气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区土壤盐分及其灌水量的影响

气候变暖加剧了土壤水分蒸发,带动土壤盐分向上移动,引起土壤盐分增加,导致土壤盐碱危害加剧。采用近35 a来的土壤盐分定位观测资料和气象资料,研究气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区土壤盐分变化的影响。研究结果表明：近 35 a随着全球变暖,宁夏引黄灌区土壤全盐含量呈明显的增加趋势,轻盐化土壤、中盐化土壤和重盐化土壤全盐质量分数分别增加0.08、0.13和0.19 g/kg;当温度增加0.5～3.0℃时,宁夏引黄灌区轻盐化土壤、中盐化土壤和重盐化土壤淋洗土壤增加盐分所需的灌水量分别增加8.2%～9.1%、8.2%～8.7%和8.3%～8.8%,总灌水量增加1.29～1.40亿m3。     

亚热带小流域土壤氮磷分布及其环境效应

土壤氮磷积累是引起农业面源污染的主要原因。为探讨土壤氮磷含量的分布状况及其对环境的影响,选取位于长沙县金井镇的小流域为研究区域,以表层土壤(0-20cm)为采样对象,按不同的土地利用方式共采集样品1 118个。以土地利用类型为分析单元,分析说明了土壤全氮、全磷的分布特征及其环境效应。结果表明:土壤全氮和全磷含量的平均值分别为1.66,0.54g/kg,变异系数分别为34.9%和46.3%,均属于中等变异。菜地土壤全氮含量主要分布在1.8～2.4g/kg区间,旱地和水田为1.2～1.8g/kg,林地和茶园为0.6～1.2g/kg;菜地土壤全磷含量主要分布在大于1.0g/kg区间,旱地为0.6～0.8g/kg,水田为0.4～0.6g/kg,林地和茶园为0.2～0.4g/kg。结合地下水氮磷含量分析表明,土壤氮素含量与地下水铵态氮含量增加有关,对地下水水质产生影响,其中水田的影响尤为突出;土壤磷素的淋失可能具有季节性差异,还有待进一步验证。     

苏打盐碱化稻田土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征及其影响因子

  【目的】  为探明土壤盐碱化对氮素转化的影响,研究了不同盐碱化条件下氮素的矿化和硝化特征以及这些特征与土壤盐分、养分含量的关系,为盐碱化土壤养分的科学管理提供理论依据和数据支撑。  【方法】  随机采集了30个不同盐碱化程度的稻田土壤 (0—20 cm)样品,根据盐碱化程度将采集的土壤样品划分为轻度(含盐量0.1%～0.3%,碱化度5%～15%)、中度(含盐量0.3%～0.5%,碱化度15%～30%)和重度(含盐量0.5%～0.7%,碱化度30%～45%)盐碱土3类,每个类别中依据最小归类样品数选取盐碱化程度接近的3个土样作为3次重复,进行氮素矿化和硝化室内培养试验(25℃,24 h光照)。于培养的第0、3、6、9、15、21天取样测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量及脲酶和碱性蛋白酶活性。通过相关性分析研究土壤各指标与氮素矿化、硝化过程间的相关关系,采用逐步回归分析筛选影响氮素矿化和硝化过程的主要因子。  【结果】  随着土壤盐碱化程度的加剧,氮素矿化和硝化作用显著下降(P<0.05)。与轻度盐碱土相比,中度和重度盐碱土的氮素最大净矿化速率分别低12.7%和29.8%,累积矿化氮量分别低15.7%和25.2%,最大净硝化速率分别低15.4%和23.1%,累积硝化氮量分别低15.4%和23.1%,最大脲酶活性分别低16.0%和34.8%,最大碱性蛋白酶活性分别低6.0%和15.6%。逐步回归分析表明,土壤电导率(EC)、pH、CO₃2–、Na+、全氮和有机质是影响土壤氮素矿化作用的主要因子,EC、pH、CO₃2–、Na+和有机质是影响土壤氮素硝化作用的主要因子。  【结论】  随着土壤盐碱化程度的增加,土壤氮素净矿化速率、净硝化速率、累积矿化氮量、累积硝化氮量、脲酶和碱性蛋白酶活性不断下降,土壤盐碱化显著抑制了氮素的矿化和硝化作用。     

不同轮耕模式对旱地土壤结构及入渗蓄水特性的影响

为了探索免耕与深松隔年轮耕对土壤结构及入渗蓄水性能的影响,2007-2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松与连年翻耕3种耕作模式,对土壤体积质量、团聚体、入渗率及水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明:与连年翻耕相比,免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理使0～60cm各土层土壤体积质量平均降低3.5%、6.2%(P<0.05);使0～20cm土层>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体数量平均分别增加10.3%(P<0.05)和20.3%(P<0.01),>20～40cm土层分别平均增加17.2%(P<0.05)和23.6%(P<0.01)。免耕/深松/免耕处理0～10cm和>30～40cm土层的水稳性团聚体稳定率分别比连年翻耕提高35.1%和45.8%(P<0.05),深松/免耕/深松处理>10～20cm和>20～30cm土层水稳性团聚体稳定率分别提高101.7%和61.7%(P<0.01)。不同轮耕模式显著增强了土壤的入渗性能,提高对土壤水分的有效利用及降水利用率,免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理降雨入渗率较连年翻耕分别提高35.2%和15.3%(P<0.05),水分利用效率平均提高7.2%和7.7%(P<0.05),降水生产效率平均提高9.6%和10.7%(P<0.05)。     

用原状土柱研究太湖地区稻麦轮作农田养分淋溶量

采用原状模拟土柱,对太湖地区不同施肥水平下稻麦轮作农田NH4 -N、N03--N 和TP的淋溶量进行了研究.初步结果表明:麦田NH4 -N、NO3--N 和TP的淋溶量分别为0.36～0.64、2.74-16.42和0.05-0.19kg/hm2,各占化肥施用量的0.2%～0.4%、4.8%～8.1%和0.2%～0.7%;稻田NH4 -N、N03--N和TP的淋溶量分别为0.36～1.04、0.86～3.01和0.24～1.17kg/hm2,各占化肥施用量的0.2%～0.4%、0.6%～1.7%和0.8%～8.2%.猪粪能增加养分淋溶量,尤其显著促进了P素向下迁移;秸秆减少麦季土壤无机N的淋溶损失.     

保护性耕作对科尔沁沙地坨沼区土壤理化性质的影响

试验研究了科尔沁沙地坨沼区坨子地和甸子地在不同耕作方式(传统、防护林保护)、不同耕作年限下的土壤理化性质动态变化。结果表明:保护性耕作对土壤容重、土壤机械组成影响较大,与CK2相比,坨子地保护性耕作T4、T5的耕层土壤容重分别降低了0.16,0.21g/cm3;2～0.02mm的颗粒含量分别降低了27.99%,40.59%;与CK1相比,甸子地保护性耕作D3、D4的耕层土壤容重分别降低了0.21,0.29g/cm3;2～0.02mm的颗粒含量分别降低了42.85%,55.59%。且保护性耕作土壤容重和2～0.02mm的颗粒含量均低于传统耕作。保护性耕作能增加土壤养分含量,与CK2相比,坨子地保护性耕作T4、T5的耕层有机质含量分别增加了12.69,18.65g/kg;碱解氮含量分别增加了7.7,15.7mg/kg;速效磷含量分别增加了15.27,27.06mg/kg;速效钾含量分别增加了40.19,46.58mg/kg;与CK1相比,甸子地保护性耕作D3、D4的耕层有机质含量分别增加了19.77,22.83g/kg;碱解氮含量增加了28.35,25.55mg/kg;速效磷含量分别增加了27.36,38.22mg/kg;速效钾含量分别增加了19.3,81.5mg/kg。差异均达极显著水平。保护性耕作的有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均高于传统耕作。     

水分因素对绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤氮矿化的影响

通过树脂芯原位培养试验,分析水分因素对塔里木绿洲荒漠过渡带3种不同植被覆盖度(LCD:0~0.2;MCD:0.2~0.4;HCD:0.4~0.6)土壤矿质氮含量影响及氮矿化速率变化。结果表明,水分对土壤氮矿化作用有明显影响,土壤净氮矿化速率与土壤水分有明显相关性,3种植被覆盖度类型的剖面水分变化和净氮矿化速率呈正相关,相关系数LCD是0.866 9(P0.01),MCD是0.647 9(P0.05),HCD是0.594 0(P0.05);测定周期内绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤平均净氮矿化速率,LCD为0.334kg/(hm2·d),MCD为1.010kg/(hm2·d),HCD为0.998kg/(hm2·d);该区域土壤水分变化是影响氮矿化的主要因素之一,说明在极端干旱条件下,水分控制氮矿化作用,但随植被覆盖度递增土壤含水量增加,水分因素对土壤氮矿化作用逐渐递减。     

河北省主要苹果产区土壤养分状况与演变

通过对河北省主要果园产区的土壤养分测定、定位监测等方法,研究了河北省土壤养分现状与动态变化及其养分在0～60 cm土壤剖面的分布特点,旨在为苹果的科学施肥提供理论依据。主要结果:河北省主要苹果园0～20 cm土壤全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锌平均含量分别为1.16 g/kg、17.99 g/kg、118.26 mg/kg、329.70 mg/kg,15.33 mg/kg、3.69 mg/kg,同比于第二次土壤普查时期,各养分含量分别增加了0.43g/kg、6.49 g/kg、111.96 mg/kg、201.50 mg/kg、7.13 mg/kg、3.16 mg/kg。有机质及养分含量分布:基于第二次土壤普查分级标准,土壤有机质在10.00～20.00 g/kg的果园占60.3%,处于较低水平;全氮在1.00～1.50 g/kg果园占44.5%,处于中等水平;有效磷40.00 mg/kg、速效钾200.00 mg/kg分别占78.5%、61.8%,均处于较高水平。随着果园种植时间的增加,果园土壤养分含量均呈直线增加趋势,有效磷和速效钾积累速率显著高于全氮、有机质、有效铁、有效锌的增加速率。土壤养分空间分布特点:土壤养分以0～20 cm积累为主,定位实验31年的果园中20～40和40～60 cm土层土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾分别相当于0～20 cm的50.8%、59.8%、74.0%和42.3%、27.0%、55.9%。在种植年限为30～40年的果园中,土壤p H明显降低,其0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层土壤p H值较小于10年果园分别下降1.09、0.41、0.27个单位。主要结论:苹果园土壤有效磷、速效钾积累与树龄呈直线相关,且土壤有效磷、速效钾增幅显著高于土壤有机质、有效铁、有效锌的增幅,是导致土壤养分失衡的主要原因;建议增施有机肥、配合适量铁肥和锌肥平衡果园土壤养分以逐渐提高果园土壤供肥生产能力。     

冬季覆海冰对台田盐渍土壤水分和盐分的影响

在渤海湾滨海地区,以台田修建技术为基础,将冬季海水(或咸水)冻结而形成较低盐度的海冰(或咸水冰)覆盖至台田土壤表面。研究覆冰的融化过程中台田土壤水分和盐分的时空变化。结果表明:随着覆冰融化,大量的冰融水进入土壤,台田不同土层土壤的含水量得到增加,尤其是表层土壤。当覆冰完全融化,气温的上升,台田0-20cm土壤含水量迅速降低,而深层土壤的含水量趋于稳定。在覆冰完全融化前(3月8日),0-20cm和20-40cm土壤含盐量较初始值分别降低了70%和22.22%;而其它层土壤含盐量轻微地增加。覆冰完全融化后(3月14日),台田0-40cm层土壤含盐量继续降低,40cm以下土壤含盐量也降低了。后期,0-20cm层土壤含盐量趋于稳定,为1.5～2.0g/kg,脱盐率为80%～85%;20-40cm层土壤盐度为3.5g/kg,脱盐率为22.22%;台田40cm以下层土壤盐分和初值比没有变化。试验研究得出,利用台田修建技术+覆冰融化能够使台田耕层(0-40cm)土壤盐分降低,深层土壤盐分没有出现积累现象。     

对靶喷药系统压力波动特性的试验研究

针对精准对靶喷药系统作业中由于不同数量喷头反复启闭造成管路压力波动严重的问题,该研究开展了对靶喷药系统回流比例对管路压力波动影响的研究。设计了对靶喷药压力波动试验平台,基于AMESim建立对靶喷药压力波动系统仿真模型。设置系统初始压力0.2～0.4 MPa,回流比例为0～0.9,分别关闭1/5～4/5的喷头数量进行了仿真试验。结果表明,关闭喷头的占比越大,管路压力波动越大,当系统初始压力0.2 MPa,回流比为0,关闭4/5数量的喷头,管路压力从0.2 MPa上升至5.15 MPa,波动率达2 400%;系统初始工作压力越大,关闭喷头数量对压力波动影响越大。设置回流管路可有效减小管路压力波动,且回流比越大效果越明显,当系统初始压力0.2 MPa时,回流比例为0.6时,部分喷头关闭的压力波动率最大为64.53%。兼顾泵的利用率,回流比例建议小于0.6。系统初始压力0.3 MPa时,回流比例建议小于0.7;系统初始压力0.4 MPa时,回流比例建议小于0.8。根据对靶喷药压力波动容忍度要求,系统初始压力0.2 MPa时,喷施靶标在作业行中的占比量最佳回流比例关系为：靶标占比1/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.5～0.6;靶标占比2/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.4～0.5;靶标占比3/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.2～0.3;靶标占比4/5的最佳回流比例区间为0～0.1。系统初始压力0.3 MPa时,喷施靶标在作业行中的占比与最佳回流比例区间关系为：靶标占比1/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.5～0.6;靶标占比2/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.5～0.6;靶标占比3/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.2～0.4;靶标占比4/5的最佳回流比例区间为0～0.1。初始压力为0.4 MPa时,靶标占比1/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.7～0.8;靶标占比2/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.6～0.7;靶标占比3/5的最佳回流比例区间为0.4～0.5;靶标占比4/5的最佳回流比例区间为0～0.3。研究结果可为农业植保作业对靶变量施药技术应用及工况参数的选择提供依据,为精准对靶施药装置的进一步优化提供支撑。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.