粤北冰雪灾害受损杉木林修复技术研究

研究了粤北地区天井山林场杉木成熟林冰灾受损后的恢复重建模式,在全面伐除杉木、选留萌芽条的基础上引种6个木兰科优良树种。结果表明,6个树种均能适应该地生境,保存率均在80%以上,其中火力楠、峨眉含笑和厚朴生长较快,乳源木莲、深山含笑和观光木生长较慢,杉木萌芽条生长旺盛,在新的林分中占优势地位。     

杉木凋落物对土壤物理性质的影响

杉木凋落物归还林地供其再度吸收和利用是杉木人工林生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要途径。虽然前人对杉木人工林、混交林凋落物的特性和养分循环进行了大量的实验与研究,并取得了一定的成果,对凋落物的特性与土壤养分循环有了较深的了解,但杉木凋落物对土壤各项物理性质影响的相关综合论述类文献较少。文章通过分析近年大量的研究成果和数据,运用对比、举例说明的方法阐述了杉木凋落物对土壤容重、孔隙度、通气性、水分、温度、团聚体等物理性质的影响,并对改善杉木人工林地的土壤性质进行了探讨。     

冰雪灾害后粤北杉木林冠残体和凋落物的持水特性

对冰雪灾害后杉木林的林冠残体和凋落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行研究.结果表明:杉木林冠残体的干、枝、叶和皮的干质量分别为11.42,7.03,5.76和1.78 t·hm-2,凋落物干质量为5.93 t·hm-2;各组分的最大持水量表现为干(11.83 t·hm-2)>叶(11.24 t-hm-2)>凋落物(10.88 t-hm-2)>枝(6.73 t·hm-2)>皮(2.38 t·hm-2);各组分中叶的最大持水率居首位,达295%,凋落物为272%,皮为234%,枝和干分别为196%和193%;浸泡时间在0.5～6 h之间,各组分的吸水速率随浸泡时间的增长急剧下降,此后缓慢下降;各组分的持水量和持水率随着浸泡时间的增加按照自然对数方程增加,各组分的吸水速率随浸泡时间的增长按负指数方程下降.     

凋落物添加对不同龄级杉木林土壤养分与微生物特性的影响

[目的]探讨并分析不同树种凋落物组合添加对各龄级杉木林土壤养分以及对土壤微生物特性的影响,为南方杉木纯林营造混交林提供理论依据.[方法]以江西分宜不同龄级杉木人工林为研究对象,设置不同树种凋落物组合添加处理,研究其在杉木不同发育阶段对土壤有机碳(SOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分及其化学计量比,以及对土壤微生物生物量碳(...     

冰雪灾害对森林土壤性质的影响

冰雪灾害是一种常见的自然灾害,易对森林造成巨大破坏。在全球变化加剧的背景下,冰雪灾害发生的频率和强度呈现上升趋势。文中综述了冰雪灾害后森林土壤物理性质、土壤化学性质、土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性的变化,以便为受损森林生态系统的修复提供参考。今后的研究热点是加强对灾后森林养分循环、土壤微生物和土壤种子库的长期研究,开展土壤微生物群落、土壤呼吸和土壤理化性质相互关系及作用机理研究,运用3S技术监测不同立地条件下土壤灾后动态变化、建立更科学精准的受灾森林生态系统评估体系,以及建立生态修复模型预测冰雪灾害后的森林恢复过程。     

福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物分解及养分动态的比较

对福建柏和杉木的凋落物分解和N、P、K养分动态进行了为期 75 0d的研究 ,结果表明 :两树种的落叶和落枝分解速率与时间呈指数关系 ,第 1年干重损失率分别为 83 4 7%和 19 4 3% (福建柏 )、6 0 78%和 2 5 0 2 % (杉木 )。落叶分解过程中 ,P浓度增加 ,而K和C浓度下降 ;但落叶N浓度 ,福建柏的先升后降 ,杉木的则单调上升 ;落枝分解过程中各元素浓度均呈现 :N单调上升 ,K和C单调下降 ,P先升后降。落叶和落枝的元素分解速率均以K最大 ,其次为C和P ,N最小。福建柏落叶元素年分解速率 ,N、P和C比杉木的大 ,但K却比杉木的小 ;而福建柏落枝元素年分解速率C和N比杉木的大 ,而P和K却比杉木的小。福建柏落叶和落枝分解过程中N、P、K的年养分释放量分别为 2 6 30、0 16 2和 1 6 0 4g·m- 2 ,分别是杉木 (1 2 0 5、0 14 3和 1 12 9g·m- 2 )的 2 18倍、1 13倍和 1 4 2倍。与杉木林相比 ,福建柏林凋落物分解过程中养分释放量高 ,且养分释放 归还比值亦大 ,表明福建柏林凋落物养分周转比杉木快 ,这对维持林地土壤肥力是有益的。     

福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物性质的比较

对福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物数量、组成、季节动态、养分和能量归还及物质化学组成进行了 3a的研究 ,结果表明 :福建柏、杉木林的年均凋落物量分别为 731 83g·m- 2 、5 4 6 85g·m- 2 ,前者是后者的 1 34倍 ,其中落叶分别占总凋落量的 6 5 2 9%和 5 8 2 9% ,而福建柏林落枝、落果和其它组分占总凋落量的比例则比杉木林的低。福建柏林凋落物总量在 5月 (2 0 0 0年为 2月 )和 11— 12月出现两次峰值 ,且第 2次峰值远比第 1次高 ;杉木林总凋落物量 1年出现 3次峰值 (4或 5月、8月和 11月 ) ,且峰值较为接近。福建柏林凋落物年养分和能量总归还量分别为 13 96 1g·m- 2 和 14 6 36 5 8kJ·m- 2 ,杉木林的则分别为 12 0 0 5g·m- 2 和 12 2 91 17kJ·m- 2 ,前者分别是后者的 1 16倍和 1 19倍 ,其中福建柏林通过落叶归还的养分和能量则分别是杉木林的 1 6 3倍和 1 2 9倍。福建柏落叶N、P浓度和易分解物质 (水溶性物、半纤维素和粗蛋白 )含量高于杉木 ,而难分解物质 (如纤维素、木质素 )的含量低于杉木 ,且C N、C P、木质素 N及木质素 P的比值也比杉木落叶的低。说明福建柏林凋落量比杉木大 ,落叶质量亦比杉木的高。     

粤北冰雪损毁杉木林人工恢复及林分结构特征分析

以广东天井山林场2008年遭受特大冰雪灾害损毁的杉木林为对象,通过采用伐除受损杉木,人工引入木荷、黎蒴、火力楠、樟树等乡土阔叶树种,及保留杉木萌芽更新等方式,开展人工促进受损杉木林植被恢复研究。结果表明,人工修复5年后,形成了良好的杉木阔叶树混交林,萌芽杉木平均胸径达到4.41~5.48 cm,木荷、黎蒴、火力楠、深山含笑、黎蒴、樟树平均胸径分别为2.72、6.03、2.59、1.75、4.10、3.30 cm。在水平分布格局上,9个样地属随机分布,6个样地呈均匀分布,无样地呈聚集分布;树种混交度呈弱度、中度混交;树种间竞争优劣顺序依次为黎蒴、木荷、樟树、火力楠、深山含笑。不同配置的阔叶树种所形成林分的空间结构特征没有明显差异。修复受损杉木最佳的树种为黎蒴,其次是木荷、樟树、火力楠,最后是深山含笑。     

杉木林转为油茶林对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

[目的]研究杉木林转为油茶林后土壤细菌群落结构及多样性,为油茶林的可持续经营提供理论基础.[方法]通过高通量测序技术分析杉木林转为油茶林后土壤细菌群落结构及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系.[结果]杉木林和油茶林中共有OUT 2845个,30个门,88个纲,195个目,295个科和887个属.2种林分类型中主要细菌群落有变形...     

施用磷肥对杉木幼林土壤养分和磷组分的影响

杉木［Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｈｏｏｋ．］人工林土壤立地大多供Ｐ不足,杉木幼林施用磷肥肥效显著。李贻铨等认为施Ｐ、Ｋ肥能促进杉木幼林生长［１,２］;叶仲节认为幼林施Ｐ肥初期有效,施Ｎ无效,施Ｋ还会出现负效应［３］。作...     

Effects of resource plant size on rooting of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dryobalanops lanceolata</Emphasis> cuttings

 Cuttings from older trees of the Dipterocarpaceae generally lose their ability to root. However, branches in a canopy of adult dipterocarps are a possible source of cuttings because they show juvenile characteristics in architecture due to “adaptive reiteration”, suggesting physiological rejuvenation. Effects of resource plant size on the rooting of cuttings and the possibility of using cuttings from reiterated branches of adult trees were studied for Dryobalanops lanceolata, an emergent dipterocarp species. A cutting experiment with non-mist propagators was conducted for cuttings collected from resource plants of four different size classes: <2 m, 2–5 m, 8–15 m, and 70 m in height. The smallest size class included two different age classes: <2 and >2 years old. Cuttings from the tallest resource plant were collected from reiterated branches. Rooting percentage was negatively correlated with resource plant size: 77–78% for resource plants <2 m, 63% for 2–5 m, 36% for 8–15 m, and 0% for 70 m. Rooting percentages of cuttings collected from different individuals were not different for the 2–5 m tall class, while they were significantly different for the 8–15 m tall class. Resource plant size was negatively correlated with the number of roots for rooted cuttings. No significant relationship was observed between resource plant size and mean length of each root, total root length or total root dry weight for rooted cuttings. The results suggest the possibility of collecting cuttings from relatively large resource plants up to 15 m tall and >20 years old if we chose good individuals for resource plants. The results, however, show the difficulty in using reiterated branches of adult trees as a source of cuttings for D. lanceolata. Received: October 15, 2001 / Accepted: November 11, 2002 Acknowledgments We express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. Tamura, Dr. K. Ogino, and Mr. A.A. Hamid for their kind support. The tree tower was constructed in a cooperative project between Japan and Sarawak supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (Grant NP0201). The cutting experiment was partly funded by the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS-RFTF96R16001). Correspondence to:A. Itoh     

A generalized algebraic difference approach allows an improved estimation of aboveground biomass dynamics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cunninghamia lanceolata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Castanopsis sclerophylla</Emphasis> forests

Key message

A generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) developed in this study improved the estimation of aboveground biomass dynamics of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook and Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott forests. This could significantly improve the fieldwork efficiency for dynamic biomass estimation without repeated measurements.

Context

The estimation of biomass growth dynamics and stocks is a fundamental requirement for evaluating both the capability and potential of forest carbon sequestration. However, the biomass dynamics of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Castanopsis sclerophylla using the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) model has not been made to date.

Aims

This study aimed to quantify aboveground biomass (AGB, including stem, branch and leaf biomass) dynamics and AGB increment in C. lanceolata and C. sclerophylla forests by combining a GADA for diameter prediction with allometric biomass models.

Methods

A total of 12 plots for a C. lanceolata plantation and 11 plots for a C. sclerophylla forest were selected randomly from a 100 m × 100 m systematic grid placed over the study area. GADA model was developed based on tree ring data for each stand.

Results

GADA models performed well for diameter prediction and successfully predicted AGB dynamics for both stands. The mean AGB of the C. lanceolata stand ranged from 69.4 ± 7.7 Mg ha^?1 in 2010 to 102.5 ± 11.4 Mg ha^?1 in 2013, compared to 136.9 ± 7.0 Mg ha^?1 in 2010 to 154.8 ± 8.0 Mg ha^?1 in 2013 for C. sclerophylla. The stem was the main component of AGB stocks and production. Significantly higher production efficiency (stem production/leaf area index) and AGB increment was observed for C. lancolata compared to C. sclerophylla.

Conclusion

Dynamic GADA models could overcome the limitations posed by within-stand competition and limited biometric data, can be applied to study AGB dynamics and AGB increment, and contribute to improving our understanding of net primary production and carbon sequestration dynamics in forest ecosystems.

     

Identification of pests and assessment of their damage on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carapa procera</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lophira lanceolata</Emphasis> in Burkina Faso,West Africa

Nontimber forest products are a source of income for women in rural African communities. However, these products are frequently damaged by insect pests. The present study investigates the diversity and damage rates of insect pests that attack Carapa procera seeds and Lophira lanceolata fruits. The experiment was set up in western Burkina Faso and, for C. carapa, consisted of pests collected from seeds that had fallen to the ground and from stockpiled seeds. For L. lanceolata, pests were collected from fruits on the trees, and on the ground. The collected samples were sent to the laboratory to estimate the proportion of damaged seeds/fruits and rear the insects. The results showed that Ephestia spp., Tribolium castaneum, Oryzeaphilus spp., and Tenebroides mauritanicus were the pests of Carapa procera seeds and Lophira lanceolata fruits. Ephestia spp. was recorded as the main pest of both C. procera and L. lanceolata, whereas T. castaneum was only detected from seeds of L. lanceolata. For C. procera, the stocks were the most infested (29 %) by Ephestia spp. The infestation rate of fruits of L. lanceolata by Ephestia spp. on trees (31.42 ± 3.75 %) was less than the rate of fruits by T. castaneum on the ground (44.00 ± 3.5 %). The different body sizes of Ephestia spp. may indicate the occurrence of two putative species, one from C. procera and another one from L. lanceolata. This work provides important information that could contribute to the setting up of a local-scale sustainable management framework for oil tree pests in Burkina Faso and surrounding countries.     

Successful <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis> with apple <Emphasis Type="Italic">SPDS</Emphasis> gene

The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase （SPDS） genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Four transgenic clones were confu＇med by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR.     

Effect of ACQ-D treatment on the surface free energy of Chinese fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cunninghamia lanceolata</Emphasis>)

In this study, the contact angles of three different reference liquids （including distilled water, diiodomethane, and formamide） and PF resin on the surfaces of Chinese fir （Cunningharnia lanceolata） samples untreated or treated with different concentrations of ACQ-D （ammoniacal copper quat Type D） solutions were measured. Then, the surface free energy was calculated by two approaches： acid-base approach and geometric mean approach. ACQ-D treatment caused higher contact angles and lower surface free energies at a retention level corresponding to the commodity treated wood products. When wood was treated with much higher concentrations of ACQ-D, the total surface free energy of wood would be higher than the untreated control. Acid-base/polar components related with the hydrogen bonding state in wood were considered to be responsible for the observed changes according to the applied approaches. The hydrophobic properties and also higher contact angles of PF resin drop on wood surfaces after ACQ-D treatment at a reasonable retention level confirms the changes on surface free energy.     

Insecticidal properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymus persicus</Emphasis> essential oil against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus oryzae</Emphasis>

Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4 and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT₅₀) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT₅₀ values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC₅₀ values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects.     

Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood by brown-rot fungi <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitopsis palustris</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coniophora puteana</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laetiporus sulphureus</Emphasis>

This study evaluated oxalic acid accumulation and bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood by three brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus. The fungi were first cultivated in a fermentation broth to accumulate oxalic acid. Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood was then carried out by leaching of heavy metals with oxalic acid over a 10-day fermentation period. Higher amounts of oxalic acid were produced by F. palustris and L. sulphureus compared with C. puteana. After 10-day fermentation, oxalic acid accumulation reached 4.2 g/l and 3.2 g/l for these fungi, respectively. Fomitopsis palustris and L. sulphureus exposed to CCA-treated sawdust for 10 days showed a decrease in arsenic of 100% and 85%, respectively; however, C. puteana remediation removed only 18% arsenic from CCA-treated sawdust. Likewise, chromium removal in F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes was higher than those for C. puteana. This was attributed to low oxalic acid accumulation. These results suggest that F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes can remove inorganic metal compounds via oxalic acid production by increasing the acidity of the substrate and increasing the solubility of the metals.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus fasciculatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. macrocarpum</Emphasis> on the growth and nutrient content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia siamea</Emphasis> in a semi-arid Indian wasteland soil

The effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus fasciculatum and G. macrocarpum on shoot and root dry weights and nutrient content of Cassia siamea in a semi-arid wasteland soil was evaluated. Under nursery conditions, mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth of seedlings. Root and shoot dry weights were higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants. The concentration of P, K, Cu, Zn and Na was significantly higher in AM inoculated seedlings than in non-inoculated seedlings. Mycorrhization led to decrease in alkalinity of the rhizosphere soil from pH 8.5 to 7.4. Under nursery conditions, the degree of mycorrhizal dependency increased with age of C. siamea seedling. On transplantation to the field, the survival rate of mycorrhizal seedlings (75%–90%) was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings (40%). Besides better survival rate, AM inoculation improved the growth performance of seedlings in terms of height and stem diameter. Among the two AM fungi used, the efficiency of Glomus macrocarpum was higher than that of G. fasciculatum under both nursery and field conditions.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrected page numbers.     

Enzymatic saccharification and ethanol production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paraserianthes falcataria</Emphasis> wood,and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Elaeis guineensis</Emphasis> trunk

We examined the saccharification and fermentation of meals from Acacia mangium wood, Paraserianthes falcataria wood, and Elaeis guineensis trunk. The levels of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and ethanol production were highest for P. falcataria wood and lowest for A. mangium wood. Ultrasonication pretreatment of meal further increased the rates of hydrolysis and ethanol production in meal from P. falcataria wood. Through this pretreatment, hemicelluloses (xylan and xyloglucan) and cellulose were released in the meal from P. falcataria wood. Loosening of hemicellulose associations can be expected to make P. falcataria wood more useful for bioethanol production.     

Introduced <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuber aestivum</Emphasis> replacing introduced <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuber melanosporum</Emphasis>: a case study

A Tuber melanosporum plantation established in 1994/1995 on Kibbutz Bar’am (in the Upper Galilee, Israel) gradually lost its T. melanosporum mycorrhiza. In 1999, T. aestivum inoculated seedlings were inadvertently introduced into the plantation to fill the gaps between trees. A single T. melanosporum fruit body was found in 1999. Although no truffles were found after 1999 and until 2009, in that year and in 2010, truffles were collected. Morphological and molecular analyses proved these to be T. aestivum. Thus, the intentionally introduced T. melanosporum mycorrhiza was replaced by that of another introduced mycorrhizal fungus, T. aestivum. Local oak species produced higher yields compared to introduced host species known to be good T. melanosporum plant symbionts. The yield was comparable to that reported for young commercial orchards, but the fruiting season was earlier than in Europe.