犬髋关节发育异常的诊断

一、临床症状 犬髓关节发育异常的临床症状变化范围很大．从非常轻微的不适到严重的跛行。主要表现为：1．喜卧、不愿运动,特别不愿上下楼梯：2．躺下后起立费劲：3奔跑时呈现三脚跳;4．走路时臀部扭动剧烈：5．髋关节他动运动检查时疼痛：6触诊髋关节时异常敏感。     

犬髋关节发育异常的诊断进展

犬髋关节发育异常是最常见的矫形外科疾病 ,遗传力在 0 2～ 0 6之间。过去诊断主要靠临床经验和触诊 ,但准确率不高。本文主要介绍了主观髋关节打分法、Norberg角、股骨头被覆率、分离指数法、髋臼背缘等X—线摄像诊断方法 ,为本病快速准确诊断及种犬的选择提供了理论依据。     

犬髋关节发育异常的研究进展

犬髋关节发育异常是一种常发于4～10月龄大型品种幼犬,由遗传和其它因素所致的复合性进行性疾病。典型临床特征为疼痛,跛行,主要病理变化为髋臼变浅,股骨头变形,髋关节不同程度的松弛,不完全脱位或全脱位,甚至发展为严重的退行性关节炎。从首次发现本病至今,对本病的遗传特点、诊断方法标准和各种治疗手段都有大量的研究。作者综述了犬髋关节发育异常的发病因素,常用的诊断和防控措施,从而为全面认识本病,并进行深入研究提供参考。     

犬髋关节发育异常的诊疗

犬髋关节发育异常(CHD)是最常见的矫形外科疾病,几乎所有品种的犬都可能发生,特别是大型犬。据动物矫形外科基金会(OFA)估计其发病率为1.8%～48.1%。该病于20世纪30年代首次被报道,当时认为该病很少发生,命名为“双侧髋关节先天性不全脱位”。70年代Henricson把此病定义为幼年期髋关节不同程度的松弛、脱位、髋臼和股骨头不同程度变浅、变平、最后不可避免的导致骨关节炎。现在认为此病是在犬发育过程中,肌肉与骨骼的不同程度发育成熟,致使主要以肌肉组织固定的关节(如髋关节)不能保持稳定,使髋关节松弛,最终导致髋关节发育异常。1病因犬…     

手术治疗犬髋关节脱位

髋关节脱位为犬最常见的关节脱位,多因骨盆部受到间接暴力所引起。也常继发于犬髋关节发育不良。由髋关节发育不良引起的髋关节脱位,采用保守疗法时很难持久见效,临床上多采用手术疗法。本文作者曾用股骨头切除术治疗本病。报告如下。１病例情况及临诊检查房山区良乡某...     

犬髋关节发育异常及其抗病遗传的研究

犬髋关节发育异常是犬常见的遗传性进行性疾病,体型较大的犬种易发此病。犬髋关节发育异常具有独特的诊断指标和诊断方法。传统的治疗方法只能治标不治本,所以研究该病的抗病遗传特性,进一步实施抗病育种工作,才能从根本上消灭该遗传病。研究髋关节发育异常在某一犬种中的遗传力和遗传模式有助于饲养者选择成熟有效的选育模式,从而将发病率降到最低。研究犬髋关节发育异常的遗传学机制可以作为人类髋关节发育异常和髋关节炎的模型。     

犬髋关节发育不良的手术治疗进展

犬髋关节发育不良(canine hip dysplasia,CHD)是中大型犬上最常见的一种受多基因控制和环境因素影响的、遗传性的骨科疾病,该疾病不仅会给犬主带来经济上的损失和精神上的伤害,还使犬承受巨大的身体痛苦,导致工作犬丧失工作能力。自上世纪60年代手术方法用于该病的治疗以来,经过几十年的发展,技术日趋完善。本文根据国内外临床上的研究情况,系统地总结了CHD手术治疗的方法、适用症状、治疗效果和可能存在的并发症及医源性创伤,为使患犬得到更科学的治疗和术后恢复提供参考和依据。     

犬哈德氏腺增生的手术治疗

犬的哈德氏腺也称瞬膜或第三眼睑,是位于眼角内侧的小腺体。在犬外科疾病中犬哈德氏腺增生占有一定比例,尤以单侧眼发生较多。１　临床症状　患犬内眼角长出一浅红色或粉红色的肿物,随着病程延长,肿物颜色逐渐变深。病犬眼发痒、流泪,如不及时治疗,还可继发结膜炎、角膜炎等。患犬体温、呼吸、脉搏、食欲和精神状态变化不大。２　手术治疗　手术摘除是本病最有效的治疗方法。保定患犬用氯胺酮进行全身麻醉,按３～５ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重１次性肌注,待确实麻醉后,患犬侧卧保定,将０．１％肾上腺素３～４滴于增生哈德氏腺和内眼角上,用…     

Total hip arthroplasty for treatment of canine hip dysplasia.

Cemented THA is an established procedure for treating arthropathies of the hip in large, healthy mature dogs. CHD with secondary osteoarthritis is the most common indication. Although comparative studies between THA and excision arthroplasty have not been reported, our experience with both procedures and studies in the literature support THA as the best available treatment for crippling degenerative joint disease secondary to CHD in large, mature dogs. Negative aspects of the procedure include high cost, the potential of significant complications, and the sophisticated surgical technique required. Improvements in patient selection, design of implants, surgical technique, and postoperative care have decreased the incidence of complications and improved the success rate to over 90%. However, concerns in human applications about cement disease and the desire to increase the functional life of the prosthesis have renewed interest in cementless systems. Advantages of cementless THA are fixation via bony ingrowth and avoidance of problems associated with PMMA. Important technical aspects of cementless THA relate to optimal fit and fill so that the prosthesis is stable, bone ingrowth is promoted, and weight-bearing forces are transferred to the proximal femur physiologically. Problems recognized with cementless systems include fissure fracture, bone resorption, and excessive motion between the implant and bone. Currently, investigations are being conducted to develop prosthetic materials that more closely match the stiffness of bone, stem designs that provide optimal fit and maintain normal strain patterns in the bone, and coating materials that promote permanent fixation by bone ingrowth. Early clinical results in humans and research results in dogs have been encouraging but have not withstood the test of time. Results of cementless techniques must be compared to the standards set by cemented THA over the last 20 years in humans and the last 10 years in dogs.     

Pectineus tendon surgery for the management of canine hip dysplasia.

Pectineus tendonectomy is a useful procedure for relieving pain and rehabilitating the dysplastic dog in select cases. Relief of pain is believed to come from a combination of releasing tension on the hip joint capsule and providing a better loading contact surface on the articular cartilage owing to the increased abduction of the hind legs after surgery. Some pain relief also may come from the release of tension on the pectineus muscle. The modified procedure described in this article results in less seroma formation and less reattachment of the severed ends of the pectineus tendon of origin than the procedure originally described by the author.     

The pathogenesis of canine hip dysplasia.

Dogs with CHD are born with normal hips that subsequently undergo varying degrees of subluxation of the coxofemoral joint. Although the etiology of CHD is multifactorial, the pathogenesis or stages of change within the affected coxofemoral joint(s) are similar regardless of cause. With the onset of the disease, there are progressive structural changes including joint laxity and femoral head subluxation; swelling, stretching, fraying, and eventual rupture of the teres ligament; a shallow, flattened acetabulum, deformity of the head; erosion of articular cartilage, eburnation of subchondral bone, DJD; and periarticular osteophyte formation.     

The pathology of canine hip dysplasia.

Although the complete pathogenesis of cartilage damage in canine hip dysplasia has not been completely worked out, it appears that joint laxity with resultant excessive stresses upon articular cartilage is the initiating factor. Grossly, this damage is characterized by cartilage thinning with potential exposure of subchondral bone, osteophyte formation, and pannus formation. Microscopically, there is a marked variation in chondrocyte cellularity, with focal regions of hypocellularity and chondrocyte clusters and synovial lining cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy as well as a decrease in proteoglycan content. This latter change has been substantiated biomechanically. Ultrastructural studies indicate that there is extensive alteration of collagen organization within the cartilage.     

Influence of anaesthesia on canine hip dysplasia score

Hip dysplasia (HD) scores, based on the five grades, as defined by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, were compared between anaesthetized (group 1, n = 3839) and non-sedated non-anaesthetized dogs (group 2, n = 1517). Each dog was radiographed in the standard ventro-dorsal hip joint extended position. Each radiograph was evaluated by the same reader blinded regarding the dog's status of anaesthesia. Results showed that there was a significant difference in hip dysplasia prevalence between group 1 (22%) compared with group 2 (9%) (P < 0.005). This difference was the result of a lower rate of hip-joint laxity assessment and the measurement of Norberg-Olsson angle <105 degrees in group 2 compared with group 1. The acetabular and femoral morphologies were not significantly different between the groups. The data confirm that the scoring of dogs for HD on standard radiographs with the hip joints extended is influenced by anaesthesia.     

The role of nutrition in canine hip dysplasia.

The role of nutrition in canine hip dysplasia is a multifactorial as the disease itself. Large and giant breeds primarily are at risk for the disease. Rate of growth, feeding methods, feed consumption, specific nutrients, and electrolyte balances within the diet have all been shown to influence hip dysplasia. Known nutritional risk factors are rapid weight gain and excessive calcium supplementation. Nutritional factors with less secure roles in their influence on the disease process are vitamin C, protein, and carbohydrates. There exists a need to identify further and control the various nutritional factors in the diet that influence canine hip dysplasia.