江苏省森林资源现状与特点分析

森林资源二类调查是获取各基层单位森林资源现状与分布的主要方法,根据江苏省2009年森林资源二类调查结果,笔者通过提取各类林地、林木、林种、乔木林、竹林和灌木林的组成及分布等森林资源主要数据,并对单位面积蓄积、单位面积株数和树种结构等因子进行了对比分析,客观地反映了江苏森林资源快速增加、幼中龄林占优势地位、非公有制林业快...     

谷城县古树资源状况与分布特征研究

系统分析湖北省谷城县古树树种组成、分布特征以及影响古树生长的环境因子,并应用访谈法、文献追踪法、实地勘测法和类比推断法对谷城县古树进行调查,对古树的物种组成、分布以及生长状况,以及基于DEM坐标网格法对古树空间分布进行分析。结果表明,全县调查到存活古树共1 275株,隶属于26科41属51种。其中一级、二级和三级古树分别为99株、102株和1 074株;正常生长古树1 247株,衰弱古树26株,濒危古树2株。基于DEM经纬度（0.05°）和投影（5 km×5 km）网格数据分析,古树均呈聚集分布;古树在中、低海拔分布集中;海拔与古树生长势间呈显著正相关;环境因子和植物病虫害是影响谷城县古树生长的关键因子。谷城县古树空间和海拔高聚集度区域的人类活动最为频繁,建议地方林业部门根据现有古树资源分布特点及生物危害现状,科学制定古树保护规划和管护措施。     

东莞樟科林木资源分布特征

采用2 km×2 km的UTM网格取样法及相邻样方法对东莞市樟科林木资源进行调查,统计每个样地乔木树种植株数量、胸高断面积以及物种多样性指数,分析樟科林木资源的分布特征和规律,结果表明:(1)在东莞市的天然森林里,樟科林木以润楠属、樟属和木姜子属为主,常见树种多为阳生性先锋树种,如豺皮樟(Litsea rotundifolia)、山苍子(L. cubeba)、潺槁树(L. glutinosa)等,以及中性长寿树种黄樟(Cinnamomum porrectum)和浙江润楠(Machilus chekiangensis),其他树种均为零星分布.浙江润楠、黄樟、山苍子、豺皮樟等种类海拔区间分布较宽,各样地几乎都有分布,而潺槁树明显更多地集中分布在中低海拔的山地中;(2)属国家重点保护野生植物的仅有樟树(C. camphora )1种,属我国栽培的常绿硬木类珍贵树种有黄樟、浙江润楠和樟树3种;(3)樟科林木种数与群落所有林木植株数量、群落丰富度及香侬韦纳多样性指数均存在正相关关系;(4)樟科林木的植株密度与海拔显著相关,高海拔森林群落中明显比低海拔地区的大;(5)樟科林木胸高断面积与海拔、樟科林木植株数量及优势种种类等相关性显著;(6)浙江润楠具有集群分布、且树木径级较大等特点,且其海拔分布区间较宽,其木材资源在东莞市天然森林里占有重要的地位.     

泰安市城市森林结构与气体调节效益分析

城市森林结构是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,并且在城市生态平衡中起着重要作用。采用样方调查方法对泰安市的主要道路、高校和公园的树木进行了调查,分析了泰安不同土地利用类型的树木分布情况;同时对每个调查区树木的种类组成结构、胸径分布、树高分布、冠幅分布和树木在碳氧平衡方面的生态经济价值等反应城市森林结构特征的各类指标进行了分析。       

济南市主要公园乔木树种结构及动态

采用抽样调查的方法,对济南市的6个主要公园黄河森林公园、千佛山公园、环城公园、大明湖公园、五龙潭公园、趵突泉公园的树木进行调查。通过树种数、树种丰富度、树种多样性、树种均匀度4个指标对济南市各公园的树种组成结构进行分析,同时通过上述6个公园的树木总数、树木种类和胸径分布关系对公园树木结构特征进行分析。结果表明,大明湖公园的树种数最多,趵突泉公园的树种丰富度最大,千佛山公园的树种丰富程度最高,黄河森林公园树种最均匀。国槐(Sophora japonica)出现比例最高,占全部树木的10.69%。前20位树种总数占全部树木的75.06%,树木的数量构成具有明显的聚集性,出现少数树种主导整个群落的现象。从树木株数随胸径的分布看,同天然林存在差异,表现为近似的抛物线状。从不同胸径等级树种数分布上看,小径级的树种数多,大径级的树种数少,反映出济南市城市公园树种丰富度不断增加的趋势。       

Relationship between fallow period,forest vegetation and weeds in swidden agriculture in northern Laos

Weed suppression is an important reason for fallowing in swidden systems. Recently, in Laos, an increase in weeds and resulting increase in labor input has become a problem; however, causal factors influencing weed growth and weeding labor other than fallow period have yet to be fully examined. Therefore, an experimental research on swidden weeds, combining a forest survey and interviews with local farmers, was conducted in a mountain village in northern Laos where swidden agriculture is practiced as a major means of livelihood. Weed amount, weed composition and time required for weeding were found to be more influenced by fallow vegetation than fallow period. Bushy vegetation in a short fallow field was shown to lead to abundance of herbaceous weeds, resulting in higher labor input. There was a possibility that increases in some bamboo species were a cause of recent weed increases. Based on the results, we suggest that maintaining a minimum fallow period of forest fallowing, with fallow management to suppress bamboo and promote tree growth may be effective in reducing labor input in swidden agriculture.     

Effects of Different Management Practices on Stand Composition and Species Diversity in Subtropical Forests in Nepal: Implications of Community Participation in Biodiversity Conservation

In this article, we compared the structure, composition, and diversity of trees, shrubs and saplings, seedlings and herbaceous species of community- and government-managed forests in the lowlands of eastern Nepal. Results suggest that among the trees, the community forest was dominated by a single species, Shorea robusta. However, Shorea robusta and Terminalia myriocarpa were codominant in the government forest. Tree density and basal area were higher in the government forest, but shrub/sapling density and basal area were higher in the community forest, suggesting a positive effect of community management on tree regeneration. Overstory species assemblages showed an obvious compositional difference between the forests, but understory species assemblages were less obvious. Plot-level tree and shrub/sapling species richness was higher in the government forest than the community forest. However, seedling-herbaceous species richness was higher in the community forest. The dominance of Shorea robusta trees in the community forest suggests that people involved in managing forests may be more interested in a limited number of economically valuable species while removing less important trees. Such preferential management practices may increase resource heterogeneity within a forest and maintain species diversity in the understory. Thus, community participation in forest management should be encouraged, with guided management techniques and exercises, to achieve maximum forest recovery, provide sustainable ecosystem services, and maintain forest diversity.     

景观林带树种选择与配置研究* —— 以惠州市为例

以广东省惠州市4个区/县绿化景观林带为调查对象,选取5种生境中共19种景观林带树种进行7次周期性样方调查,结果表明：水田洼地生境的景观林带树种胸径、树高增长系数值相对较高,分别在0.23～0.97和0.16～0.47之间。水田洼地美丽异木棉（Chorisia speciosa）树高生长显著优于沿海荒地生境和宜林荒地生境（P <0.05）;凤凰木（Delonix regia）在宜林荒地生境胸径生长显著优于碎石荒山生境和难造林坡地生境（P <0.05）;红花羊蹄甲（Bauhinia blakeana）在水田洼地生境中胸径生长优于碎石荒山生境、难造林坡地生境和沿海荒地生境,黄槐（Cassia surattensis）在碎石荒山生境中胸径生长显著低于难造林坡地生境和沿海荒地生境（P <0.05）。树种成活率最高值和最低值分别出现在水田洼地生境和碎石荒山生境,海滨木槿（Hibiscus hamabo）、红花羊蹄甲、麻楝（Chukrasia tabularis）、美丽异木棉、秋枫（Bischoifa javanica）、桃花心木（Swietenia mahagoni）在水田洼地生境成活率都为100%,而幌伞枫（Heteropanax fragrans）在宜林荒地生境成活率为15%。关联性聚类分析显示19个树种主要聚为两大分支,其中成活率和相关系数值较高的树种在聚类图中聚为一类。结合调查数据统计和分析,提出5种生境条件下景观林树种最佳配置模式。     

Structural and compositional controls on transpiration in 40- and 450-year-old riparian forests in western Oregon, USA

Large areas of forests in the Pacific Northwest are being transformed to younger forests, yet little is known about the impact this may have on hydrological cycles. Previous work suggests that old trees use less water per unit leaf area or sapwood area than young mature trees of the same species in similar environments. Do old forests, therefore, use less water than young mature forests in similar environments, or are there other structural or compositional components in the forests that compensate for tree-level differences? We investigated the impacts of tree age, species composition and sapwood basal area on stand-level transpiration in adjacent watersheds at the H.J. Andrews Forest in the western Cascades of Oregon, one containing a young, mature (about 40 years since disturbance) conifer forest and the other an old growth (about 450 years since disturbance) forest. Sap flow measurements were used to evaluate the degree to which differences in age and species composition affect water use. Stand sapwood basal area was evaluated based on a vegetation survey for species, basal area and sapwood basal area in the riparian area of two watersheds. A simple scaling exercise derived from estimated differences in water use as a result of differences in age, species composition and stand sapwood area was used to estimate transpiration from late June through October within the entire riparian area of these watersheds. Transpiration was higher in the young stand because of greater sap flux density (sap flow per unit sapwood area) by age class and species, and greater total stand sapwood area. During the measurement period, mean daily sap flux density was 2.30 times higher in young compared with old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. Sap flux density was 1.41 times higher in young red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) compared with young P. menziesii trees, and was 1.45 times higher in old P. menziesii compared with old western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees. Overall, sapwood basal area was 21% higher in the young stand than in the old stand. In the old forest, T. heterophylla is an important co-dominant, accounting for 58% of total sapwood basal area, whereas P. menziesii is the only dominant conifer in the young stand. Angiosperms accounted for 36% of total sapwood basal area in the young stand, but only 7% in the old stand. For all factors combined, we estimated 3.27 times more water use by vegetation in the riparian area of the young stand over the measurement period. Tree age had the greatest effect on stand differences in water use, followed by differences in sapwood basal area, and finally species composition. The large differences in transpiration provide further evidence that forest management alters site water balance via elevated transpiration in vigorous young stands.     

Evaluating the potential of sentinel-2, landsat-8, and irs satellite images in tree species classification of hyrcanian forest of iran using random forest

ABSTRACT

Spatially explicit information on tree species composition of any forest provides valuable information to forest managers as well as to nature conservationists. In this study, the potential of three spaceborne sensors: (1) Landsat-8, (2) Sentinel-2, and (3) IRS-Pansharpened were compared by applying Random Forest (RF) classification algorithms to classify the three most common tree species: Pinus taeda, Alnus spp., and Populus spp., in Hyrcanian forest of Iran. Three RF models with optimized parameters of mtry and ntree were used for the classification of trees species. Based on our Overall Accuracy (OA) and Kappa Coefficient (KC) analysis, IRS-Pansharpened data showed the highest accuracy (OA = 84.9% and KC = 79.7%), followed by Landsat-8 (OA = 78.2% and KC = 70.6%), and Sentinel-2 (OA = 77% and KC = 70%). According to the Mean Decrease in Accuracy (MDA) criterion delivered as an output of RF, the near-IR spectral band was found on the top rank (high variable importance) as compared to all other spectral bands for tree species classification. The findings of this study can be used by the researcher, forest managers, economists and policy and decision makers in the context of sustainable forest management of Hyrcanian forest resources.     

森林抚育对林内野生动物影响的研究进展*

野生动物是森林的重要组成部分之一，森林抚育会引起森林结构的变化．而森林结构决定森林野生动物曲种类、数量和分布。文中综述了目前该领域的研究进展状况．指出森林的组成、年龄、林分密度、树体的大小、抚育强度、机器噪音及林下层是影响野生动物生存与发展的主要因子．同时也提出了该领域需要解决的问题。     

小陇山不同灌木林地改造模式林分树种多样性研究

生物多样性研究已经成为生态学研究的热点,而维持物种多样性是目前森林经营研究的一个主要内容。本文运用点抽样方法研究了甘肃小陇山5种不同的灌木林地改造模式的树种多样性。结果表明:带状割灌改造模式林分的树种较全面清理割灌模式丰富,Shannon-Wiener指数与Margalef指数较高,林分的树种多样性较高,林分内各树种分配较为均匀,带状割灌改造更有利于提高林分的树种多样性;在3种全面清理割灌改造模式中,改造日本落叶松模式虽然树种数与其它2种相同,但林分内树种分配均匀性差,集中性高。不同的改造模式对林分树种多样性的影响不同,这对提高和保持改造林分的物种多样性具有一定借鉴意义。     

甘肃省白龙江与洮河林区野生食果资源研究

为了更好地反映甘肃省白龙江、洮河林区野生食果资源情况,为开发利用提供原始资料,就该林区野生食果资源现状进行了多年的调查研究,结果表明:该林区共有野生果树52科、82属、260种;其中木本植物235种,约占总种数的90.38%,草本植物25种,约占总种数的9.62%;分布广泛和较广泛的种类约占总种数的80.77%;果实类型以浆果、核果和坚果为主;其地理分布类型共有10个,以北温带分布为主。还介绍了野生果树在6个不同景观带的分布情况;简述了主要野生果树在民间的利用方式,并提出了具体的保护和利用建议。     

Trees on farms in Bangladesh: 5. Growth of top- and root-pruned trees in wetland rice fields and yields of understory crops

Growth of trees and seasonal yields of understory crops were measured over a 5-year period for 4 crops grown under 17 tree species at 8 × 8 m spacing in wetland rice fields. All tree species grew well in rice fields, at rates comparable to their growth in forest plantations. Top and root pruning reduced average tree girths by up to 19% and average tree volumes by up to 41%, depending on intensity of pruning. The crops monitored were Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Corchorus olotorius, and Lens culinaris. Crop yields under the trees averaged 93% of the corresponding yields outside the tree canopy. The most important factor affecting the yields of undercrops was tree size (height and/or girth). Differences among tree species and the interaction with species of undercrops were not significant after controlling for tree size. Pruning of roots and branches significantly improved crop yields under trees by amounts proportional to the intensity of root or top pruning. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Changing patterns in insect pests on trees in The Netherlands since 1946 in relation to human induced habitat changes and climate factors—An analysis of historical data

In The Netherlands, insect pests on trees and shrubs are being monitored continuously since 1946. During these years, almost all insect pest populations showed marked changes, which may be the result of changes in forest management, shifts in forest composition, climate change and the arrival of new pests from the Mediterranean region or from other continents. In order to generate hypothesis about possible relationships between species ecology and environmental factors, we have analyzed 61 years of population development of the 98 most abundant species in the database while paying attention to life history traits and preferred host plants. The 22 species with infestations lasting a few years only were excluded from the analysis. Of the remaining 76 species, 18 were present over the entire observation period of 61 years. Of the other species, 27 showed a decline and 31 showed an increase. On coniferous trees most species showed decreasing populations. Increasing populations were found most on deciduous trees. Not directly climate-related factors such as changes in forest age, tree composition and forest management were identified as the most important causes for the fluctuations in pest insect populations. Climate change is a possible driver of the population increase in Thaumetopoea processionea, Haematoloma dorsatum and of the population decrease in Euproctis chrysorrhoea. The recently increasing exotic species Eupulvinaria hydrangeae and Pulvinaria regalis were exclusively found on trees in cities, presumably in relation to the higher temperatures of the urban habitat.     

Exploring adaptation to climate change in the forests of central Nova Scotia, Canada

The threat of climate change is now recognized as an imminent issue at the forefront of the forest sector. Incorporating adaptation to climate change into forest management will be vital in the continual and sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to investigate climate change adaptation in forest management using the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II. The study area was comprised of 14,000 ha of forested watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada, managed by Halifax Water, the municipal water utility. Simulated climate change adaptation was directed towards three components of timber harvesting: the canopy-opening size of harvests, the age of harvested trees within a stand, and the species composition of harvested trees within a stand. These three adaptation treatments were simulated singly and in combination with each other in the modeling experiment. The timber supply was found to benefit from climate change in the absence of any adaptation treatment, though there was a loss of target tree species and old growth forest. In the age treatment, all trees in a harvested stand at or below the age of sexual maturity were exempt from harvesting. This was done to promote more-rapid succession to climax forest communities typical of the study area. It was the most effective in maintaining the timber supply, but least effective in promoting resistance to climate change at the prescribed harvest intensity. In the composition treatment, individual tree species were selected for harvest based on their response to climate change in previous research and on management values at Halifax Water to progressively facilitate forest transition under the altered climate. This proved the most effective treatment for maximizing forest age and old-growth area and for promoting stands composed of climatically suited target species. The size treatment was aimed towards building stand complexity and resilience to climate change, and was the most influential treatment on the response of timber supply, forest age, and forest composition to timber harvest when it was combined with other treatments. The combination of all three adaptation treatments yielded an adequate representation of target species and old forest without overly diminishing the timber supply, and was therefore the most effective in minimizing the trade-offs between management values and objectives. These findings support a diverse and multi-faceted approach to climate change adaptation.     

Secondary forest floristic composition, structure, and spatial pattern in subtropical China

Secondary evergreen broadleaved forests are precious remnants for biodiversity conservation and templates for sustainable management of natural forests in subtropical China. Floristic composition, size structure, and spatial pattern of dominant tree species have been investigated for a subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in the Huitong Yingzuijie National Forest Reserve, Hunan, China. The location of all trees greater than 4 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) were mapped within a 0.96-ha plot in which species, DBH, and total tree height were recorded. Ripley’s K(t) function was used to analyze spatial patterns and associations. The secondary forest consisted of 74 tree species and 1,596 stems per hectare. A reverse-J shaped DBH classes distribution was observed for all stems and trees of later seral species whereas trees of earlier successional species were distributed irregularly. Significant aggregated spatial patterns were observed for all trees within the forest and for conspecific trees of each dominant species. This result, and a repulsive spatial pattern for interspecific trees of Choerospondias axillaries and Cyclobalanopsis glauca against other dominant tree species, support segregation hypothesis. Contributions of seed dispersal, topographic heterogeneity, and competition to spatial patterns of conspecific trees vary depending on tree species. Attractive spatial pattern among interspecific trees of Liquidambar fortunei, Liquidambar formosana, and Pinus massoniana reflects stochastic colonization of pioneer tree species and a facilitation relationship. Although deciduous species are long-lived and persist over long successional processes, they will eventually be replaced by late seral evergreen species within the secondary forest if no disturbance events occur.     

Compositional and structural differences in two laurel forest stands (windward and leeward) on Tenerife, Canary Islands

The laurel forest of Anaga is the most emblematic community of the Canarian Archipelago. Restoration programs are being developed to increase laurel forest area on the island of Tenerife. Structural and spatial characteristics determine many aspects of the community, including regeneration patterns, disturbance level, stand history. In spite of the importance of this information for restoration, few quantitative studies have been conducted on laurel forest dynamics. We analyzed two stands of the Anaga laurel forest of different aspect. The main difference between the two sites was the wind exposure, one leeward and the other windward. Regeneration, spatial distribution of regeneration, tree species composition, asexual regeneration and environmental parameters were analyzed in three 50 × 50 m plots at each site. Both sites differ in important aspects such as species richness, species composition, asexual regeneration and dead tree composition, while they are not different in basal area, density, density of regeneration and density of dead trees. Both sites have had similar management in the last century. Asexual regeneration is able to maintain the present species composition, while sexual regeneration is able to offer future changes in the canopy composition. Regeneration strategies and the effect of some environmental characteristics should be considered in restoration programs.     

Bird and Plant Diversity in Tropical Landscape Mosaics in East Usambaras, Tanzania

The role of land uses outside protected areas in conserving tropical biodiversity remains poorly understood and contested. This paper summarizes the results of plant and bird surveys conducted in three rural landscapes in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, covering a gradient from Village forest reserves to tree-based and other agricultural land uses. The species richness and occurrence of conservationally important species across the land uses were analyzed. Twelve plots of 0.2 ha, stratified among land use types, were established to survey the large trees, with sub-plots of 1 × 40 m for tree saplings, shrubs and non-woody plants, and 5 × 40 m plots for small trees. Avian richness was measured in the same sites as the plants through mist netting and timed species counts. The village forests had higher plant species richness and more conservationally important plant species compared to other land uses. Agroforest and fallows supported a relatively high number of plant species, but the species composition was largely different to the adjacent village forests. Bird species of conservation importance were recorded across all land uses. Village forest reserves and some of the tree-based agricultural land uses were found to contribute to biodiversity conservation goals in tropical landscape mosaics. There is a need to better integrate them, and address their multiple functions, in village land-use planning and conservation efforts at the landscape level.     

龙王山区落叶阔叶林林分结构特征研究

为全面掌握龙王山自然保护区落叶阔叶林的林分结构特征,设置了3个100m×100m样地,对其中的6个30m×30m样方,进行群落和林分调查。经统计分析,结果表明龙王山落叶阔叶林中树种种类多,优势树种为小叶白辛树和锐齿槲栎,林分树种组成具有一定的复杂性和多样性。林分株数密度平均为1511株/hm2,林分样地间差异不明显。胸径分布呈典型的倒"J"型;树高主要集中在4-9m的树高级,分布则呈偏左的正态分布。林分结构总体上具有多树种复层异龄的基本特征,具有良好的生物多样性保护和植物种质资源保存作用。