The objective of this study was to compare the modulatory effect of garlic oil and its three organosulfur compounds, diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), and diallyl trisulfide (DATS), on rat hepatic detoxification enzyme activity, and protein and mRNA expression. Rats were orally administered garlic oil (80 or 200 mg/kg bw), DAS (20 or 80 mg/kg bw), DADS (80 mg/kg bw), or DATS (70 mg/kg bw) three times a week for 6 weeks. Control rats received corn oil. According to the results, garlic oil and DAS in dosages of 200 and 80 mg/kg bw, respectively, significantly increased pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) activity as compared with the that of the control rats (P < 0.05). In contrast, N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase activity in rats that received DADS and DATS was significantly lower than that in the control rats (P < 0.05). Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and erythromycin demethylase activities were not influenced by garlic oil, DAS, DADS, or DATS. To the phase II enzyme, garlic oil, DADS, and DATS significantly increased the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity toward ethacrynic aicd (P < 0.05). Immunoblot assay showed that the protein contents of cytochrome P450 1A1, 2B1, and 3A1 were increased by garlic oil and each of three allyl sulfides, and the change among the allyl sulfides was in the order of DAS > DADS > DATS. The placental form of GST (PGST) level was also increased by garlic oil and the three allyl sulfides, but the increase among the allyl sulfides was DATS congruent with DADS > DAS. P450 2E1, however, was suppressed by each garlic component. Northern blot results indicated that the changes in P450 1A1, 2B1, 3A1, and PGST mRNA levels by garlic components were similar to those noted in the protein levels. These results indicate that the modulatory effect of garlic oil on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes can be attributed to its three major allyl sulfide components DAS, DADS, and DATS. These three allyl sulfides vary in modulatory activity, and this variation is related to the number of sulfur atoms in the molecule. 相似文献
Garlic ( Allium sativum ) possesses anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated the effects of garlic oil on endotoxin-induced neutrophil infiltration in the small intestine. Wistar rats received by gavage 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg body wt garlic oil (GO) or the vehicle (corn oil; 2 mL/kg body wt) every other day for 2 weeks before being injected with endotoxin (ip, 5 mg/kg body wt). Control rats were administered corn oil and injected with sterile saline. Blood samples for the measurement of soluble adhesion molecules were collected at various time points after injection, and all other samples were collected 18 h after injection. The 10 and 50 mg/kg doses suppressed endotoxin-induced neutrophilia, serum levels of sL-selectin and sICAM-1, cellular CD11b on neutrophils, intestinal ICAM-1 content, and neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.05). The 100 mg/kg dose significantly lowered local ICAM-1 and cellular CD11b on neutrophils (P < 0.05) but did not have a beneficial effect on neutrophil infiltration. In addition, 100 mg/kg of GO worsened the elevation of the local TNF-α level and neutrophilia. Appropriate doses of garlic oil have a preventive effect on endotoxin-induced neutrophil infiltration and damage to the small intestine. 相似文献
Effects of the application of oil marinades with garlic, onion, and lemon juice on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in fried beef patties were investigated. Two different statistical design models were used. In the screening experiment, a significant inhibition of formation of MeIQx was determined only by addition of garlic (p < 0.05). When the amount of garlic was changed from 2 to 20 g/100 g of marinade, the estimated MeIQx content in patties was reduced about 70%. MeIQx (0.38-1.22 ng/g), 4,8-DiMeIQx (n.d.-0.45 ng/g), PhIP (n.d.-0.09 ng/g), norharman (0.76-13.5 ng/g), and harman (2.9-21.5 ng/g) were found in fried patties. The results of two-level and three-level fractional factorial design experiments confirmed the first investigation. They showed a stronger reduction in MeIQx in patties with the addition of increasing amounts of garlic (p < 0.01) and onion (p < 0.05) in marinades. A higher content of lemon juice in marinades led to only a marginal reduction in MeIQx (p > 0.05). The optimum amounts of onion, garlic, and lemon juice that achieved a maximum reduction of HAAs were calculated as 31.2%, 28.6%, and 14.6% in marinade. 相似文献
Cycloalliin, an organosulfur compound found in garlic and onion, has been reported to exert several biological activities and also to remain stable during storage and processing. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of cycloalliin in rats after intravenous or oral administration. Cycloalliin and its metabolite, (3R,5S)-5-methyl-1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid, in plasma, urine, feces, and organs was determined by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. When administered intravenously at 50 mg/kg, cycloalliin was rapidly eliminated from blood and excreted into urine, and its total recovery in urine was 97.8% +/- 1.3% in 48 h. After oral administration, cycloalliin appeared rapidly in plasma, with a tmax of 0.47 +/- 0.03 h at 25 mg/kg and 0.67 +/- 0.14 h at 50 mg/kg. Orally administered cycloalliin was distributed in heart, lung, liver, spleen, and especially kidney. The Cmax and AUC0-inf values of cycloalliin at 50 mg/kg were approximately 5 times those at 25 mg/kg. When administered orally at 50 mg/kg, cycloalliin was excreted into urine (17.6% +/- 4.2%) but not feces. However, the total fecal excretion of (3R,5S)-5-methyl-1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid was 67.3% +/- 5.9% (value corrected for cycloalliin equivalents). In addition, no (3R,5S)-5-methyl-1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid was detected in plasma (<0.1 microg/mL), and negligible amounts (1.0% +/- 0.3%) were excreted into urine. In in vitro experiments, cycloalliin was reduced to (3R,5S)-5-methyl-1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid during anaerobic incubation with cecal contents of rats. These data indicated that the low bioavailability (3.73% and 9.65% at 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively) of cycloalliin was due mainly to reduction to (3R,5S)-5-methyl-1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid by the intestinal flora and also poor absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These findings are helpful for understanding the biological effects of cycloalliin. 相似文献
In support of a new clinical trial designed to compare the effects of crushed fresh garlic and two types of garlic supplement tablets (enteric-coated dried fresh garlic and dried aged garlic extract) on serum lipids, the three garlic products have been characterized for (a) composition (14 sulfur and 2 non-sulfur compounds), (b) stability of suspected active compounds, and (c) availability of allyl thiosulfinates (mainly allicin) under both simulated gastrointestinal (tablet dissolution) conditions and in vivo. The allyl thiosulfinates of blended fresh garlic were stable for at least 2 years when stored at -80 degrees C. The dissolution release of thiosulfinates from the enteric-coated garlic tablets was found to be >95%. The bioavailability of allyl thiosulfinates from these tablets, measured as breath allyl methyl sulfide, was found to be complete and equivalent to that of crushed fresh garlic. S-Allylcysteine was stable for 12 months at ambient temperature. The stability of the suspected active compounds under the conditions of the study and the bioavailability of allyl thiosulfinates from the dried garlic supplement have validated the use of these preparations for comparison in a clinical trial. 相似文献
A stable isotope dilution assay was developed for the quantitation of the potent onion odorant 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol (1) using mass chromatography and synthesized [(2)H(2)]-3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol as the internal standard. Application of the newly developed method on onions from different origins revealed amounts between 8 and 32 microg/kg in raw onions, whereas 34-246 microg was found in sliced, stored (50 min), and then cooked onions. In extracts prepared by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction the highest concentrations of 1 were formed, amounting to >1200 microg/kg. The much higher content of 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol in cooked onions suggested its formation from specific, yet unkown, precursors enzymatically formed during cutting of raw onions. 1 was for the first time identified and also quantified in other Allium species such as chives, scallions, and leek, whereas surprisingly garlic and bear's garlic did not contain the aroma compound. 相似文献
The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats. 相似文献
In most cases, fluorine, boron, selenium, and arsenic pollution deteriorates the ecological-biological properties of ordinary chernozems: the number of saprotrophic bacteria (especially those of the Azotobacter genus) that of fungi, and the enzymatic activity decreases, while the phytotoxicity becomes higher, etc. The consequences of this pollution are related to the nature of the element, its concentration in the soil, the chemical form of the compound, and the time period from the moment of pollution. The elements studied form the following sequences according to their effect on the properties of an ordinary chernozem: B > Se > As > F (when the maximum permissible concentration (MPS) of these elements was accepted as the unit of measure) and Se > As > B > F (when the units of measurement were mg/kg or mmol/kg of soil). 相似文献
A comprehensive study was conducted to investigate the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Dongjiang River Basin (DRB) soils and to evaluate their sources and ecological and health risk. In addition, factors affecting the distribution and fate of PAHs in the soils such as emission density, soil organic matter, degradation, etc. were studied.
Materials and methods
Surface soil (0–20 cm) samples from 30 sampling sites in the rural areas of DRB were collected and analyzed for 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 EPA priority PAHs and perylene). Positive matrix factorization model was used to investigate the source apportionment of these PAHs, and an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was used to estimate the integrated lifetime risks of exposure to soil-borne PAHs through direct ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation collectively.
Results and discussion
The total PAH concentrations in the rural soils in DRB range from 23.5 to 231 μg/kg with a mean concentration of 116 μg/kg. The predominant PAHs in the rural soils were naphthalene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene. Cluster analysis was performed to classify the soil PAHs into three clusters, which could be indicative of the soil PAHs with different origins and different properties. Source apportionment results showed that coal, biomass, oil, commercial creosotes, and vehicle contributed 24 %, 24 %, 17 %, 17 %, and 18 % of the total soil PAH burden, respectively. The ILCR results indicated that exposure to these soil-borne PAHs through direct ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation collectively produces some risk.
Conclusions
PAHs in the soils of the DRB will produce long-term influences on rivers and oceans via soil erosion and river transport. Therefore, PAHs in rural soils of DRB have potential impacts on the water supply and human health risk. 相似文献
Artificial sweeteners are food additives widely used, mainly in reduced sugar or sugar-free foods and beverages. Acesulfame potassium (ACE-K) and sodium saccharin (SAC) are among the most widely consumed sweeteners worldwide. These compounds when ingested are not metabolized by the body, being excreted unchanged. They arrive at treatment plants, where they are partially degraded and consequently released directly into water bodies. For this reason, artificial sweeteners have been detected in the most diverse aquatic environments, being recognized as emerging contaminants. In this work, aqueous solutions of ACE-K and SAC, submitted to heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV-A) for 60 min, showed degradations of more than 99% and maximum mineralization of 57% for ACE-K and 49% for SAC. The effects of certain variables were evaluated, with pH having a greater influence on the degradation of acesulfame and the mass of semiconductor on that of saccharin. The degradation of ACE-K and SAC followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. Assays using Artemia salina as the test organism demonstrated the low toxicity of the photocatalyzed solutions of ACE-K and SAC. The contribution of different reactive species to the photocatalysis was investigated using specific radical inhibitors; the results indicate that singlet oxygen (1O2) has a fundamental role in the photocatalytic degradation of ACE-K and SAC.
Sorption and precipitation of phosphate are important processes in controlling fate of phosphorus (P) in P-fertilized soils, especially those affected by magnesium (Mg) ions.
Materials and methods
The interaction between Mg(II) (0.42 and 8.33 mM) ions and phosphate (0.32 and 6.45 mM) at the calcite–water interface were investigated with various pH values from 6.0 to 12.0, using a combination of sorption envelopes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
Results and discussion
Amorphous calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, and hydroxyapatite are formed at high phosphate concentration (6.45 mM) and high pH (>8.0). The presence of low Mg(II) ion level (0.42 mM) had little effect on phosphate sorption. When Mg(II) ions increased to 8.33 mM, phosphate retention was inhibited in the weak acid condition since incorporation of Mg(II) ions kinetically hinders precipitation resulting in greater solubility of calcium phosphate while high pH favors Mg adsorption to provide more =Mg sites and OH functional groups on the surface of calcite, which enhanced the formation of Mg–P phases. The likely mechanism is attributed to the different surface terminations of calcite sorbed by phosphate at pH?<?8.0 and pH?>?8.0 in the presence of Mg(II) ions.
Conclusions
Our experimental results suggested that soil pH, initial concentration of phosphate, and the presence of Mg(II) ions and calcite play an important role to affect the fate of phosphate in P-fertilized soils. 相似文献
Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), diallyl sulfide (DAS), and diallyl disulfide (DADS) are the three major organosulfur compounds (OSCs) in garlic oil. In contrast to DADS and DATS, evidence of an anti-inflammatory effect of DATS is limited. In this study compares the efficacy of DATS with those of DAS and DADS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages was suppressed by both DADS and DATS in a dose-dependent manner. At 100 muM, the nitrite levels of DADS- and DATS-treated cells were 57 and 34%, respectively, of cells treated with LPS alone. DAS, however, had no influence on NO production even at a concentration of 1 mM. Western blot and Northern blot assays showed that DADS and DATS but not DAS dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced iNOS protein and mRNA expression in a pattern similar to that noted for NO production. LPS-induced cellular peroxide production was significantly inhibited by DADS and DATS (P < 0.05) but not by DAS. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays further indicated that DADS and DATS effectively inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB induced by LPS. Taken together, these results indicate that the differential efficacy of three major OSCs of garlic oil on suppression of iNOS expression and NO production is related to the number of sulfur atoms and is in the order DATS > DADS > DAS. The inhibitory effect of DATS on LPS-induced iNOS expression is likely attributed to its antioxidant potential to inhibit NF-kappaB activation. 相似文献
The purpose of this study is to understand spatial and temporal variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) under rapid urbanization and support soil and environmental management.
Materials and methods
SOC data in 1979 and 2006, of 228 and 1,104 soil samples respectively, were collected from surface agricultural lands in Fuyang County, East of China. Land use data were also gathered at the same time.
Results and discussion
The mean SOC was 17.3 (±4.6) g/kg for the 1979 data and 18.5(±5.8) g/kg for 2006. There was a significant difference in SOC between the 2 years according to the t test result. Geostatistical analysis indicated that SOC had a moderate spatial correlation controlled by extrinsic anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution of SOC, derived from ordinary kriging, matched the distribution of industry and urbanization. Using a six-level SOC classification scheme (<3.5, 3.5–5.8, 5.8–11.6, 11.6–17.4, 17.4–23.2, and >23.2 g/kg) created by Zhejiang Province, approximately 15 % of soil had SOC increase from low to high levels from 1979 to 2006.
Conclusions
The main cause of SOC variation in the study area was land use change from agriculture to industrial or urbanized uses. The increasing SOC trend near most towns may be attributed to use of organic manure, urban wastes, sewage sludge, and chemical fertilizers on agricultural land. 相似文献
The aim of the research was to compare the effect of two types of organic sorbents—humic acid (HA) and biochar (BC)—in sorption-desorption processes of different polar pesticides, which residues are commonly present in arable soils and are potentially harmful for the environment. It also aims to advance the understanding of behavior of both ionizable and nonionizable pesticides in the presence of BC and HA in soils.
Materials and methods
Three different classes of pesticides were investigated: carbamates (carbaryl and carbofuran), phenoxyacetic acids (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)), and aniline derivatives (metolachlor). Investigated humic acid was extracted by Shnitzer’s method from topsoil horizon of arable Gleyic Phaeozem. Biochar was produced from wheat straw in gasification process at 550 °C, remaining 30 s in the reactor. To obtain the experimental goal structural properties of both sorbents were determined and sorption-desorption experiments conducted. To the investigated organic matter samples (HA or BC), 10 or 15 mg L?1 pesticide solutions in 10 mM CaCl2 were added and the mixtures were shaken for 24 h. Afterwards, the samples were centrifuged and supernatants analyzed by LC-MS/MS for the pesticide content. Analogous experiment was performed for desorption studies (samples refilled with 10 mM CaCl2).
Results and discussion
Humic acids exhibited strong affinity for the ionic substances, for which high-percentage uptake (74.6 and 67.9% initial dose of 2,4-D and MCPA, respectively) was obtained. Retention of nonionic carbamates on HA was much weaker (35.4% of carbofuran and 10.2% of carbaryl sorbed). Sorption of carbamates to BC was significantly reduced (76.4–84.3%) by the alkaline hydrolysis. Metolachlor was bound comparably strong both by HA (72.9%) and BC (70.2%), although different mechanisms governed its sorption. Noticeable desorption occurred only in the case of 2,4-D bound to HA (over 50%), whereas other studied compounds were released from HA within the range of 4.4–10.8% of the dose sorbed. Oppositely to HA, desorption of all studied pesticides from BC was completely inhibited, except for 2,4-D (3.7% desorbed).
Conclusions
Investigated humic acid has high affinity to polar, ionic pesticides of high water solubility, which are sorbed via specific interactions with HA functional groups. Studied biochar, due to its moderately hydrophobic character, preferentially attracts nonionic pesticides of relatively high logP values and low water solubility. Hydrophobic bonding is postulated as a main mechanism of their attraction to BC. Besides sorbent structural properties, pH is the main factor governing sorption equilibria in the studied mixtures.
Liming agricultural land is essential to optimise crop yield and soil nutrients. Despite the importance of pH management in agricultural soils, liming applications have been decreasing in the United Kingdom for decades. There is no comparison of contemporary and historical liming requirement (LR) methods for Northern European, temperate climate mineral soils high in organic matter (OM).
Aims
The aims of this research were to thoroughly comparatively analyse current methodologies and to ascertain which soil characteristics contribute to LR reactions.
Methods
Analysis compared methods for determining liming values common in the United Kingdom (Scottish Agricultural College [SAC] look-up chart, RothLime model), Europe and the United States (Shoemaker–McLean–Pratt, Sikora, Modified Mehlich buffers), and the 30-min calcium hydroxide titration developed by the University of Georgia.
Results
RothLime and SAC highly underestimated the LR value in acidic soils. The buffers highly over or underestimated LRs. The UGA titration method is a cheap, easy and accurate method which could be utilised for high OM soils but requires further calculation development. The characteristics most associated with soil–lime reactions in this experiment were measures of exchangeability (cation exchange capacity and loss on ignition, and by proxy, lime buffering capacity).
Conclusions
There is an opportunity to create buffer calculators and titration equations adapted to high OM soils. These are suggested for further development, through a larger diversity of UK soil types grouped by buffering capacity ranges. Including soil exchangeability factors in lime management calculations may contribute to more accurate values and therefore better resource management. Increasing LR accuracy for site-specific soil pH management, used in precision agriculture technologies, is a necessary tool for the conservation of natural resources like limestone, managing resource use efficiency, and for optimising yields. 相似文献
Abstract Potassium (K)‐release characteristics (PRC) of soil play a significant role in supplying available K. Information about PRC in the Hamadan soils is limited. The objective of this research was to study the PRC in nine soils from the Hamadan province by successive extraction with 0.01 M CaCl2 over a period of 2000 h. The correlation of kinetic equation rate constants with soil properties and garlic indices was also studied. The release of K was initially rapid. More than 60% of the total K released during the first 168 h. The amount of K released after 168 h varied among soils and ranged from 292.8 to 736.8 mg kg?1. The amount of K released after 2000 h was significantly correlated with K extracted by 1 M HNO3, 0.01 M CaCl2, and 0.1 M BaCl2, whereas it was not significantly correlated with other soil properties. Potassium‐release characteristics were evaluated using five kinetic equations. Statistical analysis showed that the Elovich equation described the K‐release kinetics. A plot of other equations shows a discontinuity in slope at 168 h. Thus, two equations were applied to segments of the total reaction time (2 to 168 and 168 to 2000 h). The release‐rate constants (slope) in segment 1 are higher than in segment 2. The release‐rate constant of the Elovich equation and the zero‐order equation in two segments were significantly correlated with 1 M HNO3, 0.01 M CaCl2, and 0.1 M BaCl2. Rate constants of the other equations were not significantly correlated with soil properties. The release‐rate constants of the Elovich equation and release‐rate constants of the zero‐order equation in two segments were significantly correlated with garlic indices. Rate constants of other equations were not significantly correlated with garlic indices. The results of this research showed that the Elovich and zero‐order equations can be used to describe K‐release characteristics. 相似文献
