中华绒螯蟹幼体消化酶活力与氨基酸组成的研究

本文对中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）各期幼体的消化酶活力与氨基酸组成进行了分析。实验结果表明，在中华缄螯蟹幼体发育过程中，五种消化酶活力表现出三种变化模式。胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力在食性转换过程中出现较明显变化，其中胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力在状幼体期达到最大值；淀粉酶活力在状幼体期达最大值；纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力极微。氨基酸含量随着幼体发育逐渐增加，在必需氨基酸中以亮氧酸含量最高，色氨酸含量最低；非必需氨基酸中含量最高者为谷氨酸，最低者为胱氨酸。同时单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值（Ａ／Ｅ）在幼体不同发育阶段略有差异，但基本趋于一致。     

不同脂肪源饲料对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、消化酶活力和脂肪酸组成的影响

选用初始体重为(2.15±0.10)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雄性幼蟹,随机分为5组(每组12只幼蟹),饲喂100%鱼油组(简称F1组)、100%豆油组(F2组)、100%亚麻油组(F3组)、50%鱼油+50%豆油组(F4组)、50%鱼油+50%亚麻油组(F5组)不同脂肪源配制的5种等氮等能饲料。实验蟹单个体养殖,实验周期为112 d。结果表明,F5组体重、增重率和特定生长率都显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05),各组的蜕壳间隔和肝胰腺指数没有显著差异(P0.05)。肝胰腺组织消化酶活力测定结果表明,F1组幼蟹肝胰腺的类胰蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F3组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F1组、F2组和F4组的脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05);各组的淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。脂肪酸测定结果表明,肝胰腺和肌肉中的亚油酸(LOA)(C18:2n-6)、亚麻酸(LNA)(C18:3n-3)、EPA(C20:5n-3)和DHA(C22:6n-3)等主要脂肪酸含量与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系,F1组的高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F2组的LOA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F3组的LNA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,以50%的豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油能促进中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长,但可能使幼蟹的成活率降低。以豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油会影响幼蟹胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活力和肝胰腺、肌肉脂肪酸组成。     

中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育过程中的消化酶活力及氨基酸组成

采用生物化学方法测定了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)胚胎发育过程中7个发育期的5种水解酶(类胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂酶和纤维素酶)活力和氨基酸的组成。结果表明，胚胎发育各阶段消化酶活力及氨基酸组成的变化与其发育关系密切。在整个胚胎发育过程中，类胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活力呈“高-低-高”的变化趋势，脂酶则呈现逐渐上升的趋势，而淀粉酶的变化趋势不明显。但在原蚤状幼体期，5种酶的活力均显著升高，这与孵化后幼体开口摄食的自身调控机理有关。可溶性蛋白质的含量呈“低-高-低”的变化趋势，明显与相关酶的活力有关。氨基酸含量在前6期变化不大，在原蚤状幼体期显著下降。所有氨基酸中，谷氨酸的含量最高；必需氨基酸中以亮氨酸的含量最高，并且单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值(A／E)在胚胎发育不同阶段略有差异，但基本趋于一致。     

中草药对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长及免疫力的影响

将体质量为0.3～0.5 g的蜕壳间期中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲养在室内循环水系统28 cm×21 cm×17.5 cm独立塑料盒中,盒子底部放置瓦片作为隐蔽物,投喂每千克基础饲料中添加0、1.0、2.0 g由甘草、人参、绞股蓝、银杏叶配伍的复方中草药的饲料,研究复方中草药对幼蟹成活、生长、抗氧化及免疫力的影响。试验结果显示,饲料中添加复方中草药对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹成活率无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高了其质量增加率和特定生长率,缩短了蜕皮间隔(P<0.05)。饲料中添加复方中草药显著提高了雄体血清中的酸性磷酸酶活性以及肝胰腺中总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,显著降低了肝胰腺中丙二醛的含量(P<0.05);饲料中添加中草药显著提高了雌体血清中酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶及肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶的活力。综上,饲料中添加复方中草药显著提高了幼蟹的生长性能、抗氧化及免疫能力,幼蟹饲料中复方中草药的适宜添加水平约为1.0 g/kg。     

发酵饲料对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、抗氧化、免疫和蛋白代谢的影响

为研究发酵饲料配伍配合饲料投喂对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、抗氧化、免疫机能和代谢的影响,实验分别制备了5组饲料:对照组以幼蟹配合饲料为基础饲料(F0),各实验组在配合饲料基础上额外添加日投喂量5%、10%、15%和20%发酵饲料,并依次命名为F5、F10、F15和F20。150只均重无显著差异的中华绒螯蟹随机分5组,每组设3个重复,每重复10只蟹,分别饲喂对应组饲料,每天饱食投喂1次,养殖周期59 d。在养殖结束后采集血淋巴和肝胰腺以测定抗氧化指标、免疫指标和蛋白代谢酶活性。结果发现,额外投喂发酵饲料后,各组幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率均较对照组显著升高。随着额外投喂发酵饲料量的增加,血淋巴中过氧化氢酶含量先上升后下降,其中F5、F10和F15组较对照组显著升高。各处理组酸性磷酸酶活性高于对照组,但差异不显著。各组总蛋白和球蛋白含量随着发酵饲料额外投喂量提高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,但是各组间差异不显著。此外,额外添加日投喂量20%比例以下的发酵饲料,可以提升肝胰腺中胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性。研究表明,额外投喂发酵饲料可以促进中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长,还可以提高其抗氧化能力、免疫机能和蛋白代谢能力。     

中华绒螯蟹亲蟹渗透压调节和抗氧化系统对盐度的响应

探讨了中华绒螯蟹亲蟹血清离子和渗透压对盐度的响应以及肝胰腺抗氧化能力与盐度的关系.设立4个盐度组(盐度6、12、18、24)和1个淡水对照组,检测第4天和第20天时中华绒螯蟹亲蟹血清中Na+、K+、Cl-浓度、渗透压以及肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)...     

中华绒螯蟹的同属种类及其英文名称

余述绒螯蟹属中三个公认种的主要特征和地理分布,并对中华绒螯蟹目前使用的几个英文名称的合理性和取舍问题加以讨论。     

中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹（中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹）群体亲缘关系：？…

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析比较了分布于我国大陆沿海６个主要水系的两种绒螯蟹（中华绒螯蟹、日本绒螯蟹）群体间的生化遗传差异。结果发现：（１）辽河、黄河、长江和瓯江中华绒螯蟹群体间的生化遗传差异不显著,国个群体间的遗传距离Ｄ＝０．０００６～０．００５３,属种内群体间差异。（２）珠江和南流江日本绒螯蟹群体间的生化遗传差异也不显著,两个群体间遗传距离Ｄ＝０．０００７,尚未达到亚种分化水平。（３）辽河、黄河     

螺旋藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和体色的影响

以螺旋藻饵料喂养中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis)试验，结果表明，螺旋藻能促进幼蟹的生长和加深成蟹的体色，在相同水温及凤饵量（投喂量占体重的百分比）等条件下，随螺旋藻干粉投喂量的增加，幼蟹体重增加，成蟹体色加深，以投喂含螺旋藻6％的饵料为最适合。     

中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹（中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹）群体亲缘关系：R …

用４８个具有丰富多态性的１０碱基随机引物对辽河、黄河、长江、瓯江、珠江和南流江的中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹的６个群体进行ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果发现：（１）两个引物具有群体特异性带,其中Ｚ２扩增的８８０ｂｐ片段为珠江蟹和南流江蟹群体中所特有,而７００ｂｐ片段为长江蟹、辽河蟹、黄河蟹和瓯江蟹所特有,可作为区别日本绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹的分子遗传标记;（２）Ｏｐｐ１７扩增的９４７ｂｐ片段的出现频率,在长江、黄河和辽     

Partial replacement of fish meal by a mixture of soybean meal and rapeseed meal in practical diets for juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: effects on growth performance and in vivo digestibility

An 8‐week experiment was conducted to examine the effect of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by a mixture of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RM) in practical diets of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis of initial body weight of 1.54±0.12 g (means±SD, n=90). Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 35% protein and 5% lipid. Soybean meal and RM mix (1:1 ratio) were included at five levels of 0 (control), 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%, replacing 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% FM respectively. When FM was replaced by 15% of SBM and RM, crab showed the highest growth, feed utilization and moulting frequency (MF). Fish meal replaced by SBM and RM did not significantly influence crude protein, lipid and moisture contents of whole body crab, but ash content was the lowest for crab fed the diet with FM replaced by 15% of SBM and RM. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and energy tended to decline with increasing inclusion levels of dietary SBM and RM. In general, ADCs of lipid were high (over 90%) and showed no significant differences among the treatments (P>0.05). Based on these observations above, these results indicated that about 40% of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM and RM (1:1 ratio) in the diet of E. sinensis without adverse growth performance, compared with the FM‐based diet. However, 20% of FM replaced by SBM and RM produced the best growth performance and feed utilization.     

中华绒螯蟹蜕皮周期及蜕皮过程中肝胰腺消化酶活性的变化

采用Darch蜕皮周期分期方法,对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的蜕皮周期进行了划分,并初步探讨了中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中肝胰腺消化酶活性变化。根据第三颚足末端刚毛和表皮的形态学特征,可将中华绒螯蟹的蜕皮周期分为蜕皮后期(A-B期)、蜕皮间期(C期)、蜕皮前期(D期)和蜕皮期(E期),其中D期可进一步分为D0、D1、D3-43个亚期。在蜕皮过程中,肝胰腺淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性在蜕皮后A-B期开始升高,于蜕皮前早期D0阶段达最大(P<0.05),随后又逐渐降低,至蜕皮前晚期D3-4阶段降至最低(P<0.05);胃蛋白酶活力在蜕皮周期中于蜕皮前晚期D3-4阶段显著降低(P<0.05),其他阶段变化不明显(P>0.05)。结论认为,中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程可分为C、D0、D1、D3-4、A-B 5个时期,蜕皮过程中肝胰腺淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶活性发生周期性变化。     

Effects of dietary protein level on growth,feed utilization and digestive enzyme activity of the Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis

A feeding trial was conducted using isoenergetic practical diets to evaluate the effects of the dietary protein level on growth performance, feed utilization and digestive enzyme activity of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Four experimental diets were formulated containing 250, 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 protein and 16 kJ g^?1 gross energy. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of juvenile crab with mean initial body weight 3.56 ± 0.16 g and mean shell width 15.31 ± 0.06 mm. Juvenile crab were reared in indoor flow‐through system consisting of 12 plastic tanks (1.0 m × 0.6 m × 0.5 m) and fed diets twice daily at 6–8% of body weight for 12 weeks. Performance was judged on the basis of growth (specific growth rate of weight, SGR_G; specific growth rate of shell width, SGR_SW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). A decreased FCR was observed with increasing dietary protein levels. Both SGR_G and SGR_SW significantly increased with increasing dietary protein levels up to 350 g kg^?1, whereas there were no significant differences for protein levels from 350–400 g kg^?1. Application of broken line regression analysis to SGR_G provided an estimate of 347.8 g kg^?1 dietary protein for maximal growth. The highest PER was observed in crab fed the diet containing 350 g kg^?1 protein (P < 0.05). The percent survival was not affected (P > 0.05) by the different dietary treatments. No significant differences were observed in the apparent digestibility coefficients of crude lipid and dry matter among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein and energy in crab fed different protein levels significantly increased with increasing dietary protein level (P < 0.05). Both amylase and protease activities in the intestine of E. sinensis were studied. The amylase activity decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased dietary protein level and protease activity increased. Regression analysis showed a negative effect of inclusion of dietary protein level on amylase activity (P < 0.05). However, protease activities were found to be positively correlated (P < 0.05) with dietary protein level. The protein content of the crab significantly increased with dietary protein levels up to 350 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05), but no significant differences (P > 0.05) were founded with protein levels higher than 350 g kg^?1.     

豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙生长性能、消化酶活性和肠道健康的影响

为探讨豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)生长性能、表观消化率、消化酶活性和肠道健康的影响,以基础饲料为对照,豆粕替代基础饲料中50%和100%的鱼粉形成3种等氮等能的试验饲料,分别记为FM、B1和B2组,饲喂初始体重为(40±0.3)g的牛蛙,进行为期30 d的摄食生长试验,测定增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、营养物质消化率、蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶等指标。结果显示:各组间牛蛙成活率无显著差异;豆粕替代鱼粉显著降低牛蛙的增重率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率,显著降低其对饲料干物质、蛋白质和总能的表观消化率。肠道消化酶分析结果显示,豆粕100%替代鱼粉显著降低了牛蛙空肠和回肠蛋白酶活性,B1和B2组牛蛙回肠脂肪酶活性显著低于FM组,淀粉酶活性显著高于FM组。对牛蛙肠道组织形态观察发现,豆粕替代鱼粉后肠道绒毛高度、肌层厚度和柱状上皮高度显著降低。豆粕替代鱼粉后肠道促炎因子IL-1β、IL-17、IL-8和TNF-αmRNA的表达量显著升高。结果表明,牛蛙饲料中大量使用豆粕会对其生长和饲料利用产生负面的影响,并诱导肠道炎症发生。     

水体铜对中华绒螯蟹体内铜分布和消化酶活性的影响

采用生态学单因子梯度试验,研究在不同铜（Cu^2＋）浓度梯度的水环境中中华绒螯蟹体内Cu^2＋分布的变化及其与生长相关的消化酶活性的影响。在未添加Cu^2＋的对照组中,中华绒螯蟹中Cu^2＋含量以鳃为最高,表皮次之,肝胰腺最低。随着水环境中Cu^2＋浓度的增高,相应组织中的Cu^2＋含量呈现不同的变化趋势,肝胰腺增加最快,鳃次之,表皮则最慢。显示在高Cu^2＋水环境下,肝胰腺是Cu^2＋主要的累积场所。不同浓度的Cu^2＋对肝胰腺类胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性均有不同程度的抑制,且Cu^2＋浓度越高,抑制作用越明显．对脂肪酶活性则有浓度依存的增强作用。表明随着水环境中添加的Cu^2＋浓度的增加,肝胰腺将是最主要的Cu^2＋积累和代谢器官,其代谢酶活性的变化可以灵敏地反映Cu^2＋的胁迫程度和毒性。     

Effects of replacing soybean meal with rubber seed meal on digestive enzyme activity,nutrient digestibility and retention in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with rubber seed meal (RSM) on digestive enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility and retention in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 0 (control), 100, 200, 300 and 400 g kg⁻¹ RSM replacing graded levels of SBM respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fish (initial average weight 5.2 g) per aquarium in a rearing system maintained at 29 ± 1°C for 8 weeks. The hepatic protease and lipase activities gradually decreased with increasing dietary RSM level, but no significant differences were observed among the low inclusion level (0–200 g kg⁻¹) groups. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid and ash showed a similar trend as the hepatic protease and lipase activities. The retentions of protein and individual essential amino acid (except lysine, threonine and leucine) in fish fed diet with 200 g kg⁻¹ RSM were similar to those in fish fed the control diet. These results indicate that dietary RSM inclusion level up to 200 g kg⁻¹ did not markedly affect the digestive enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility and retention in tilapia, whereas these were depressed by the inclusion of 400 g kg⁻¹ RSM.     

Partial replacement of fishmeal by defatted soybean meal in formulated diets for the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect on growth and feed efficiencies of the mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) when dietary fishmeal is partially replaced by defatted soybean meal (DSM). In the preliminary experiment, snapper (mean weight±SD, 58.22±5.28 g) were fed in triplicate with different dietary amounts of DSM (7.8–42.2%) that were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. After 14 weeks, survival, growth and feed efficiencies, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not differ. Based on these results, a feeding trial was done using a positive control diet that contained 64% fishmeal, while the other four diets had DSM levels of 12%, 24%, 36%, and 48% that replaced fishmeal protein at 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50% respectively. All diets were formulated to have about the same protein level (50%), protein to energy ratio (P/E of 25‐mg protein kJ^?1), and dietary energy (19.8 MJ kg^?1). These were fed to triplicate groups of snapper (mean total weight tank^?1±SD, 73.19±1.2 g) at 15 fish (average weight, 4.88 g) per 1.5‐t tank for 19 weeks. Growth (final average weight and specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, and HSI were not significantly different (P>0.05) while protein efficiency ratios or PERs were similar in treatments with DSM. Among snapper fed DSM, haematocrit value was significantly lower in fish fed 48% DSM and not different with fish fed 36% DSM. Whole‐body crude fat of snapper fed 48% DSM was lowest while the crude protein and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) levels were highest. Histopathological analysis showed that lipid vacuoles in livers of snapper were reduced in size as dietary DSM increased. There was slight lipid deposition in the liver of snapper at 36% DSM while at 48% DSM it was excessive and hepatocytes were necrotic. There were no differences in the histology of snapper intestine. Under the experimental condition of this study, DSM can be used in snapper diets at 24% (replacing 25% of fishmeal protein) based on growth, survival and feed efficiencies, and histology of liver and intestine. For a lesser diet cost, an inclusion level higher than 24% DSM is possible with a bioavailable phosphorus supplement.     

复合蛋白源替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、生理代谢和生化组成的影响

文章研究了复合蛋白源替代饲料中不同水平(0%、16.67%、33.33%、50%和66.67%,分别记为饲料1~#～5~#)的鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹成活、生长、生理代谢和生化组成的影响。结果显示:1)随着鱼粉替代水平增加,幼蟹终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率和肝胰腺指数均呈先升后降的趋势,2~#组最高(P<0.05);2)肝胰腺中的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活力和丙二醛含量均为4~#组最高,而超氧化物歧化酶活力在1~#组最高(P<0.05);血清中的谷丙转氨酶活力在5~#组最高,甘油三酯含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力则以4~#组最高,而丙二醛含量在2~#组最高(P<0.05);3) 1~#组躯体的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均显著高于其他组,而总碳水化合物含量在2~#组最高(P<0.05)。躯体半胱氨酸含量在4~#组最高,而其他氨基酸与总氨基酸含量均在2~#组最高(P<0.05)。结果表明,饲料中过高的鱼粉替代水平(33%～67%)会降低中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能和躯体营养物质的积累,对生理代谢产生不良影响,建议中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲料中复合蛋白源替代鱼粉的比例为16.67%。     

饥饿再投喂对缢蛏消化酶活力和抗氧化能力的影响

在海水温度8～11℃,盐度20～22,pH7.4～7.9的条件下,将采自福建宁德的5种规格缢蛏(平均壳长0.7cm、1.4cm、2.0cm、4.0cm、6.0cm分别记为N1、N2、N3、N4、N5,其中N1、N2、N3为稚贝)饥饿6d后投喂单胞藻5d,以淀粉酶活力、纤维素酶活力、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力为指标,研究了饥饿再投喂期间不同规格缢蛏消化能力和抗氧化能力的变化过程,对缢蛏的补偿生长进行了初步探索。结果显示,缢蛏淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力有随个体增大而下降的趋势,总抗氧化能力随个体增大而升高。饥饿阶段:N1组消化酶活力迅速大幅下降,N2、N3、N4组不同程度升高后下降,N5组在饥饿期间无明显变化;丙二醛含量显著(除N3)降低(P<0.05),2～3d时降至最低,此后开始上升。恢复投喂后各组消化酶活力分别在1～4d升至显著高于饥饿前水平(P<0.05)。恢复投喂3d后N1、N4、N5组丙二醛含量降至显著小于饥饿前水平(P<0.05)。试验期间各规格缢蛏总抗氧化能力无显著变化(P>0.05)。试验结果表明饥饿再投喂对缢蛏抗氧化能力无显著影响但可提高其消化能力,说明可设置合理的饥饿再投喂模式使缢蛏发生补偿生长。