华北平原海水灌溉对土壤性质和菊芋产量的影响

Irrigation with various dilutions of seawater can act as an alternate water resource and thus plays an important role in saving freshwater resources as well as promoting agriculture in the coastal semi-arid areas of the North China Plain. Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.） grown in a field experiment was irrigated with seawater diluted with freshwater from 2001 to 2003 to determine the feasibility of seawater irrigation in the Laizhou area. For treatments of CK （non-irrigation） along with seawater concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, total dissolved solid （TDS） in the non-irrigated soil significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） in both 2002 and 2003 and was 1.3 times higher in 2003 than in 2001. In the 25% and 50% seawater concentration treatments, TDS in 2001 was significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） than CK; however, TDS in these two treatments decreased by 34.9% and 40.1%, respectively, in 2003 compared with 2001. The sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） remained below 10 mmol^1/2 L^-1/2, indicating that alkalization was low with seawater irrigation. In 2001 and 2002, compared to CK and the irrigation treatment with 75% seawater, irrigation with 25% and 50% seawater increased the yields of Jerusalem .artichoke. This meant that Jerusalem artichoke could be safely grown in salt-affected land of Laizhou area with 25% and 50% seawater irrigation.     

Dynamics of Soil Moisture and Salt Content After Infiltration of Saline Ice Meltwater in Saline-Sodic Soil Columns

Saline ice meltwater can be used for irrigation and leaching of salts in salt-affected soil regions.A laboratory experiment was conducted using soil columns to investigate the redistribution of soil moisture, salt and sodium adsorption ratio(SAR) in saline-sodic soil under the infiltration of saline ice meltwater.Soils were treated using saline water of three irrigation volumes(1 600, 2 400 and 3 200 mL) at four salinity levels.These four salinity levels included salt free(0 g L~(-1)), low salinity level(1.4 g L~(-1)), moderate salinity level(2.7 g L~(-1)) and high salinity level(4.1 g L~(-1)).The prepared saline water was frozen into ice, and then the ice was put on the surface of soil columns.After 96 h, the infiltration rate and soil moisture content of saline ice treatments were greater than those of salt-free ice treatments, increasing with the increase of ice salinity.Infiltration of saline ice meltwater increased soil moisture content in the upper layers for all treatments.Both salt contents and SAR values in the upper soil layers decreased in all saline ice treatments and were lower than those in salt-free ice treatment.However, this trend was reversed in the deeper(below 20 cm) soil layers.The highest desalting rate and lowest SAR were observed in high-salinity treatment under three irrigation volumes in the 0–15 cm soil layer,especially under irrigation volume of 2 400 mL.These results indicate that saline ice(0–20 cm) meltwater irrigation is beneficial to saline-sodic soil reclamation, and the best improvement effect would be achieved when using high-salinity ice under optimal irrigation volume.     

利用作物水盐生产函数和土壤水盐动态模型制定咸水灌溉制度

Using a crop-water-salinity production function and a soil-water-salinity dynamic model, optimal irrigation scheduling was developed to maximize net return per irrigated area. Plot and field experiments were used to obtain the crop water sensitivity index, the salinity sensitivity index, and other parameters. Using data collected during 35 years to calculate the 10-day mean precipitation and evaporation, the variation in soil salinity concentrations and in the yields of winter wheat and cotton were simulated for 49 irrigation scheduling that were combined from 7 irrigation schemes over 3 irrigation dates and 7 salinity concentrations of saline irrigation water （fresh water and 6 levels of saline water）. Comparison of predicted results with irrigation data obtained from a large area of the field showed that the model was valid and reliable. Based on the analysis of the investment cost of the irrigation that employed deep tube wells or shallow tube wells, a saline water irrigation schedule and a corresponding strategy for groundwater development and utilization were proposed. For wheat or cotton, if the salinity concentration was higher than 7.0 g L^-1 in groundwater, irrigation was needed with only fresh water; if about 5.0 g L^-1, irrigation was required twice with fresh water and once with saline water; and if not higher than 3.0 g L^-1, irrigation could be solely with saline water.     

镉在两种菊芋品种中的吸收与转移特性研究

Jerusalem artichoke(Helianthus tuberosus L.) not just can be used for bioethanol production but may be potentially used in phytoremediation for the removal of heavy metal pollutants.Two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars,N2 and N5,were subjected to six cadmium(Cd) concentrations(0,5,25,50,100 and 200 mg L1) to investigate Cd tolerance and accumulation.After 21 days of growth,the effects of Cd on growth,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO2 concentration and malondialdehyde content were evaluated.Most growth parameters were reduced under Cd stress.The two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars had relatively high Cd tolerance and accumulation capacity(> 100 mg kg1),with N5 being more tolerant and having higher Cd accumulation than N2.Roots accumulated more Cd than stems and leaves.The bioconcentration factors(far higher than 1) and translocation factors(lower than 1) decreased with an increase in Cd applied.The results suggested that Jerusalem artichoke could be grown at relatively high Cd loads,and N5 could be an excellent candidate for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

渗灌对番茄根系生长发育的影响

Four depth treatments of subsurface drip irrigation pipes were designated as 1) at 20, 2) 30 and 3) 40 cm depthsall with a drip-proof flumes underneath, and 4) at 30 cm without a drip-proof flume to investigate the responses of atomato root system to different technical parameters of subsurface drip irrigation in a glass greenhouse, to evaluate tomatogrowth as affected by subsurface drip irrigation, and to develop an integrated subsurface drip irrigation method for optimaltomato yield and water use in a glass greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were planted above the subsurface drip irrigationpipe. Most of the tomato roots in treatment 1 were found in the top 0-20 cm soil depth with weak root activity but withyield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly less (P=0.05) than treatment 2; root activity and tomato yield weresignificantly higher (P=0.05) with treatment 3 compared to treatment 1; and with treatment 2 the tomato roots andshoots grew harmoniously with root activity, nutrient uptake, tomato yield and WUE significantly higher (P=0.05) oras high as the other treatments. These findings suggested that subsurface drip irrigation with pipes at 30 cm depth witha drip-proof flume placed underneath was best for tomato production in greenhouses. In addition, the irrigation intervalshould be about 7-8 days and the irrigation rate should be set to 225 m^3 ha^-1 per event.     

两种菊芋耐盐差异研究

To explore genetic variability for two Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) cultivars, N1 (the sixth-generation cultivated with 75% seawater irrigation for six years) and N7 (a general variety), a experiment was conducted to study the changes in physiological attributes under different concentrations (0%, 10% and 25% of seawater concentration in greenhouse and 0%, 30% and 50% of seawater concentration in the field) of seawater salinity stress. In the greenhouse experiment, decreases of dry growth rate, but increases of dry matter percentage and membrane injury occurred in both the genotypes at 10% and 25% seawater treatments, although lesser cell membrane damage was observed in N1 than N7. N1 accumulated greater contents of Na⁺, Cl^-, soluble sugar and proline in leaves compared with N7. In the field experiment, the yields of shoot, root and tuber, and the contents of total-sugar and inulin in tubers of N1 were higher than those of N7. Lesser degree of salt injury in N1 indicated that the relatively salt-tolerant cultivar had higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, lower Na⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio, and the salt-induced enhancement of osmotic adjustment.     

钙离子通过调节抗氧化酶活性保护NaCl对菊芋的毒害

The ameliorative effect of external Ca^2＋ on Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.） under salt stress was studied through biochemical and physiological analyses of Jerusalem artichoke seedlings treated with or without 10 mol L^-1 CaCl2, 150 mmol L^-1 NaCl, and/or 5 mmol L^-1 ethylene-bis（oxyethylenenitrilo）-tetraacetic acid （EGTA） for five days. Exposure to NaC1 （150 mmol L^-1） decreased growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate of Jerusalem artichoke seedlings. NaC1 treatment showed 59% and 37% higher lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, respectively, than the control. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD）, and catalase （CAT） were decreased by NaCl, indicating an impeded antioxidant defense mechanism of Jerusalem artichoke grown under salt stress. Addition of 10 mmol L^-1 CaCl2 to the salt solutions significantly decreased the damaging effect of NaC1 on growth and chlorophyll content and simultaneously restored the rate of photosynthesis almost to the level of the control. Ca^2＋ addition decreased the leaf malondialdehyde （MDA） content and electrolyte leakage from NaCl-treated seedlings by 47% and 24%, respectively, and significantly improved the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in NaCl-treated plants. Addition of EGTA, a specific chelator of Ca2＋, decreased the growth, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis, and increased level of MDA and electrolyte leakage from NaCl-treated plants and from the control plants. EGTA addition to the growth medium also repressed the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in NaCl-treated and control seedlings. External Ca2＋ might protect Jerusalem artichoke against NaC1 stress by up-regulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes and thereby decreasing the oxidative stress.     

基于傅里叶变换中红外光声光谱的土壤顶空氨浓度的原位测定

Ammonia(NH3) volatilization is one of the important pathways of nitrogen loss in alkaline soil, and the NH3 concentration in soil headspace is directly linked with the NH3 volatilization. Ammonia was characterized by Fourier transform mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy(FTIR-PAS) and two typical absorption bands in the region of 850–1 200 cm-1were observed, which could be used for the prediction of NH3 concentration in the soil headspace. An alkaline soil from North China was involved in the soil incubation, pot and field experiments under three fertilization treatments(control without N input(CK), urea and coated urea). Ammonia concentrations in the soil headspace were determined in each experiment. In the soil incubation experiment, the NH3 emissions were initiated by the N input, reached the highest concentration on day 2, and decreased to the level as measured in CK after 8 d, with significantly higher NH3 emissions in the urea treatment compared to coated urea treatment, especially during the first 4 d. The NH3 concentration in soil headspace of the pot experiment showed the similar dynamics as that in the incubation experiment; however, the NH3 concentration in the soil headspace in the field experiment demonstrated a significantly different emission pattern with those of the incubation and pot experiments, and there was a 4-d delay for the NH3 concentration. Therefore, the NH3 concentration in the incubation and pot experiments could not be directly used to model the real NH3 emission in the field due to the differences in fertilization method and application rate as well as soil temperature and soil disturbance. It was recommended that light irrigation in the second week after fertilization and involvement of controlled release coated urea could be used to significantly decrease N loss from the perspective of NH3 volatilization.     

Rice yield and water use as affected by soil management practices

A field experiment was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,to study the effects of soil management practices on water use and rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in an axtuic brown soil during 2001 and 2002. A completely random experimental design with three replications was employed, having four soil management practices as treatments, namely: an undisturbed plow layer (CK), a thin plastic film (TN), a thick plastic film (TI) and subsoil compacting (CP). Results indicated no significant differences among all treatments for rice biomass and grain yields. Also, water consumption was about the same for treatments TN and CK, however the treatments TI and CP were much lower with more than 45% and 40% of the irrigation water in the treatments TI and CP, respectively,saved each year compared to CK. Therefore, water use efficiency was higher in the treatments TI and CP. These results will provide a scientific basis for the water-saving rice cultivation.     

氮及相关的酶活性对小麦根际施肥的反应

In the present experiment,wheat seedlings(Trticucum aestivum L.)were grown on a purple soil with various fertilizer treatments in order to investigate the responses of nitrogen and related enzyme activities in the rhizosphere,The results revealed the increments of both organic matter and total N in the soil with the proximity to the growing roots,especially in treatment of supplying pig manure in combination with chemical fertilizer,suggesting that they could ome from root and microorganism exudation which could be intensified by inorganic-organic fertiliztion,being of benefit to improving the physical and bilogical envi-ronment in the rhizosphere of wheat.Much more inorganic N was observed in the fertilized soils surrounding wheat roots than in the CK treatment ,indicating ,the improvement of crop N supply in the rhizosphere of wheat by fertilization. The activities of invertase,urease and protease in the root zone were greatly enhanced as compared to those in the other parts of soil except that the urease activities were similar in the rhizospher and nonrhi-zosphere of the CK and pig manure treatments,indicating that invertase and protese could be produced by growing roots and rhizosphere microorganisms,in contrast to urease which could be stimulated by urea,Also,significant increment of chemical fertilizer combined with pig manure,suggested that fertilization not only accelerated the renewal of organic matter bu also enhanced bioavailability of organic N in that soil zone .This could be the reason why the total amount of inorganic N available for plants was increased more obviously in the rhizosphere of wheat of the fertilizaton treatments than in taht of the CK treatment.     

海水养殖废水灌溉条件下SPAC系统中水盐肥通量研究

2004年4月～10月，在半湿润的莱州地区布置蒸渗试验，研究海水养殖废水灌溉条件下SPAC系统水盐肥通量。试验设5个处理，分别为CK（种作物，不灌溉）和淋洗分额（LF）为0．1、0．2、0．3、0．4的海水养殖废水灌溉处理。结果表明：对于淋洗分额为0．1、0．2、0．3、0．4的海水灌溉处理，用于土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾的海水养殖废水量分别占菊芋生育期总蒸散量的36．5％、36．2％、37．0％、37．3％；对于上述海水养殖废水灌溉处理，土壤耕层的盐分积累量分别为91．1、94．1、98．7、107．1g；而铵态氮的积累量分别为2．00、2．29、2．27、2．82mg，硝态氮的积累量分别为1．81、1．40、1．29、0．92mg，活性磷酸盐的积累量分别为3．03、2．68、2．44、1.67mg。因此，认为海水养殖废水灌溉在供给作物水分和养分方面起到积极作用，但需采取调控措施以防耕层土壤盐分过量积累。     

Nitrogen fertilization,irrigation, and harvest times affect biomass and energy value of Helianthus tuberosus L.

This study aimed to determine the effects of delayed harvest, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on yield and fuel quality of the Jerusalem artichoke (JA) (Helianthus tuberosus L.). The biomass, calorific value, ash content and total calories per hectare of the Jerusalem artichoke were assessed in Inner Mongolia, China, at various harvest times, after irrigation and nitrogen application. The results showed that fresh and dry weights of tubers and underground biomass were higher when harvested after freezing; the dry yields of leaves and stems decreased with harvest time. In addition, irrigation significantly enhanced the yields of underground biomass, aboveground biomass and tubers, compared with non-irrigation conditions (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the highest yield was obtained with irrigation and treatment with nitrogenous fertilizers (20 to 50 kg ha^?1). The calorific values of tubers and roots were significantly higher for samples harvested after freezing (p < 0.05); the calorific values of leaves and stems significantly decreased with harvest time and without irrigation (p < 0.05). The calorific values of stems and leaves were higher than those of tubers and roots, when JA was harvested before freezing, and the opposite trend was obtained for harvest done after freezing. The highest calories per hectare was obtained in WN2 (585247.42 MJ ha^?1) on 30 September 2010 harvest. No correlation was found between the effects of water or nitrogenous fertilizers and ash content. However, the ash contents of stems, leafs, tubers and roots were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with harvest time. Finally, in all treatment conditions, leaves produced the highest ash amounts among all plant parts, including stems, tubers, leaves and roots.     

滨海盐渍区海水养殖废水利用与减蒸抑盐措施研究

在半干旱的莱州地区,利用微区试验研究了海水养殖废水灌溉和秸秆覆盖双重作用下滨海盐土水盐行为及其耐盐能源作物(菊芋)效应。结果表明:秸秆覆盖能明显抑制土面蒸发,具有很好的保墒效果;秸秆覆盖能明显减弱土壤盐分的表聚作用,有效缓解了盐分对作物的直接接触危害。因海水养殖废水灌溉带入土体的大量盐分通过低频次的补充灌溉措施,以及夏季雨水的自然淋洗,土壤表层盐分在可控范围之内。秸秆覆盖能改善作物株形,显著增加作物产量,为我国滨海盐碱地区高矿化度的咸水资源有效利用以及耐盐能源作物生产提供了基本依据。     

Variations in morphological and agronomic traits among Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) accessions

Jerusalem artichoke is a diversely-utilized crop. Selection for high yield, inulin content and other economically important traits are useful for improving this crop. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate genetic variability for qualitative and quantitative traits among Jerusalem artichoke accessions and to identify different groups of accessions using morphological and agronomic traits. Seventy-nine accessions were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replications in the late rainy season 2008, the early rainy season 2009 and the late rainy season 2009 at Khon Kaen University agronomy farm, Thailand. Morphological and agronomic characteristics were evaluated for genetic variations. High variations were found among Jerusalem artichoke accessions for qualitative and quantitative characters, and selection for these characters is possible. High variations were observed for tuber width, number of tubers/plant, biomass, fresh tuber yield and tuber size. Correlation coefficient between fresh tuber yield and tuber size was positive and significant (0.58, P ≤ 0.01). Improvement of tuber size is a means to improve yield and tuber quality. Based on morphological and agronomic characteristics, Jerusalem artichoke accessions were clustered into four distinct groups (R² = 0.88). These groups may be used as parental material to generate progenies for further improvement of this crop. This information will enable breeders to make informed decisions about possible heterotic groups for their breeding programs and germplasm conservation.     

麦季牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦–夏玉米轮作土壤氮素平衡的影响

规模化畜禽养殖废弃物已成为当前重要的污染来源,为有效控制畜禽养殖污水面源污染,将处理后的养殖肥水作为水、氮资源进行农田灌溉,在华北冬小麦–夏玉米轮作灌溉区,连续3 a进行牛场肥水灌溉田间定位试验,研究冬小麦季牛场肥水灌溉对作物产量、氮表观利用率、土壤无机氮残留及轮作体系氮平衡的影响。结果表明,肥水灌溉能显著提高作物产量,肥水灌溉处理(冬小麦生育期内肥水灌溉带入氮为160、240和320 kg/hm2)冬小麦和夏玉米3 a产量平均增幅分别为36.78%和40.82%。随着牛场肥水灌溉年限的推移作物增产效果逐渐明显,冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系作物累计氮利用率逐年升高,6季作物收获后氮累计利用率达47.87%~67.63%,肥水氮后效明显。肥水灌溉增加了100 cm土体内无机氮残留,NO3--N残留量显著高于NH4+-N。对冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系氮平衡分析表明,随牛场肥水灌溉带入氮量增加,作物氮累计吸收增加,在冬小麦生育期内肥水氮带入量为160 kg/hm2夏玉米生育期内不施氮处理(T1),氮表观利用率显著高于其他肥水灌溉处理(T2和T3),100 cm土体无机氮残留率和氮表观损失率均显著低于T3处理,与T2处理差异不显著。该试验条件下,综合产量、氮累计利用率及土壤无机氮残留考虑,冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系肥水灌溉适宜氮带入量为160~240 kg/hm2。适量牛场肥水灌溉冬小麦–夏玉米能够增加作物产量,增加作物对肥水氮的利用率,减少氮在土壤中的积累。     

咸水沟灌对土壤水盐变化与棉花生长及产量的影响

为持续高效利用咸水资源,在棉花长期定位咸水沟灌试验（始于2006年）的基础上,研究了不同矿化度（1、2、4、6、8、10 g/L）咸水连续灌溉第10年土壤水盐分布与棉花生长响应以及历年土壤盐分和籽棉产量的变化特征。结果表明：1）年际间,各处理0～100 cm土层土壤盐分受灌溉和降水影响而波动,但未随灌溉年限的增加而逐渐累积,灌溉水矿化度≤4 g/L处理可基本维持土壤盐分周年补排平衡。单个棉花生长季（2015年）,各处理沟底部位的土壤含水率大于垄上,灌溉水矿化度≥6 g/L时主根层土壤含水率高于1 g/L处理;土壤盐分随灌溉水矿化度增加而增大,随棉花生育期的推进先增大后降低,灌水沟剖面土壤盐分呈向垄上和深层运移的趋势;与播种时比,棉花收获后各处理主根层土壤盐分均未出现累积。2）低矿化度咸水沟灌对棉花成苗率、株高和叶面积指数影响不明显,超过一定限值后3项指标显著下降,与1 g/L处理相比,当灌溉水矿化度达到6 g/L时棉花成苗率和叶面积指数显著降低,当灌溉水矿化度达到8 g/L时株高显著降低;咸水沟灌对棉花纤维品质影响较小,5项品质指标在处理间差异均不显著。3）适量浓度的咸水灌溉对籽棉产量影响较小,与1 g/L灌水处理相比,2和4 g/L处理对历年籽棉产量（2006－2015年）无显著影响,大于6 g/L时历年籽棉产量显著降低。在该研究灌溉制度下,推荐试验区咸水沟灌棉花的灌溉水矿化度阈值为4 g/L。     

冬季咸水结冰灌溉对河套重盐碱地改良效果研究

采用田间大区试验,连续3年在河套重盐碱区开展了冬季咸水结冰灌溉试验研究,设置冬季咸水结冰灌溉(FSWI)和无灌溉对照(CK)两个处理,其中FSWI处理的灌水量为180 mm,矿化度为6.79～7.97 g·L~(–1),种植作物为青贮玉米,以分析不同处理下土壤水盐和钠吸附比(SAR)的周年动态以及对作物生长的影响,探究冬季咸水结冰灌溉对河套重盐碱地的改良效果。结果表明:与CK相比,FSWI处理显著改变了春季土壤水盐和SAR动态。0～20 cm土层,春季FSWI处理的土壤含水量显著高于CK处理,玉米苗期, FSWI处理的土壤含水量平均为24.3%,显著高于CK的21.6%; FSWI处理的春季土壤含盐量和SAR显著低于CK处理,其中, FSWI处理的土壤含盐量由灌溉前的33.86 g·kg~(–1)降低至玉米苗期的5 g·kg~(–1)以下,而CK处理土壤含盐量逐渐升高至玉米苗期的34.2 g·kg~(–1); FSWI处理土壤SAR由灌溉前的21.9降低至玉米苗期的9.86, CK土壤SAR则逐渐升高至玉米苗期的25.00。后续地膜覆盖和夏季降雨使FSWI处理的土壤含水量维持在23.0%以上,土壤含盐量保持在5 g·kg~(–1)以下,土壤SAR保持在9左右。20～40 cm土层与0～20 cm土层的土壤水盐和SAR变化趋势与表层一致,但没有表层变化剧烈。此外,随着灌溉年限的延长,同时期土壤含盐量和SAR呈逐年降低的趋势。FSWI处理玉米出苗率在70%以上,干物质产量为9～12t·hm~(–2),而CK处理由于土壤含水量较低(21.0%),并且土壤含盐量和SAR均较高,造成玉米出苗率极低,进而导致绝收。因此冬季咸水结冰灌溉改变了土壤水盐动态过程,变春季积盐为脱盐,显著降低了土壤SAR,并补充了土壤水分,保证了饲用玉米的正常种植和生长,这为该地区盐碱地改良和饲料作物种植提供了技术支持。     

华北平原冬小麦对过去30年气候变化响应的敏感性研究

以气候变暖为主要特征的全球变化已经对人类的生产和生活产生重要影响。作物物候及产量对气候变化的响应和适应是研究气候变化对农业生产影响的重要内容。本文选择位于华北平原的4个典型农业气象试验站(唐山、惠民、商丘和驻马店),利用详细的物候和产量观测资料,在站点尺度上研究了冬小麦物候及产量对过去30年(1980—2009)气候变化的响应及其敏感性。结果表明:过去30年冬小麦出苗期推迟,而抽穗期和成熟期呈提前趋势。物候期的提前或推迟导致冬小麦不同生长发育阶段历时发生变化,出苗—抽穗阶段(营养生长阶段)呈缩短趋势,而抽穗—成熟生长阶段(生殖生长阶段)呈延长趋势。相关性研究表明:在4个研究站点,温度和辐射是制约冬小麦产量的主要气候因子;但不同生长阶段,冬小麦产量对气象因子的响应不同。利用多元回归统计方法研究冬小麦产量对不同生长阶段气候因子(温度、辐射和降雨)的敏感性发现:在出苗—抽穗生长阶段,除驻马店站点外,温度升高对冬小麦产量有正效应;而在抽穗—成熟阶段,温度升高会给产量带来负面影响。冬小麦产量与辐射呈正相关,辐射降低给冬小麦产量产生负效应。     

废水灌溉下有机物料对重度盐渍土养分及芦苇生长的影响

在山东滨州含盐量为16.7 g.kg 1的重度退化滨海盐碱湿地,研究了造纸废水灌溉条件下添加有机物料对盐渍土养分和芦苇生长的影响,以期为重度退化滨海盐碱湿地的生物修复提供依据。试验从春季开始进行,共设4种处理:翻耕对照(CK)、翻耕+废水灌溉(FF)、翻耕+废水灌溉+秸秆(FFJ)以及翻耕+废水灌溉+污泥(FFW),测定了不同处理下土壤养分、呼吸强度、含盐量及芦苇株高和生物量的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理土壤有机质显著提高,10月末时FFJ、FFW和FF处理土壤有机质含量分别是对照的1.34倍、1.29倍和1.22倍;碱解氮和有效磷含量也高于对照,依次为FFW>FFJ>FF>CK;各处理土壤呼吸强度高于对照,其中FFJ处理显著高于对照,比试验初期提高96%;各处理表层土壤含盐量均出现不同程度降低,以FFJ和FFW降低幅度最大,分别比对照降低22.6%和16.3%;FFW、FFJ和FF处理的芦苇株高显著高于对照,8月末分别是对照的3.1倍、2.7倍和2.2倍;FFJ和FFW处理的芦苇生物量、根冠比和平均叶面积都显著高于对照,而FF处理与对照没有显著差异;FF处理芦苇株高、生物量与土壤有效氮含量相关最为显著,FFJ和FFW处理与土壤有机质含量相关性最为显著。结果表明,废水灌溉为重度盐渍化土壤提供了充足的水分,有机物料能有效提高土壤养分含量,解决了重度盐碱化土壤水分胁迫和养分胁迫的问题,促进芦苇生长,但秸秆和污泥两种有机物料之间没有显著差异。