不同经营模式毛竹混交林土壤肥力性状及其水文效应研究

通过对毛竹阔叶树混交林、毛竹杉木混交林及毛竹纯林等不同经营模式林分比较,结果表明：毛竹混交能改善土壤表层孔隙和通气状况,竹阔混交林土壤较毛竹纯林疏松,竹阔混交林比毛竹纯林有较大的持水能力;竹阔混交有利于维持土壤肥力,防止地力衰退;毛竹混交林地上部分具有较强的持水能力,总持水量以半天然竹杉混交林为最大,达5.3321t·hm^-2。     

竹阔混交林毛竹生产力与经营效益的研究

分析比较半荒芜天然竹阔混交林改造经营为竹阔混交林和毛竹纯林的生产力及效益。结果表明:合理经营竹阔混交林具有较高的生产力和显著的经济效益,毛竹的平均胸径、竹秆生物量分别比毛竹纯林提高9.6%和37.2%。平均每度产竹量、产笋量分别比毛竹纯林提高22.8%和17.6%,并能改善生态环境,维持土壤肥力,实现竹林的高产稳产。     

竹阔混交林林地土壤肥力的研究

本文通过对合理的竹阔混交林与毛竹纯林2种林型下土壤肥力的分析研究，结果表明：合理的竹阔混交林具有较强的培肥改土性能，土壤理化性质明显优于毛竹纯林，从而促进了竹林生长。竹阀混交林是一种具有较高生产力的竹类农用林业经营模式。     

竹阔混交林毛竹生产力与经营效益的研究

本文分析比较了半茺芜天然竹阔混交林改造经营为竹阔混交林和毛竹纯林的生产力及效益。结果表明：合理经营竹产少混交林具有较高的生产力和显著的经济效益。毛竹的平均胸径、竹秆生物量分别比毛竹纯林提高９．６％和３７．２％。平均每度产竹量、产笋量分别比毛竹纯林提高２２．８％和１７．６％,并能改善生态环境,维持土壤肥力,实现竹林的高产稳产。     

江西安福不同类型毛竹林土壤矿化态碳特征研究

对江西安福林区毛竹纯林、竹阔混交林、竹杉混交林3种不同类型毛竹林地土壤矿化态碳(MC)含量季节变化和剖面分布进行了研究,同时以杉木纯林为对照.结果表明:不同类型毛竹林MC含量差异较大,0~60 cm土层MC含量平均值大小排序为竹阔混交林(73.53 mg/kg)>毛竹纯林(59.07 mg/kg)>竹杉混交林(51.68 mg/kg)>杉木林(38.48 mg/kg);各林分类型MC含量存在明显的季节差异;各林分类型MC含量平均值随着土层加深而减少,0~40 cm土层间达到显著差异;毛竹林类型MC占土壤总有机碳(TOC)比率在0.42%~0.51%,高于杉木林的0.38%;毛竹纯林和竹阔混交林的MC与TOC相关系数分别为0.85和0.88,达到极显著水平.     

毛竹半天然混交林调查研究

本文着重调查研究毛竹 Phyllostachys pubescens 半天然混交林的生态条件、生长情况、结构和演替状况等问题。调查研究结果表明,竹阔混交林只要结构合理,就能提高林地土壤肥力、改善林内小气候、减少冰雪和病虫危害,提高毛竹林产量和质量。因此对大面积毛竹半天然混交林的经营、开发利用不宜一律强调改为纯林,应因林因地制宜,积极提倡混交林。     

毛竹工业用竹材林高效培育技术效果分析

为满足竹材加工企业对大径级、长枝下高、小尖削度优质原条竹不断增长的大量需求,实施了以立地条件选择、林分结构调控和林地土壤管理等为核心技术的毛竹工业用竹材林高效定向培育技术措施,通过3 a来3种类型示范基地竹林的技术效果调查分析,结果表明:林分结构显著改善,毛竹纯林、竹杉混交林、竹阔混交林立竹度、新竹平均胸径较对照分别增加41.2%、35.7%、38.6%,9.4%、11.3%、8.4%,立竹整齐度、均匀度分别达7以上和6以上;竹材质量显著提高,毛竹纯林、竹杉混交林、竹阔混交林立竹枝下高、全高、胸高壁厚分别较对照增大5.5%、6.2%、5.3%,6.2%、5.6%、10.2%,3.4%、11.1%、9.9%,尖削度值均为0.4以上,立竹尖削程度下降;技术增产效果显著,毛竹纯林、竹杉混交、竹阔混交林竹材、竹笋产量分别较对照增产82.6%、76.7%、47.7%,24.4%、22.2%、38.1%。     

福建省毛竹混交林竹林结构比较研究

通过对浦城县古楼乡毛竹阔叶树混交林、毛竹杉木混交林、毛竹杉木阔叶树混交林及毛竹纯林等4种不同经营模式林分比较,结果表明:混交林毛竹个体生物量、毛竹胸径和竹高较大,不同模式林分的胸径、竹高、冠幅等生长因子有显著差异;竹阔混交林较有利于竹鞭孕芽发笋;各模式竹林结构综合评判为一般经营竹林;竹林竹鞭长、鞭径、鞭节生长以竹阔比例为5∶5林分竹鞭较好。     

毛竹纯林与竹杉混交林竹材形态质量的比较研究

通过对毛竹杉木混交林、毛竹纯林5个竹材形态质量指标的比较研究,结果表明:竹杉混交林立竹平均胸径较毛竹纯林大5.0%;立竹全高、枝下高与立竹胸径呈正相关,竹杉混交林较毛竹纯林分别增加9.0%、8.7%,竹杉混交林对立竹全高、枝下高增大的贡献率小,分别为2.7%、3.1%;竹林经营类型对立竹胸高、竹壁厚度的影响较全高、枝下高大,竹杉混交林较毛竹纯林提高6.9%;尖梢度值与立竹径级不相关,与竹林经营类型密切相关,竹杉混交林显著大于毛竹纯林,增加幅度达20.9%。尖梢度值≥0.4的为竹材匀称竹林,<0.4的为竹材不匀称竹林。     

不同类型毛竹林植物物种多样性研究

通过对不同类型毛竹林植物物种多样性的研究,结果表明:毛竹林内物种是丰富的,但较大部分物种是脆弱的;乔木层植物物种多样性指数与林下木本植物物种多样性指数相关显著,与草本植物物种多样性指数相关不显著,乔木层物种多样性指数小于林下植物物种多样性指数;木本植物物种多样性指数,竹阔混交林＞竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林,粗放经营竹林＞中等集约经营竹林＞集约经营竹林;林下草本植物物种多样性指数,竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林＞竹阔混交林,中等集约经营竹林＞粗放经营竹林＞集约经营竹林;竹阔混交林向毛竹纯林转型时,林下木本植物部分丧失,而草本植物将可能增加,也可能减少.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.