官井洋种群网箱养殖大黄鱼的形态特征与生长式型

测定和研究了闽-粤东族官井洋种群养殖大黄鱼群体的形态特征与生长类型,并与文献报道的其亲本野生大黄鱼群体的形态特征进行了比较。结果表明:养殖大黄鱼的眼径/头长和体高/体长的比值普遍大于野生大黄鱼,而吻长/头长和眼后头长/头长的比值普遍小于野生大黄鱼。同时,养殖大黄鱼群体的眼径/头长、吻长/头长和头长/体长三项比值具有随着鱼体体长的增长而逐渐减小的特点。养殖大黄鱼体长与体重、体长生长与养殖时间的关系分别为:W=0.0195L2.9775(R2=0.9959)、y=-0.0259x2+1.7125x+4.1534(R2=0.989),鳔重与体重的比值为0.61%~2.26%,月平均鳔重指数1.08%~1.85%。     

鳜雌雄生长差异的研究

对雌、雄鳜主要可量性状及其生长速度进行比较研究表明:雌、雄鳜的体长/体高差异极显著,体重/体长差异显著,体长/头长、尾柄长/尾柄高、头长/吻长、头长/眼径之间无显著差异;在相同饲养条件下,体重170 g以内时,雌、雄鳜生长无显著差异;但从170 g到800 g雌鱼的生长速度明显地快于雄鱼;800 g以上雌鱼生长减慢,雄鱼生长开始快于雌鱼;1 kg以内的鳜雌大雄小,1 kg以上时一般雄大雌小。     

赣江中游四大家鱼幼鱼的形态测量与分析

对赣江中游四大家鱼幼鱼共120尾的形态性状进行测量.结果表明,青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙的体长/体高分别为3.78～4.52,3.53～4.27,3.13～3.49,3.38～3.66;体长/头长分别为3.84～4.44,3.40～4.10,3.50～3.88,2.93～3.15:头长/吻长分别为4.03～4.47,3.48～...     

乌苏里江二种细鳞鱼生物学比较研究

尖吻细鳞Brachymystax lenok和钝吻细鳞B．tumensis在吻的形状上和鳃耙数上有很大差异。尖吻细鳞有长而肉厚的吻,上颌突出明显,口半下位,上颌骨较短,延伸到眼径垂直中线前；钝吻细鳞上颌不突出,口端位,上颌骨较长,延伸到眼径垂直中线或中线后。尖吻细鳞的鳃耙数在26—30；钝吻细鳞的鳃耙数在19—23。尖吻细鳞在头后部、体侧、背鳍、脂鳍有相对密而大的黑色斑点,但颜色较暗；钝吻细鳞在同样位置上的黑色斑点稀而小,非常清晰；但在幼鱼阶段二种鱼的斑点很难区分。体长/体高、体长/头长、头长/眼径、头长/眼间距的平均值,二种鱼的差异显著,但个体值间相互有交叉。生长速度：尖吻＞钝吻；绝对生殖力：尖吻＞钝吻；相对生殖力：钝吻＞尖吻。     

北方须鳅4个地理种群的形态差异与判别分析

用聚类分析、主成分分析、判别分析等方法比较了图们江、松花江、鸭绿江、黑龙江4个地理种群北方须鳅Barbatula nuda的14个形态性状,探讨了不同地理种群间的形态差异。单因素方差分析显示：4个地理种群北方须鳅的头高/体长差异显著（P〈0.05）,头长/体长、尾柄长/体长、背吻距/体长、背尾距/体长差异极显著（P〈0.01）;主成分分析与聚类分析结果基本一致,黑龙江和鸭绿江差异最小,其次是图们江和松花江,而黑龙江与图们江,鸭绿江与松花江种群间差异较大;判别分析获得了6个比例性状,构建了区分上述4个种群的判别函数,综合判别准确率达87％。研究显示,北方须鳅的4个地理种群间形态特征产生了一定的差异,可以运用判别分析将其进行初步区分。     

杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”形态指标体系的建立及雌雄差异判别

为研究杂交黄颡鱼"黄优1号"(Pelteobagrus vachelli♂×P.fulvidraco♀)主要形态指标和雌雄个体的形态差异,对509尾杂交黄颡鱼11项计量性状(体长、全长、头长、体高、尾柄高、尾柄长、体厚、吻长、眼径、眼间距和体质量)及11项标准化性状(肥满度、体长/头长、眼径/吻长、体长/体高、体长/体厚、体长/尾柄长、头长/吻长、头长/眼径、体高/体厚、尾柄长/尾柄高和体长/全长)进行主成分分析和逐步判别分析并建立雌雄判别方程式。主成分分析显示,杂交黄颡鱼的主要形态指标可以分为整体框架轮廓指标、肥瘦程度、眼间距特征、头部特征、尾部特征和身体前部T型结构特征6个方面,累积贡献率达76.36%。散点图结果显示,雌雄个体在体质量上存在明显差异,与判别分析结果一致。通过逐步判别分析将326尾2龄杂交黄颡鱼和183尾3龄杂交黄颡鱼的11项计量性状与11项标准化性状逐步剔除,筛选出关于2龄鱼群体的全长、体长、体高、体质量、体长/体高、头长/眼径、体高/体厚和体长/全长8个变量,3龄鱼群体的全长和体质量2个变量,分别建立起性别判别函数。通过将数据代回方程中检验可得出2龄鱼综合正确率87.0%、3龄鱼综合正确率84.2%。t-检验结果显示,雌雄杂交黄颡鱼的主要差异集中在肥满度及外部轮廓指标上,雄鱼较雌鱼体型更宽、更长。上述差异性状和雌雄判别方程式可为杂交黄颡鱼性别的鉴定提供参考方法和理论依据。     

舟山群岛大鳞副泥鳅与真泥鳅形态特征比较研究

从舟山群岛采集体长7.1～18.7 cm、体重3.2～55.6 g的野生泥鳅样本,依据侧线鳞数目初步分出127尾大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisguruns dubryanus)和136尾真泥鳅(Misguruns anguilliaudatuses)。按体长段分组,分别记录两种泥鳅体长、体高、尾柄长、尾柄高、头长、吻长、口须长、头长等数据,统计分析体长/体高、尾柄长/尾柄高、头长/吻长、口须长/头长几组数据,结果显示:大鳞副泥鳅尾柄长为尾柄高的(1.07±0.10)倍,真泥鳅尾柄长是尾柄高的(1.84±0.12)倍。大鳞副泥鳅和真泥鳅口须长/头长分别为1.05±0.11,0.54±0.11。尾柄长/尾柄高口须长/头长在两种泥鳅之间也有显著的差异。     

不同营养型水库对鳙形态性状和风味物质的影响

为探究不同水体营养型对鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）生长和风味形成的影响,选择富、中、贫营养型水库的鳙,测定其体质量、形态性状和挥发性风味物质。结果显示：不同营养型的水库对鳙体质量和形态性状有一定的影响,富营养型水库鳙体质量、全长、头长、吻长、背吻距、尾鳍长、尾柄高、体高、体宽显著低于中、贫营养型水库鳙,并且中营养型水库鳙全长、体长、背吻距、尾柄长显著高于贫营养型水库鳙;不同营养型水库鳙体质量和形态性状的回归方程相关系数R²达到0.9以上,其中全长和体高是主要影响因素;不同营养型水库鳙肌肉共鉴定出33种挥发性风味物质,其中贫营养型水库鳙肌肉所含挥发性风味物质种类最多,且共有挥发性风味物质基本以贫营养型含量最高。总体来看,中营养型水库适合鳙的生长,而贫营养型水库有利于风味物质的形成。     

棘头梅童鱼形态特征及其相关生物学参数分析

对捕捞自闽东海域的209尾体质量7.70～66.09 g、体长79.88～150.70 mm的棘头梅童鱼的外部形态、可数性状和可量性状进行了研究,分析了形态特征参数间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)棘头梅童鱼鱼体呈长椭圆形,侧扁,背部呈浅弧形;头大而圆钝,额部隆起;口大,口裂倾斜度大;吻短钝,眼小;头部及体部被薄圆鳞,鳞小;侧线发达,略呈弧形;背侧面灰黄色,腹侧面金黄色,鳃腔上部深黑色;唇橙红色,口腔浅色。背鳍鳍棘部边缘及尾鳍末端为灰黑色,各鳍为淡黄色。(2)全长、肛前长、尾柄长、头长、眼径、头高、体高、尾柄高、眼后头长和体质量与体长存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01),体宽与体长存在显著相关关系(P<0.05)。(3)以体长为自变量、各参数为因变量进行拟合处理,结果显示,全长、肛前长、尾柄长、头长、眼径、体高、体宽和眼后头长与体长呈指数相关,而尾柄高、头高与体长呈线性相关,其中体质量(W)与体长(S_l)的拟合方程为：W=4.506 5×10^-6S_l^{3.290 7}(R²=...     

网箱养殖点篮子鱼形态性状与体质量灰色关联分析

随机选取10月龄深水抗风浪网箱养殖的点篮子鱼183尾,体质量14.8～199.4g,体长8.0～18.7cm,采用灰色关联分析方法对全长、体长、体宽、体高、眼径、吻长、眼后头长、头长、头高、尾柄高、尾柄长等11个形态性状与体质量的关联度进行了分析和评价。研究结果显示,网箱养殖点篮子鱼的形态性状与体质量的关联度为0.3962～0.9702,其中,与体质量关联度最高的前3个形态性状为体长、全长和体高,关联度分别为0.9702、0.9693、0.9668,其余形态性状与体质量的关联度依次为全长>体高>体宽>吻长>尾柄长>尾柄高>头高>眼后头长>头长>眼径。综上,宜将体长、全长和体高选为间接选育点篮子鱼体质量的形态指标,本研究将为点篮子鱼群体选育提供理论依据和分析方法。     

Body size trends along vertical and thermal gradients of chum salmon in the Bering Sea during summer

Relationships between the vertical distribution and thermal habitat, and body size of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta were studied in the Bering Sea in summer using trawl surveys at various depths. Chum salmon abundance decreased with increasing depth, but the patterns of decrease differed between size groups. The abundance of small salmon fell rapidly with depth, whereas that of large salmon decreased gradually to 40 m depth, and abruptly below that. The average fork length of chum salmon collected from each trawl correlated positively with trawl net depth and negatively with water temperature. Since the optimal temperature for growth decreases with body size in this species, the observed body size‐related vertical habitat use by chum salmon may indicate size‐dependent thermal preferences.     

2010年乌苏里江大麻哈鱼的群体结构及其变动

2010年10月4日~21日,对乌苏里江大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus keta）洄游繁殖群体渔业资源及其种群结构变动进行了调查研究,共统计标本9160尾。初步结果显示,大麻哈鱼的日洄游数量受水温和溶解氧的影响较大,出现2次洄游高峰期,平均日单船捕捞量为64尾。体长为55~65cm的个体占群体中的74%,其中体长为55~60cm的雌（36.82%）、雄（36.58%）个体在群体中所占比例接近,在体长小于55cm的群体中,雄性（27.17%）个体在本群体中所占比例高于雌性（12.75%）,体长大于60cm的群体中,雌性（48.61%）在本群体中所占比例高于雄性（34.25%）。体质量为2 000~3 000g的个体占群体中的57%,体质量大于2 500g的群体中,雌性（61.73%）个体在本群体中所占比例高于雄性（46.06%）。雌、雄性比为1.09：1,其中体重大于2 500g的雌性在群体所占比例最高为36.06%,其次为小于2 500g的雄性,占28.8%。对比历史数据表明,该渔业产量为近15年的最高值,总体资源量呈增多趋势,群体中个体趋于小型化,雌性个体在群体中处于主导地位。     

2010年乌苏里江大麻哈鱼的群体结构及其变动

2010年10月4日~21日,对乌苏里江大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus keta）洄游繁殖群体渔业资源及其种群结构变动进行了调查研究,共统计标本9160尾。初步结果显示,大麻哈鱼的日洄游数量受水温和溶解氧的影响较大,出现2次洄游高峰期,平均日单船捕捞量为64尾。体长为55~65cm的个体占群体中的74%,其中体长为55~60cm的雌（36.82%）、雄（36.58%）个体在群体中所占比例接近,在体长小于55cm的群体中,雄性（27.17%）个体在本群体中所占比例高于雌性（12.75%）,体长大于60cm的群体中,雌性（48.61%）在本群体中所占比例高于雄性（34.25%）。体质量为2 000~3 000g的个体占群体中的57%,体质量大于2 500g的群体中,雌性（61.73%）个体在本群体中所占比例高于雄性（46.06%）。雌、雄性比为1.09：1,其中体重大于2 500g的雌性在群体所占比例最高为36.06%,其次为小于2 500g的雄性,占28.8%。对比历史数据表明,该渔业产量为近15年的最高值,总体资源量呈增多趋势,群体中个体趋于小型化,雌性个体在群体中处于主导地位。     

哲罗鱼和大麻哈鱼消化系统的比较解剖分析

解剖观察了哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)和大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum)的消化系统,描述了与摄食有关的齿、舌、鳃耙、胃、幽门盲囊、肝、胰脏、胆囊的形态特征;测量了体长、头长、吻长、口裂宽、口腔长,食道长、胃长、肠长、消化道长;计算了有关比值。结果表明:这二种鲑科鱼类的消化道具有典型的肉食性鱼类的特点,口裂较大,口咽腔长/头长为0.62～0.71,肠较短,肠长/体长为0.69,食道、胃、肠壁内突形成明显的粘膜皱褶。具有独立而发达的肝脏和胰腺。文中讨论了消化道分段及摄食习性与消化系统形态结构特点之间的关系。     

Density‐dependent effects of eastern Kamchatka pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Japanese chum salmon (O. keta) on age‐specific growth of western Alaska chum salmon

Hatcheries release >4.5 billion juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) into the North Pacific Ocean annually, raising concerns about competition with wild salmon populations. We used retrospective scale analysis to investigate how the growth of chum salmon (O. keta) from western Alaska is affected by the abundance of chum salmon from Japanese hatcheries and wild pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) from the Russian Far East. Over nearly five decades, the growth of Kuskokwim River chum salmon was negatively correlated with the abundance of Japanese hatchery chum salmon after accounting for the effects of sex and spring/summer sea‐surface temperature in the Bering Sea. An effect of wild eastern Kamchatka pink salmon abundance on the growth of Kuskokwim River salmon was detectable but modest compared to the intraspecific competitive effect. A decrease in Japanese hatchery chum salmon releases in 2011–2013 was not associated with increased growth of Bering Sea chum salmon. However, the abundance of wild chum salmon from the Russian Far East increased during that time, possibly obscuring reduced competition with hatchery chum salmon. Our results support previous evidence that chum salmon are affected by intraspecific competition, and to a lesser extent interspecific competition, in the North Pacific, underscoring that the effects of salmon hatchery production transcend national boundaries.     

Effect of food amount and temperature on growth rate and aerobic scope of juvenile chum salmon

Offshore migration of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is partly triggered by increasing body size and high motility in the early stages of life. The survival of juvenile salmon may depend on their growth rate during the first few months in the sea, and this factor partly regulates the dynamics of adult populations. Here, we assessed the effects of water temperature and food availability on the growth of juvenile chum salmon O. keta. In addition, by combining the measurements of metabolic performance for growth and activity (Absolute Aerobic Scope: AAS) with a bioenergetics model, we estimated the energy allocation for different activities in the juveniles. Under high temperatures (14 °C), juveniles reared at low food levels (1% body weight) allocated less than half their energy for growth than those reared at high food levels (4% body weight). These findings suggest that high temperature and low food level constrain the growth of juveniles, providing an insight into the effect of the recent increase in warm and low-nutrient water masses on survival of juveniles and catches of adult chum salmon on the Pacific side of Honshu Island, Japan.

     

锶对大麻哈鱼稚鱼生长发育及肌肉ATP酶活性的影响

在实验室条件下,采用长期暴露的方法,研究锶（Sr2＋）对大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus keta）稚鱼生长、存活率和肌肉Ca2＋-ATP酶及N＋／K＋-ATP酶活性的影响。在水温（15±0．2）℃下,将体质量（0．389±0．021）g的大麻哈鱼饲养在可控温玻璃水槽（100cmX50cmX40cm）中。水槽中添加SrCl2·6H2O,使Sr2＋浓度达10、20、30和40mg·L^-1,以不添加锶的水槽为对照组。30d饲养表明,各实验组大麻哈鱼稚鱼均能生长,但高质量浓度的锶不同程度地抑制了大麻哈鱼稚鱼的生长和存活率,显著影响了稚鱼肌肉中Ca2＋-ATP酶和Na＋／K＋-ATP酶的活性。锶（sr2＋）质量浓度为10mg·L^-1时,各项生长指标和存活率最高;随着锶（Sr2＋）质量浓度的升高,Ca2＋-ATP酶和Na＋／K＋-ATP酶的活性下降。结果提示,大麻哈鱼稚鱼长期暴露的锶安全质量浓度在10mg·L^-1之内。     

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) growth and temperature indices as indicators of the year–class strength of age‐1 walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) in the eastern Bering Sea

Ecosystem‐based fisheries management requires the development of physical and biological time series that index ocean productivity for stock assessment and recruitment forecasts for commercially important species. As recruitment in marine fish is related to ocean condition, we developed proxies for ocean conditions based on sea surface temperature (SST) and biometric measurements of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) captured in the walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) fishery in the eastern Bering Sea in three periods (July 16–30, September 1–15 and September 16–30). The main purpose of this paper was to evaluate Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) growth as a possible indicator of ocean conditions that, in turn, may affect age‐1 walleye pollock recruitment. Marine growth rates of Pacific salmon are the result of a complex interplay of physical, biological and population‐based factors that fish experience as they range through oceanic habitats. These growth rates can, therefore, be viewed as indicators of recent ocean productivity. Thus, our hypothesis was that estimated intra‐annual growth in body weight of immature and maturing age‐4 male and female chum salmon may be used as a biological indicator of variations in rearing conditions also experienced by age‐0 walleye pollock; consequently, they may be used to predict the recruitment to age‐1 in walleye pollock. Summer SSTs and chum salmon growth at the end of July and September explained the largest amount of variability in walleye pollock recruitment indicating that physical and biological indices of ocean productivity can index fish recruitment.     

绥芬河大麻哈鱼类溯河群体结构的初步研究

首次对绥芬河3种大麻哈鱼的溯河期、群体数量、群体结构等主要生物学特征及生态环境进行了调查研究,从而提出资源增殖技木措施.     

Spatiotemporal change in growth of two populations of Asian chum salmon in relation to intraspecific interaction

Spatiotemporal changes in growth patterns of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta that returned to the Ishikari (Japan) and Namdae (Korea) rivers in 1984–1998 were investigated using scale analysis. Juvenile chum salmon from both populations left coastal marine areas after spring at a size of over 8 cm fork length (FL). In summer, juvenile salmon from the Namdae River entered the Okhotsk Sea at a larger FL than did Ishikari River juveniles. There were no significant differences in annual growth between populations of 1-, 2-, and 4-year-old fish. For 3-year-old fish, however, Namdae River salmon had significantly higher synchronous and sympatric growth than did Ishikari River salmon. Mean FL of adults was also larger in Namdae River salmon than in Ishikari River salmon. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results showed (1) negative linear relations between FL and catch, (2) homogeneous slopes of those relations at regional and species levels, and (3) nonhomogeneous slopes at the population level, indicating that density-dependent effects on growth were most significant at this level. We concluded that growth of chum salmon was concurrently influenced by stronger effects of intrapopulation competition and weaker effects of inter- and intraspecific interactions in the Bering Sea.