不同改良剂对酸性烟田的改良效果及其对烤烟生长的影响

为比较碱渣、牡蛎粉和石灰对酸性烟田的改良效果及其对烤烟生长影响，本研究通过田间试验探究了三种改良剂对酸性烟田土壤酸度、烤烟产量与品质及经济效益影响。结果表明，三种改良剂施用均有效提高土壤pH，降低交换性酸和可溶性铝（Al）的含量，提升土壤交换性盐基阳离子含量。碱渣对土壤酸度的改良效果最佳，可使土壤pH提高0.38个单位，交换性酸和可溶性Al含量降低90.9%和39.8%。同时，碱渣处理中土壤交换性Ca2+和Mg2+含量分别增加了72.8%和91.9%。随着土壤性质的改善，三种改良剂均促进了烤烟的生长，提升了烟叶产量与内在品质。三种改良剂使烟叶产量增加6.0%~9.5%，上等烟比例提高4.0%~16.9%，产值增加11.7%~19.5%，净增收益增加4593.00~9270.30元/hm2，其中碱渣的增产增收幅度最大。此外，改良剂的施用优化了烤烟化学成分组成，其中牡蛎粉处理烟叶的品质最佳。总体看，利用碱渣改良酸性烟田具有广泛的应用前景，但在实际应用中，需注意控制碱渣Na和Cl元素含量。     

改良剂对反酸田土壤性质与水稻产量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同改良剂在反酸田土壤上的应用效果。结果表明,土壤pH在3.47~4.90范围内,pH与交换性H+和交换性Al3+呈极显著线性负相关关系,而与土壤有效铁和有效硫含量呈显著正相关。不同改良处理在提高作物产量和改良土壤性质方面较对照处理与NPK处理效果明显,且钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂、石灰及碱渣等无机改良剂改良效果显著高于添加腐植酸、精制有机肥、碱性有机肥处理。其改良效果主要体现在提高土壤pH,显著降低土壤交换性H+和交换性Al3+含量,明显增加土壤有效钙和有效镁的含量,改善根系生长环境,增加水稻地上部养分吸收和水稻籽粒产量。综上,初步认为酸害(包括活性酸和潜在酸)是反酸田土壤最主要的限制因子,钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂和石灰等偏碱性且富含有效钙或磷的无机矿物质是农业生产中改良反酸田的适宜改良剂。     

不同改良剂对酸性土壤的修复效应

为明确不同改良剂对酸性植烟土壤的修复效应,采用盆栽试验,分析了施用丰收延酸性土壤改良剂、金叶酸性土壤改良剂及石灰后土壤pH、水解性酸、潜性酸及土壤交换性能的动态变化。结果表明:施用改良剂可提高土壤pH 3.01%~24.11%,降低土壤水解性酸16.08%~50.46%、交换性Al 3+51.80%~64.27%、交换性H+含量84.12%~93.56%,提高土壤交换性盐基总量45.18%~46.16%、阳离子交换量0.33%~20.10%、盐基饱和度21.35%~49.78%。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤pH先升高后下降,至移栽60天后趋于稳定;土壤水解性酸在烤烟移栽后30~90天差异较小,至移栽后120天略有增加。施用石灰的土壤交换性氢、交换性铝一直下降,但施用丰收延、金叶酸性土壤改良剂的土壤交换性铝下降至烟苗移栽后120天略有增加,土壤交换性氢上升至烟苗移栽后120天大幅度下降。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤交换性盐基总量、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度一直提高,但变化幅度较小。不同土壤改良剂的材料来源及组成成分不同,其对酸性土壤的恢复效果也不同,以施用石灰的效果最好。     

石灰和绿肥对不同种植制度植烟酸性土壤改良效果

为寻求酸性植烟土壤可持续改良方法,采用大田试验研究了石灰、石灰+绿肥在烤烟连作、烤烟与玉米轮作方式上对酸性植烟土壤物理特性、主要养分和酸度特征指标的影响,并分析了土壤pH与土壤理化指标的相关性。结果表明:在烤烟连作方式下,施用石灰并结合种植绿肥还田改良酸性土壤比单施石灰效果好,能使土壤容重、水解性酸、交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝分别降低11.97%,25.00%,18.46%,21.74%和16.67%,土壤孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、pH、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度和土壤缓冲容量分别提高42.26%,57.02%,11.86%,16.39%,50.65%,5.97%,8.05%,13.17%和81.90%。施用石灰并结合种植绿肥对烤烟与玉米轮作方式的酸性土壤修复效果较烤烟连作更好,土壤容重、水解性酸、交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝可分别降低4.00%,20.51%,27.92%,10.00%和37.14%,土壤孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、pH、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度和土壤缓冲容量可分别提高9.17%,13.97%,7.22%,12.06%,5.08%,5.15%,35.27%,15.44%和28.05%。石灰+绿肥协同改良酸性土壤的效果比单施石灰好,烤烟与玉米轮作较烤烟连作更有利于酸化土壤的修复。研究结果为采用石灰和种植绿肥还田改良酸性土壤提供了理论依据和实践指导。     

三种植物物料对两种茶园土壤酸度的改良效果

用室内培养实验研究了稻草、花生秸秆和紫云英在 5、10 和 20 g/kg 的加入量水平下对茶园黄棕壤和茶园红壤酸度的改良效果.结果表明:除了黄棕壤加入紫云英处理会降低土壤的 pH 外,其余所有加入植物物料的处理均使土壤 pH 有不同程度的增加,使土壤交换性酸和交换性Al的数量减小,使土壤交换性盐基阳离子和盐基饱和度增加.有机物料对土壤酸度的改良效果与有机物料灰化碱和N含量有关,灰化碱和有机N的矿化使土壤 pH 升高,NH4+-N的硝化使土壤 pH 降低.3种植物物料中花生秸秆对土壤酸度的改良效果优于紫云英和稻草.加入植物物料使红壤中有毒形态Al的浓度显著减小,说明植物物料能够缓解红壤中Al对植物的毒害.     

生物质电厂灰等材料对红壤酸度和养分的改良效应

通过土培试验研究电厂灰的不同用量及电厂灰分别与石灰和磷灰石的不同配比对江西酸性红壤的改良作用。结果表明,随着电厂灰用量增加,土壤p H值升高,土壤交换性Al3+和交换性H+含量降低;土壤中有效养分含量增加,尤其是速效钾和交换性K+增加显著,最大增幅可达26.9%和66.7%,电厂灰最佳用量4500 kg hm-2。生物质电厂灰/磷灰石的配比中,综合效果以3/1为最佳,平均提高土壤p H值0.12个单位,降低土壤交换性Al3+和交换性H+的含量分别为0.68和0.10cmol(+)kg-1,对土壤中盐基离子(K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+)和速效养分含量都有显著提高,其中土壤交换性Ca2+和交换性Mg2+增加最显著,增幅达58.1%和34.6%。而电厂灰/石灰的配比以1/1为最优,平均提高土壤0.2个p H单位,降低土壤交换性Al3+和交换性H+的含量分别为1.19和0.20 cmol(+)kg-1,养分方面以提高土壤速效磷含量最为突出,增幅为5.6%。因此,生物质电厂灰与石灰和磷灰石按照一定的比例组合才能达到理想的土壤改良效果。     

石灰和有机肥对芒果园酸性土壤的改良效果及对芒果品质的影响

为探寻有效的芒果园酸性土壤改良措施,采用田间试验的方法研究了酸性土壤单施石灰、单施有机肥、混施石灰+有机肥对土壤生物和化学特性及芒果生长与品质的影响。结果表明:单施有机肥或单施石灰可显著增加土壤阳离子交换量和交换性盐基离子总量,其中单施有机肥可显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,但对土壤酸度无显著影响,而单施石灰可显著降低土壤酸度,但对土壤养分无显著影响,石灰和有机肥混施土壤水解性酸和交换性酸含量降低,土壤pH上升0.38个单位,土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量增加62.01%～78.38%,且可增加土壤阳离子交换量和交换性盐基离子总量,其盐基饱和度提高13.37个百分点。单施石灰或石灰与有机肥混施可使土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性提高7.63%～54.20%,但酸性磷酸酶活性降低12.34%～27.06%,而单施有机肥则可使此4种土壤酶活性提高4.55%～58.75%;单施石灰、单施有机肥或有机肥与石灰混施均可提高土壤微生物活性、叶片叶绿素含量、比叶重、芒果单果重、果实品质和产量,单施有机肥果树叶片质量、果实产量及果实可溶性固形物高于单施石灰,但果实糖酸比低于单施石灰,综合来看,石灰与有机肥混施效果最佳,其微生物量碳含量提高163.85%,微生物熵提高48.73%,单果重、糖酸比和产量分别提高20.88%、64.00%、54.70%。综上,单施石灰或单施有机肥均可一定程度地改良芒果园酸性土壤,但两者混施效果最佳,因此,石灰+有机肥混施是一种有效的可持续的芒果园酸性土壤改良方法。     

长期施用氮磷钾肥和石灰对红壤性水稻土酸性特征的影响

利用34年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾化肥配施石灰(NPK+Ca O)对红壤性水稻土不同形态酸、土壤盐基离子及水稻植株阳离子吸收量的影响,探讨土壤交换性H+和Al3+占交换性酸的比例、土壤盐基离子、植株带出阳离子数量与土壤酸度的关系。结果表明,长期NPK处理早、晚稻土壤p H较CK处理分别降低0.2和0.3个单位,交换性酸提高2.3倍和4.2倍,水解性酸提高35.4%和40.0%;NPK+Ca O处理早、晚稻土壤p H较NPK处理分别提高0.5和0.7个单位,较CK处理分别提高0.3和0.4个单位,交换性酸、水解性酸均显著低于NPK和CK处理(p0.05)。土壤交换性H+、Al3+含量高低顺序均为NPK+Ca OCKNPK。土壤交换性盐基离子以交换性Ca2+所占比例最大(81.8%~89.3%),NPK+Ca O处理交换性Ca2+较CK和NPK处理分别提高40.1%和62.9%。交换性Ca2+、交换性盐基离子、盐基饱和度与土壤p H正相关,与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Mg2+与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Na+与水解性酸负相关。植株移出带走的钙、镁、钾、钠离子量及其总量对土壤p H、交换性酸和水解性酸有一定影响,但其相关性均不显著。研究表明长期施用化肥条件下通过配施石灰可有效缓解稻田土壤的酸化,促进酸性稻田土壤的生态修复与改良。     

石灰、绿肥和生物有机肥协同改良酸性土壤并提高烟草生产效益

【目的】石灰、绿肥和生物有机肥不仅可以提高作物需要的养分,也是常用的土壤改良剂。研究其协同修复酸性土壤效应,以期为酸性土壤可持续改良提供有效技术措施。【方法】2017和2018年,以‘云烟87’为材料进行了大田试验。试验包括无改良剂对照 (CK)、单施石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥4个处理。石灰、绿肥、生物有机肥施用量分别为2250、7500、450 kg/hm2,改良剂与化肥均全部底施,4个处理的氮、磷、钾总用量一致。于移栽后30 d、60 d取植株样,调查烤烟农艺性状、经济性状及烟叶物理特性、化学成分、评吸质量。烟草收获后,取0—20 cm表土样品,测定了土壤物理特性、主要养分含量和酸度指标。【结果】与CK相比,石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的土壤碱解氮含量分别提高了25.7%、17.9%、17.1%,有效磷含量分别提高了5.76%、15.0%、34.2%,土壤pH值分别增加了0.22、0.80、1.07个单位,水解性酸分别降低了58.0%、66.7%、77.0%,交换性酸分别降低了75.8%、77.8%、80.8%,交换性H+分别降低了94.6%、96.6%、97.7%,交换性Al3+分别降低了64.3%、65.4%、69.9%,土壤交换性盐基总量分别提高了15.5%、16.3%、16.5%,阳离子交换量分别提高了13.2%、15.5%、17.6%;石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的土壤容重分别降低了5.73%、6.56%,土壤孔隙度分别增加了5.72%、6.72%,土壤有机质分别提高27.0%、35.2%。添加改良剂处理减缓了烤烟前期生长,但促进了烤烟中期生长。与CK相比,石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的上等烟比例分别增加了20.4%、23.2%、28.4%,烟叶产量分别增加了3.71%、17.8%、21.1%,烟叶产值分别增加了0.59%、11.0%、14.6%。改良剂处理不同程度地提高了烟叶评吸质量。与CK相比,石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的上部烟叶物理特性指数分别提高了0.72%、2.68%、4.02%,上部叶化学成分可用性指数分别提高了3.89%、3.95%、12.87%,中部烟叶化学成分指数分别提高了0.06%、0.39%、2.79%;上部烟叶评吸总分分别提高了3.46%、3.47%、7.48%。【结论】石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥三者配合施用修复酸性土壤的效果最好,其次是石灰+绿肥,单施石灰的效果较差。三种改良剂同时使用,不仅可缓解土壤酸性,还可提高土壤容重和有机质含量,进而实现烟草的提质增效和酸性土壤的改良。     

不同措施改良反酸田及水稻产量效果

【目的】针对反酸田土壤酸性强、有效磷含量极低、活性铝铁毒性重及结构性差等特征,研究不同措施改良反酸田土壤理化性质,提高水稻产量的效果,为施用合理的改良剂消减各种障碍因素、提高土壤肥力、恢复土壤生产力提供理论依据。【方法】通过三年田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK1)、专用肥(NPK,CK2)、NK+钙镁磷肥、NK+磷矿粉、专用肥+石灰、专用肥+粉煤灰、专用肥+生物有机肥7个处理,研究不同改良措施对华南稻区反酸田水稻产量、土壤酸度、养分状况、团聚体及腐殖质组分的影响。【结果】连续3年添加改良剂钙镁磷肥、磷矿粉、石灰、粉煤灰和生物有机肥的处理早、晚稻平均产量较CK1处理均显著增加,其增幅分别为38.78%~75.00%和38.31%~56.75%;与CK2处理相比,添加改良剂的处理三季早稻和两季晚稻平均产量均有所增加,其增幅分别为9.15%~26.10%和5.71%~13.33%,且添加石灰、粉煤灰和生物有机肥的处理水稻增产率大于钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉处理。添加改良剂的处理土壤p H、有效磷和速效钾含量较CK1和CK2处理均有所增加,而交换性H+、交换性Al3+、有效硫含量则显著降低。与CK1和CK2处理相比,各添加改良剂处理5 mm粒级水稳性团聚体占团聚体比例均显著提高,而2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm以及0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体所占比例均有所下降。添加粉煤灰和生物有机肥处理有利于提高0.25 mm水稳性团聚体数量及稳定性,其团聚体破坏率分别降低至14.11%和16.99%。与CK1处理相比,添加石灰处理土壤有机碳含量略有下降,而其他施肥处理均有增加;各施肥处理土壤胡敏酸碳和胡敏素碳含量较CK1处理均有增加,而富里酸碳含量均呈下降趋势。与CK2处理相比,连续3年添加钙镁磷肥和生物有机肥的处理显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,添加粉煤灰和生物有机肥处理显著提高了土壤水溶性碳和胡敏酸碳含量。施肥处理HA/FA比值较CK1处理均有所提高,其增幅为16.44%~47.69%;与CK2处理相比,添加粉煤灰、生物有机肥处理其值增幅最大,分别提高26.83%和24.53%。【结论】添加粉煤灰或生物有机肥处理对反酸田土壤的改良效果最佳。     

工业副产品改良土壤酸度和铝毒的潜力

It is imperative to choose some low cost, available and effective ameliorants to correct soil acidity in southern China for sustainable agriculture. The present investigation dealt with the possible role of industrial byproducts, i. e., coal fly ash (CFA), alkaline slag (AS), red mud (RM) and phosphogypsum (PG) in correcting acidity and aluminum (Al) toxicity of soils under tea plantation using an indoor incubation experiment. Results indicated that CFA, AS and RM increased soil pH, while PG decreased the pHs of an Ultisol and an Alfisol. The increment of soil pH followed the order of RM > AS > CFA. All the industrial byproducts invariably decreased exchangeable Al and hence increased exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na and effective cation exchange capacity. RM, AS and lime decreased total soluble Al, exchangeable Al and organically bound Al. Formation and retention of hydroxyl-Al polymers were the principal mechanism through which Al phytotoxicity was alleviated by application of these amendments. In addition, the heavy metal contents in the four industrial byproducts constituted a limited environmental hazard in a short time at the rates normally used in agriculture. Therefore, the short-term use of the byproducts, especially AS and RM, as amendments for soil acidity and Al toxicity in acid soils may be a potential alternative to the traditional use of mined gypsum and lime.     

通过施用碱性矿渣和作物残茬生物炭以促进酸性老成土中盐基饱并降低土壤酸度

This investigation was conducted by using alkaline slag and crop straw biochars to reduce acidity of an acidic Ultisol through incubation and pot experiments with lime as a comparison. The soil was amended with different liming materials： lime（1 g kg^-1）,alkaline slag（2 and 4 g kg^-1）, peanut straw biochar（10 and 20 g kg^-1）, canola straw biochar（10 and 20 g kg^-1） and combinations of alkaline slag（2 g kg^-1） and biochars（10 g kg^-1） in the incubation study. A pot experiment was also conducted to observe the soybean growth responses to the above treatments. The results showed that all the liming materials increased soil p H and decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The higher the rates of alkaline slag, biochars, and alkaline slag combined with biochars, the greater the increase in soil p H and the reduction in soil exchangeable acidity. All the amendments increased the levels of one or more soil exchangeable base cations. The lime treatment increased soil exchangeable Ca^2＋, the alkaline slag treatment increased exchangeable Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ levels, and the biochars and combined applications of alkaline slag with biochars increased soil exchangeable Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋ and K^＋ and soil available P. The amendments enhanced the uptake of one or more nutrients of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by soybean in the pot experiment. Of the different amendments, the combined application of alkaline slag with crop straw biochars was the best choice for increasing base saturation and reducing soil acidity of the acidic Ultisol. The combined application of alkaline slag with biochars led to the greatest reduction in soil acidity, increased soil Ca, Mg, K and P levels, and enhanced the uptake of Ca, Mg, K and P by soybean plants.     

Effectiveness of some local liming materials in Nigeria as Ameliorants of soil acidity

The effectiveness of three local liming materials: basic slag (a byproduct of iron and steel industry), cement flue dust (a waste product of cement factory), and ground limestone was compared with that of imported hydrated lime in a greenhouse study using acid soils from two sites in Southern Nigeria. The soils were taken from Onne, near Port Harcourt in Rivers State and Epe near Lagos in Lagos State. The soils were classified as Typic paleudult and Typic udipsamment, respectively. The results show that the four liming materials were capable of neutralizing soil acidity. Their relative effectiveness was in the order: hydrated lime > basic slag > cement flue dust > ground limestone. Uptake of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and dry matter yield increased with increasing lime rates up to 500 and 1,000 mg Ca/kg soil for Epe and Onne soils, respectively. The lime requirements of the two soils are in the order of the aluminum (Al) saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and are equivalent to exchangeable Al multiplied by 1.74 and 1.50, respectively. While differences among lime rates were significant for nutrient uptake and dry matter yield, there were no significant differences among the lime sources.     

Use of crop residues with alkaline slag to ameliorate soil acidity in an Ultisol

Information regarding the interaction between liming agents and crop residues on soil acidity amelioration is limited. A laboratory incubation study was undertaken to investigate the combined application of alkaline slag (AS, the major component is CaO) and crop residues with different C/N ratios and ash alkalinity content. Incorporation of amendments was effective in reducing soil exchangeable acidity and Al saturation and increasing exchangeable base cations (P < 0.05), but the effect of AS on soil pH adjustment was reduced when added with a high amount of residue with a low C/N ratio. Initial increases in soil pH were attributed to the release of alkalinity from the combined amendments and the mineralization of organic nitrogen (N). During subsequent incubation, the soil pH decreased because of nitrification. Crop residues with a high C/N ratio increased N immobilization and reduced net nitrification, resulting in a slight pH decrease. Crop residues with a low C/N ratio resulted in a sharp decrease in soil pH when applied with low levels of AS because of stimulated soil nitrification, whereas high AS had no consistent effect on net nitrification. Hence, compared to the control (pH = 4.21), a large increase in soil pH occurred, especially when peanut straw was applied at 10 g/kg (pH = 5.16). It is suggested that crop residues with high C/N ratio and also combined with a liming agent such as AS are preferred to ameliorate soil acidity. The liming effect of AS is likely to be negated if added in combination with residues with high N contents.     

不同产地油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度和土壤pH缓冲容量的影响

  目的  明确不同产地油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度的改良和土壤pH缓冲容量的提升效果。  方法  将不同添加量的油菜秸秆炭分别与两种酸性红壤混合,然后进行室内培养试验,测定培养实验前后土壤pH、pH缓冲容量、土壤交换性盐基离子和土壤交换性酸。  结果  添加油菜秸秆炭显著提高了土壤的pH、pH缓冲容量、交换性盐基离子含量,显著降低了土壤交换性酸含量。说明添加油菜秸秆炭不仅可以改良红壤酸度,还能提高红壤的抗酸化能力,因而可以减缓土壤的复酸化。生长在碱性土壤上的油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度的改良效果和对土壤pH缓冲容量的提升效果均优于生长在酸性土壤上的油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭,在5%添加水平下,前者使湖南红壤pH相比对照提高37.4%,后者使该土壤的pH提高22.4%;相应地,2种生物质炭分别使该土壤的pH缓冲容量分别提高41.4%和37.3%。2种油菜秸秆炭对红壤pH和pH缓冲容量的提升效果与其碱含量和表面官能团多少相一致。  结论  碱性土壤上生长的油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤具有更好的改良效果。     

Evaluation of Two Industrial By-products as Soil Conditioners for Reducing Potential Aluminium Toxicity and Acidity in a Palexerult of Western Spain

A field experiment evaluated the effects of surface applications of two industrial by-products (sugar foam and phosphogypsum) to an acidic Ultisol of the temperate zone in Spain to ameliorate topsoil and subsurface acidity and potential aluminium (Al) toxicity. The by-products were applied in single and combined amendments and at two different rates. Two years after their application, it was determined that applications at a low rate of sugar foam and sugar foam + phosphogypsum increased the pH and the exchangeable calcium (Ca) and reduced the exchangeable Al in the surface horizon of the soil while only a significant reduction of exchangeable Al was obtained in the subsurface horizon. Long-term amelioration of acidity and potential Al toxicity were only achieved upon the addition of these treatments at high rate. The addition of sugar foam at a high rate provides an effective practice for long-term acidity amelioration from the surface downward.     

有机肥替代化学氮肥提升红壤抗酸化能力

  【目的】  长期过量施用化学氮肥加剧了红壤区农田土壤酸化,严重制约着该区域农业的可持续发展。施用石灰和有机肥是防治红壤酸化的主要措施,我们研究了有机无机肥配合提高红壤抗酸化能力的作用与机理。  【方法】  本研究基于2009年在湖南祁阳中国农业科学院红壤站开展的有机肥替代化学氮肥长期定位试验,其中4个处理分别为单施化肥(由于酸化严重,于2018年底添加石灰改良)、有机肥替代化肥氮20%、40%和60%,供试有机肥为猪粪。采集2018和2020年的土壤样品,分析各施肥处理红壤pH、交换性酸铝、阳离子交换量、有机质、酸缓冲能力等指标的变化及相互关系。  【结果】  至2018年,单施化肥处理较试验之初土壤pH降低了0.48个单位,交换性酸、铝分别增加了2.74和1.06 cmol/kg;添加石灰改良后,土壤pH升高了0.58个单位,交换性酸、铝分别降低了2.62和1.45 cmol/kg。有机肥替代化肥氮40%和60%处理均可有效防治红壤酸化,其中以替代60%处理效果最佳;至2020年60%有机替代处理土壤pH较初始值提高了0.78个单位,交换性酸和交换性铝分别降低了1.10和1.25 cmol/kg。有机肥替代化肥氮40%和60%处理较单施化肥处理显著提高了土壤阳离子交换量,而石灰改良前后土壤阳离子交换量无显著变化。土壤酸缓冲曲线表明,土壤交换性铝含量随着pH的降低而显著升高,单施化肥、有机肥替代化肥氮20%、40%和60%处理的斜率分别为2.71、2.42、1.93和0.16;土壤交换性铝对pH响应斜率与土壤pH、交换性镁、阳离子交换量、交换性钾、有机质含量呈极显著或显著负相关关系。  【结论】  有机肥替代40%以上化学氮肥既能防治红壤酸化,又能提升红壤抗酸化能力。土壤阳离子交换量和有机质可能是导致土壤交换性铝对pH响应差异的主要因素,即阳离子交换量和有机质含量高的土壤pH降低1个单位时,交换性铝增幅较小,但其作用机理还有待进一步研究。     

钢渣与生物质炭配合施用对红壤酸度的改良效果

采用厌氧热解方法制备污泥生物质炭和花生秸秆炭,研究了钢渣和生物质炭单独施用及配合施用对红壤酸度的改良效果,结果表明,钢渣、花生秸秆炭和污泥生物质炭均含有一定量的碱性物质,向红壤中添加钢渣和生物质炭可以中和土壤酸度,提高土壤pH,增加土壤交换性盐基阳离子含量,降低土壤交换性铝含量.90天培养实验结束时,这3种改良剂分别使土壤pH相对对照提高1.10、0.72和0.48.钢渣与花生秸秆炭配合施用对土壤酸度的改良效果最好,使土壤pH相对对照提高2.14,单施污泥生物质炭的改良效果最小.钢渣和生物质炭含一定量的养分元素,添加钢渣和生物质炭可以同时改善土壤肥力.钢渣含丰富的钙,添加钢渣使土壤交换性钙含量增幅最大,相对对照增加4.5倍;添加花生秸秆炭使土壤交换钾增加最显著,相对对照约增加7倍;污泥生物质炭含丰富的磷,添加污泥生物质炭使土壤有效磷增加最显著,相对对照增加5.4倍.添加钢渣和2种生物质炭均显著提高了土壤交换性镁含量,将钢渣与生物质炭配合施用,土壤交换性镁含量的增幅更大.由于钢渣和2种生物质炭的碱含量和养分含量各有特点,因此可以根据土壤酸度状况和养分含量选择将钢渣与不同生物质炭配合施用,以达到既能最大限度中和土壤酸度又能补充土壤所必需养分的目的.