转化植物等研究进行了综述。     

Development of National Reference Laboratories in the European Union1

Since 2004 discussions on the need for greater international co‐operation and coordination between diagnostic laboratories have taken place at several meetings of the EU Heads of National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) and of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Technical discussions on criteria for, and tasks and responsibilities of, National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) took place in a Commission Expert Working Group in September 2007. The meeting was attended by representatives from 13 Member States. The experts discussed the issues broadly and very actively and it was possible to elaborate an agreed Guidance Paper containing the main elements for the establishment of NRLs, including a priority list of individual pests for which such laboratories are needed. At their meeting in December 2007, the EU Heads of the NPPOs supported the establishment of NRLs as far as possible and where necessary. It was agreed that the Guidance Paper is a suitable common basis for the establishment of NRLs in the Member States and that it should be reviewed on the basis of the experience gained at national level.     

Development and implementation of cost‐effective plant protection technology using decision‐support systems in Lithuania*

In many European countries, factors important for decision‐making in plant protection, such as biology, weather and environmental conditions, crop management level and their relationships, have been incorporated into decision‐support systems (DSSs). In 1996, a project was jointly elaborated, and research was started by the Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science, the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture and the Lithuanian and Danish Agricultural Advisory Services. This research was focused on the testing, development and adaptation of a Danish computer‐based decision‐support and information system (PC‐Plant Protection) for plant protection under Lithuanian conditions. Trials were carried out by the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in 1996/1998 to investigate the potential for reducing fungicide inputs in cereal production in different regions of Lithuania representing typical local agrometeorological conditions. On the basis of the trials, the following conclusions were drawn: the reduced doses and fungicide combinations recommended by the DSS gave rather good control of diseases; spraying according to the recommendations of the DSS increased yield significantly in all experiments and allowed saving in fungicides; some models, e.g. for Leptosphaeria nodorum, were not fully suitable for Lithuanian conditions and need to be developed further.     

植物内生真菌及其展望

内生真菌在自然界广泛存在,有些内生真菌可以促进植物营养吸收、提高植物抗生物逆境和非生物逆境的能力、刺激植物产生活性物质等。因此,内生真菌是植物病虫害生物防治领域的重要研究内容之一。本文就内生真菌与寄主共生的分子基础、内生真菌对植物影响机制、内生真菌与寄主特异性相互作用、特殊的内生真菌--植物病原真菌、内生真菌形成的分子机制和内生真菌研究展望等6个方面对内生真菌进行了叙述,期望为科学地利用内生真菌资源提供一些参考。