臭氧对不同磷化氢抗性储粮害虫作用效果研究

为探明臭氧对主要储粮害虫的熏蒸效果及其与磷化氢抗性的关系,本研究采用臭氧发生装置测定浓度为0.84 g/m^3臭氧对5种主要储粮害虫(赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、玉米象、锈赤扁谷盗、谷蠹)的熏蒸效果,及对具有不同磷化氢抗性的赤拟谷盗(抗性系数为1.7~862.7)和杂拟谷盗(抗性系数为2.3~144.7)的毒力效果,并统计分析了试虫经臭氧熏蒸1 h后在不同时间内的行为状态差异。研究结果表明:在0.84 g/m^3臭氧浓度下,5种害虫对臭氧均具有较强敏感性,其LT50在0.58~1.53 h,其中谷蠹对臭氧的耐受性相对最强;赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的不同磷化氢抗性品系对臭氧的敏感性差异较小,表明磷化氢与臭氧无交互抗性。经臭氧熏蒸1 h后,试虫有正常爬行、非正常爬行和死亡3种行为状态,其中较大比例的试虫(24%~66%)处于非正常爬行状态,且持续时间较长,约10 d后此部分试虫恢复正常或死亡。结果表明,臭氧对储粮害虫具有高效性和广谱性,且与磷化氢无交互抗性,可作为储粮害虫防治及磷化氢抗性治理药剂。     

Contribution of contact toxicity and wheat condition to mortality of stored-product insects exposed to spinosad

Spinosad, a reduced-risk commercial insecticide derived from a bacterial fermentation product, possesses both contact and oral toxicities against insects. Contact toxicity of spinosad to adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus oryzae (L), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated by exposure for 24 or 48 h to treated glass Petri dishes. Adults were exposed to different deposits (0.001-0.79 mg cm(-2)) of spinosad in 24-h tests and to deposits of 0, 0.0016 and 0.016mg cm(-2) in 48-h tests. Rhyzopertha dominica was most susceptible to spinosad in 24- and 48-h tests, followed by S. oryzae, and T. castaneum. The 24-h LD50 values were 0.0004, 0.077 and 0.189mg cm(-2) for R. dominica, S. oryzae, and T. castaneum, respectively. All R. dominica adults were dead following 48 h exposure to both spinosad deposits, whereas mortality of S. oryzae and T. castaneum ranged from 10 to 85% and 12 to 48%, respectively. Rhyzopertha dominica, T. castaneum, and O. surinamensis adults were exposed for 14 days to whole wheat, cracked wheat and wheat flour treated with 0, 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) of spinosad. Rhyzopertha dominica adults were highly susceptible to spinosad, followed by O. surinamensis and T. castaneum. Immatures (eggs and larvae) of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis exposed for 14 days were more susceptible on spinosad-treated whole wheat than on treated cracked wheat and wheat flour. This is the first report documenting contact activity of spinosad, and the effect of grain condition on spinosad toxicity, to stored-product insects.     

Ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate--a potential liquid fumigant for stored grains

BACKGROUND: Methyl bromide is being phased out for use on stored commodities, as it is listed as an ozone‐depleting substance, and phosphine is the fumigant widely used on grains. However, phosphine resistance occurs worldwide, and phosphine fumigation requires a long exposure period and temperatures of > 15 °C. There is an urgent requirement for the development of a fumigant that kills insects quickly and for phosphine resistance management. This paper reports on a new fumigant formulation of 95% ethyl formate plus 5% methyl isothiocyanate as an alternative fumigant for stored grains. RESULTS: The formulation is stable for at least 4 months of storage at 45 °C. A laboratory bioassay with the formulation showed that it controlled all stages of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Trogoderma variabile Ballion and Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) in infested wheat, barley, oats and peas at 80 mg L^?1 for 5 days, and in canola at both 40 mg L^?1 for 5 days and 80 mg L^?1 for 2 days at 25 ± 2 °C. After an 8–14 day holding period, residues of ethyl formate and methyl isothiocyanate in wheat, barley, peas and canola were below the experimental permit levels of 1.0 and 0.1 mg kg^?1. However, fumigated oats needed an 18 day holding period. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate formulation has potential as a fumigant for the control of stored‐grain insect pests in various commodities. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

氰在禾谷类粮食中的吸附与降解

利用静态法研究了氰(C_2N_2)在禾谷类粮食中的吸附与降解过程,采用气相色谱法分析了C_2N_2在粮食中的吸附、残留和挥发行为,采用流动注射分析仪(FIA)测定了C_2N_2在粮食中可能的降解产物。结果表明:粮食对C_2N_2有较强的吸附能力,熏蒸1h,90%以上的C_2N_2被粮食吸附,其吸附能力为稻谷高梁玉米大麦小麦,同时C_2N_2在粮食中可降解为氰化氢(HCN)。通风后,C_2N_2及其降解产物HCN从粮食中缓慢挥发,其中C_2N_2从小麦和大麦中挥发的速率高于玉米、高梁和稻谷,HCN从小麦、大麦、玉米和高梁中挥发的速率高于稻谷。C_2N_2及其降解产物HCN在粮食中的消解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,通风后在小麦、大麦、玉米、高梁和稻谷中的半衰期(t_(1/2)),C_2N_2分别为1.82、2.57、2.81、1.97和2.98 d,HCN分别为4.46、4.30、4.01、3.94和5.26d。C_2N_2在粮食中可降解为NH_4~+和HCN,同时产生少量的NO_3~-和NO_2~-。C_2N_2在不同粮食中的降解产物存在差异,在小麦和玉米中检测到HCN、NH_4~+、NO_3~-和NO_2~-4种降解产物,在稻谷中检测到HCN、NH_4~+和NO_3~-3种降解产物,而在大麦和高梁中仅检测到HCN和NH_4~+两种降解产物。     

Novel use of nanostructured alumina as an insecticide

BACKGROUND: The worldwide need to produce an inexpensive and abundant food supply for a growing population is a great challenge that is further complicated by concerns about risks to environmental stability and human health triggered by the use of pesticides. The result is the ongoing development of alternative pest control strategies, and new, lower‐risk insecticidal molecules. Among the recent technological advances in agricultural science, nanotechnology shows considerable promise, although its development for use in crop protection is in its initial stages. RESULTS: This study reports for the first time the insecticidal effect of nanostructured alumina. Two species were used as model organisms, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), which are major insect pests in stored food supplies throughout the world. Both species experienced significant mortality after 3 days of continuous exposure to treated wheat. Nine days after treatment, the median lethal doses (LD₅₀) observed ranged from 127 to 235 mg kg^?1. CONCLUSION: Comparison of these results with recommended rates for commercial insecticidal dusts suggests that inorganic nanostructured alumina may provide a cheap and reliable alternative for control of insect pests. This study expands the frontiers for nanoparticle‐based technologies in pest management. Further research is needed to identify its mode of action and its non‐target toxicity, and to determine the potential of other nanostructured materials as pest control options for insects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

几种杀虫剂对亚非玛草蛉的毒力

采用药膜法测定了高毒农药替代品的6种药剂对柑桔害虫重要捕食性天敌亚非玛草蛉Mallada desjardinsi的毒力作用。结果表明,6种药剂对亚非玛草蛉的毒力大小依次为毒死蜱〉氧化乐果〉丁硫克百威〉高效氯氟氰菊酯〉阿维菌素〉印楝素。其中前5种药剂的LC95分别为18.67、324.48、1694.80、11520.83、642592.76mg/L;LC50分别为8.20、41.03、134.85、527.89、7799.57mg/L。印楝素对亚非玛草蛉的毒性极小,其LC50和LC95因毒力低而未测出。     

Improving detection probabilities for pests in stored grain

BACKGROUND: The presence of insects in stored grain is a significant problem for grain farmers, bulk grain handlers and distributors worldwide. Inspection of bulk grain commodities is essential to detect pests and thereby to reduce the risk of their presence in exported goods. It has been well documented that insect pests cluster in response to factors such as microclimatic conditions within bulk grain. Statistical sampling methodologies for grain, however, have typically considered pests and pathogens to be homogeneously distributed throughout grain commodities. In this paper, a sampling methodology is demonstrated that accounts for the heterogeneous distribution of insects in bulk grain. RESULTS: It is shown that failure to account for the heterogeneous distribution of pests may lead to overestimates of the capacity for a sampling programme to detect insects in bulk grain. The results indicate the importance of the proportion of grain that is infested in addition to the density of pests within the infested grain. It is also demonstrated that the probability of detecting pests in bulk grain increases as the number of subsamples increases, even when the total volume or mass of grain sampled remains constant. CONCLUSION: This study underlines the importance of considering an appropriate biological model when developing sampling methodologies for insect pests. Accounting for a heterogeneous distribution of pests leads to a considerable improvement in the detection of pests over traditional sampling models. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

常用杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱的活性及田间防效

为了筛选对螺旋粉虱有较强生物活性的化学药剂,以螺旋粉虱成虫为试虫,采用叶片浸渍法对15种常用杀虫剂进行筛选,并对较为敏感的药剂进行室内毒力测定及田间防效评估。室内毒力测定结果表明,虫螨腈、辛硫磷对螺旋粉虱成虫活性较为显著,LC50分别为0.881mg/L和1.055mg/L,甲氰菊酯、异丙威对螺旋粉虱若虫活性较为显著,LC50分别为5.320mg/L和9.425mg/L。在田间药效评估中,甲氰菊酯、虫酰肼、异丙威、氟铃脲在各供试浓度下对螺旋粉虱均表现出较好活性,药后144h,125mg/L浓度田间防效均在80%以上。上述结果表明,甲氰菊酯、虫酰肼、异丙威、氟铃脲对螺旋粉虱具有较好的防治效果,在进行螺旋粉虱的田间防治中,可用这几种药剂进行交替使用,防止抗性的产生。     

几种杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱的触杀作用

采用滤纸药膜法比较了常用8种杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila的触杀作用,在药剂的推荐浓度下有机磷类杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱的急性触杀作用强于其它药剂。同时测定了杀螟硫磷、敌敌畏和溴氰菊酯(含增效醚)3种药剂对嗜虫书虱的触杀毒力,其24h内触杀作用的LC_(50)分别为9．3284、2．1440和7．5007μg/cm~2,但杀螟硫磷的LC_(95)为459．4949μg/cm~2,远高于敌敌畏的8．2453μg/cm~2和溴氰菊酯(含增效醚)的14．5274μg/cm~2。此外,48h内敌敌畏等有机磷杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱的毒杀速度较其它供试药剂快。     

Potential of imidacloprid to control four species of psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) infesting stored grain

The effectiveness of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid was evaluated against four psocid pests of stored grain. This research was undertaken because of the growing importance of psocids in stored grain and the need to identify methods for their control. The mortality and reproduction of adults of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, L. entomophila (Enderlein), L. decolor (Pearman) and L. paeta Pearman in wheat treated with imidacloprid were determined. There were five application rates (0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg AI kg(-1) grain) and an untreated control. There were significant effects of application rate on both adult mortality and reproduction for all four species, but the effect of imidacloprid was sometimes more pronounced on reproduction. Imidacloprid was most effective against L. bostrychophila, with 100% adult mortality after 7 d at 5 mg AI kg(-1), 14 d at 2 mg AI kg(-1) and 28 d at 0.5 and 1 mg AI kg(-1). No live progeny were produced at 2 mg AI kg(-1). For L. decolor, there was 100% adult mortality after 28 d at 10 mg AI kg(-1) and no live progeny were produced at 2 mg AI kg(-1). For L. entomophila, there was 100% adult mortality after 14 d at 10 mg AI kg(-1) and 28 d at 2 and 5 mg AI kg(-1). No live progeny were produced at 10 mg AI kg(-1). At 10 mg AI kg(-1) there was 100% mortality of L. paeta adults after 28 d exposure and no live progeny developed. Because reproduction at some application rates occurred only in the first 14 d of exposure, it is concluded that the application rate leading to population extinction was 1 mg AI kg(-1) for L. bostrychophila, 2 mg AI kg(-1) for L. decolor and L. entomophila and 5 mg AI kg(-1) for L. paeta. This study shows that imidacloprid has potential as a grain protectant to control all four Liposcelis species in stored grain.     

Activity of spinosad on stored-tobacco insects and persistence on cured tobacco stripst

Every year raw tobacco and manufactured tobacco products are lost to two major storage pests, the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F) and the tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella (Hiibner). Post-harvest management of both insects is achieved through sanitation, insect monitoring and fumigation with phosphine. However, insect resistance to phosphine and control failures have been reported, and fumigants are under constant regulatory pressure. Here we report the evaluation of spinosad, a bioinsecticide derived from the fermentation of the soil micro-organism Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mertz & Yao. Spinosad was first registered in 1997 and is now widely used as a field pest control agent on many crops, including tobacco. The insecticidal activity of the fermentation product (technical spinosad, TS) was measured by diet incorporation assays against L serricorne and E elutella larvae. Mortality levels were determined on newly hatched larvae and over the whole insect life cycle. For both species, no emergence of adult insects was observed in cured tobacco sprayed with 50mg TS kg(-1) and inoculated with eggs or newly hatched larvae. These results indicated that spinosad has potential for the control of both species in stored tobacco, since 100% control of both pests could be achieved at 50 mg TS kg(-1), and with almost full control (90-95%) at 10 mg kg(-1). We also monitored the stability of the product on cured tobacco. The original concentration of the main active component of TS, spinosyn A, did not change significantly over 18 months, indicating no loss of spinosad during a typical leaf storage period of time. Bioassays against larvae confirmed that the bioinsecticidal activity of spinosad was retained.     

浸虫法测定5种农药对甘蓝蚜的室内毒力

通过采用浸虫法,对甘蓝蚜室内毒力测定结果表明,阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、苏云菌.薄荷10%乳油和苏云菌.薄荷3%乳油,处理24h后LD50分别为0.962 1、2.103 6、9.442 1、996.397和2 283.659 2;处理48h后LD50分别为0.005 1、0.018 3、0.274 9、86.465 1和91.725 6;处理72h后LD50分别0.000 3、0.001 3、0.024 6、0.741 0和24.804 4。     

Toxicity of δ‐phenothrin and resmethrin to non‐target insects

BACKGROUND: The susceptibility of adult house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), adult convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens (Guérin‐Méneville), and larval fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), to resmethrin and δ‐phenothrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was evaluated in a laboratory bioassay procedure. RESULTS: The 1 day LC₅₀ values for resmethrin + PBO were 23.2, 32.08 and 307.18 ng cm^?2 for A. domesticus, H. convergens and S. frugiperda respectively. The 1 day LC₅₀ values for δ‐phenothrin + PBO were 26.9, 74.91 and 228.57 ng cm^?2 for A. domesticus, H. convergens and S. frugiperda respectively. The regression relationship between species mortality and concentration explained 51–81% of the variation for resmethrin + PBO and 72–97% of the variation for δ‐phenothrin + PBO. The LC₅₀ values decreased with time for these insecticides for all surrogate species. In terms of sensitivities among the insects to resmethrin + PBO and δ‐phenothrin + PBO, A. domesticus was most sensitive, followed by H. convergens and then S. frugiperda. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that resmethrin + PBO was generally more toxic than δ‐phenothrin + PBO. Based on the results, A. domesticus seems to be a good surrogate species for estimating potential non‐target terrestrial insect impacts from exposure to pyrethroids used in public health applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

11种植物源杀虫活性成分对草地贪夜蛾的毒力测定

草地贪夜蛾是2018年入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫, 对玉米等农作物生产构成重大威胁。为开发新型生物农药产品,提供防效更高的生物农药品种, 本研究采用点滴法评价了蛇床子素、大蒜素、补骨脂素、闹羊花毒素Ⅲ、印楝素、对叶百部碱、莨菪碱、血根碱、辣椒碱、苦参碱和丁香酚等共11种植物源杀虫活性成分对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的毒力水平。结果显示:这11种杀虫活性成分对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫均有毒杀作用, 但起效时间都有不同程度的滞后。用药后48、72 h和168 h, 不同杀虫活性成分对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LD50范围分别为0.212～14.382 μg/头、0.191～11.675 μg/头和0.164～9.463 μg/头。药后72 h 毒力大小顺序为:丁香酚＞印楝素＞闹羊花毒素Ⅲ＞补骨脂素＞血根碱＞大蒜素＞苦参碱＞莨菪碱＞蛇床子素＞辣椒碱＞对叶百部碱。研究结果为利用丁香酚等活性成分开发防治草地贪夜蛾的生物农药新产品提供了技术支撑。     

7种杀虫剂对梨瘿蚊的毒性及其对异色瓢虫的安全性评价

为了筛选对梨瘿蚊幼虫具有高毒性并对天敌异色瓢虫安全的杀虫剂,采用浸渍法测定了7种杀虫剂对梨瘿蚊幼虫的毒力;采用滤纸接触法测定了7种杀虫剂对天敌异色瓢虫1龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,并评价这些药剂对异色瓢虫的安全性.结果 表明,药剂处理48 h后对梨瘿蚊幼虫毒力从大到小依次为2.5％高效氯氟氰菊酯EW(5.540 mg/L)＞5...     

几种杀虫剂对棕榈蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

为筛选出用于防治棕榈蓟马的有效药剂,采用玻璃残留处理法测定了5种药剂对蔬菜上棕榈蓟马的室内毒力,并进行了田间药效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明,杀虫活性最高的是乙基多杀菌素,其48h的LC50值为0.19mg/L;其次是阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺和啶虫脒,LC50值为54.45~76.48mg/L,呋虫胺的毒力最低。田间试验结果表明,6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对棕榈蓟马药后1~14d的防效均达90.88%以上,明显高于其他3种药剂。6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂是防治棕榈蓟马的首选药剂,推荐轮换使用1.8%阿维菌素乳油和10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂。     

5种杀虫剂对青菜黄曲条跳甲的毒力测定及田间药效

为了筛选有效防治青菜黄曲条跳甲的药剂,在室内测定了5种杀虫剂对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒力,并开展了这5种药剂对黄曲条跳甲的田间药效试验。毒力测定结果表明,10%啶虫脒WP对黄曲条跳甲的毒力最高,28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP毒力最低,LC50分别为7.20 mg/L和18.63 mg/L,5种药剂的毒力大小依次为:10%啶虫脒WP>42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP>5%鱼藤酮SL>15%哒螨灵EC>28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP。田间药效试验结果表明,42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP和15%哒螨灵EC的防效最优,10%啶虫脒WP、28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP和5%鱼藤酮SL 3种药剂总体防效相当,但低于42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP和15%哒螨灵EC。综合来看,建议使用42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP 126~189 g/hm2、15%哒螨灵EC 90~135 g/hm2、28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP 294~420 g/hm2、10%啶虫脒WP 60~90 g/hm2、5%鱼藤酮SL 150~225 g/hm2对青菜黄曲条跳甲进行防治。     

七种杀虫剂对暗黑鳃金龟成虫和幼虫的毒力及田间防控效果

为筛选防治暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela的有效药剂,用浸虫法测定了7种药剂对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力,分别采用浸虫法、浸叶法、药膜法测定了7种药剂对其成虫的毒力,并通过大田试验作了进一步验证。浸虫法测得高效氯氟氰菊酯对成虫的毒力最高,LC₅₀值为1.38 mg/L;浸叶法测得辛硫磷毒力最高,为42.05 mg/L;药膜法测得毒死蜱毒力最高,为18.51 mg/L。其中,高效氯氟氰菊酯毒力值变化最大,浸虫法毒力是浸叶法毒力的61.86倍;氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫腈在3种生测方法中毒力相当,但均较低。丁硫克百威对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力最高,LC₅₀值为7.29 mg/L。田间试验结果显示,35%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂4 500 g/hm²(有效成分,余同)防效达80.66%,对花生的保果、增产幅度分别为77.90%、17.56%;30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂2 250 g/hm²、20%丁硫克百威乳油3 000 g/hm²与辛硫磷防效相当,且显著高于其它药剂。因此,选用以上药剂于7月中下旬花生封垄前田间灌墩可以有效减轻暗黑鳃金龟为害。     

Fumigant Toxicity of Citruspeel Oils against Adult and Immature Stages of Storage Insect Pests

The biological action of citruspeel oils was shown to depend on a strong fumigant action. Bioassays conducted in air-tight glass chambers showed that all the six citrus oils tested had vapour toxicity towards adults of Callosobruchus maculatus F., Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Dermestes maculatus Deg. The 24-h LC₅₀ value of limepeel oil (a typical citrus oil) vapour against C. Maculatus was 7·99 μl litre⁻¹ which made it 1·5 and 1·6 times less toxic against the smaller S. zeamais and the larger D. maculatus adult insects. When immature stages were fumigated, limepeel oil vapour had 24-h LC₅₀ values of 7·8 and 21·5 μl litre⁻¹ against eggs of C. maculatus and D. maculatus respectively, and 9·1, 17·8 and 23·1, 23·9 μl litre⁻¹ against early larvae, pupae of C. maculatus and late larvae, pupae of D. maculatus respectively. X-ray studies showed that fumigated C. maculatus larvae within cowpea grains died immediately without further development. The bioactivities of five other citruspeel oils were similar to that of limepeel oil. Bioassays showed that sorption of citruspeel oil fumes occurred in the presence of grains or strips of dried fish, and that this tended to reduce the amount available for fumigant action outside the materials. The problems presented by sorption may hinder the development of citrus oils into practical fumigants for large-scale treatments of stored commodities.     

气调胁迫下3种中药材储藏期害虫谷胱甘肽转移酶活性研究

研究了药材甲(Stegobium paniceum)、烟草甲(Lasioderma serricorne)和咖啡豆象(Araecerus fasciculatus)3种中药材储藏期害虫谷胱甘肽转移酶的酶活性,探讨了该酶在CO2气调胁迫下的应激反应。结果表明,药材甲、烟草甲和咖啡豆象的谷胱甘肽转移酶比活力分别为(0.339 2±0.015 5)、(0.966 0±0.259 3)nmol/(min•mg)和(0.370 2±0.032 8)nmol/(min•mg)。CO2气调对3种昆虫GSTs的影响研究结果表明,在CO2气调处理3、6、9 h时,药材甲、烟草甲和咖啡豆象成虫的GSTs酶比活力均有一定程度的升高。可见,CO2气调亚致死处理对3种实验昆虫GSTs有一定的诱导激活作用。研究结果对于储藏物害虫气调杀虫机制的分析有指导意义。