共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 28 毫秒
1.
C. Bovens K. Tennant J. Reeve K.F. Murphy 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1541-1545
Background
Measurement of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration is used as a screening test for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, but is not well characterized.Objectives
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of basal serum cortisol to detect hypoadrenocorticism in a population of dogs with a clinical suspicion of hypoadrenocorticism.Animals
Four hundred and fifty dogs with nonadrenal gland illness and 14 dogs with naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism were included.Methods
Retrospective case‐control study. The records of all dogs having had an ACTH stimulation test performed between January 2005 and September 2011 at the University of Bristol were reviewed. Dogs were included if the test was performed as a screening for hypoadrenocorticism. The sensitivity and specificity of basal serum cortisol concentration to detect dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were calculated using 2 cut‐offs and compared to the gold standard ACTH stimulation test.Results
Using a cut‐off of ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L), the sensitivity and specificity of basal cortisol to detect hypoadrenocorticism were 100% and 63.3%, respectively, whereas for a cut‐off of ≤1 μg/dL (≤28 nmol/L), the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 91.8%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Measurement of basal serum cortisol is useful as a screening test for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs using a cut‐off of ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L), and the disease is unlikely with a basal serum cortisol >2 μg/dL (>55 nmol/L). A basal serum cortisol ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L) cannot be used to diagnose hypoadrenocorticism, and an ACTH stimulation test should be performed in these cases. 相似文献2.
S.J. van Rijn J.M. Hanson D. Zierikzee H.S. Kooistra L.C. Penning M.A. Tryfonidou B.P. Meij 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(3):869-876
Background
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is an effective treatment for dogs with pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolism (PDH). However, long‐term recurrence of hypercortisolism is a well‐recognized problem, indicating the need for reliable prognostic indicators.Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of perioperative plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations for identifying recurrence of hypercortisolism after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy.Animals
A total of 112 dogs with PDH that underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy met the inclusion criteria of the study.Methods
Hormone concentrations were measured preoperatively and 1–5 hours after surgery. Both absolute hormone concentrations and postoperative concentrations normalized to preoperative concentrations were included in analyses. The prognostic value of hormone concentrations was studied with Cox''s proportional hazard analysis.Results
Median follow‐up and disease‐free period were 1096 days and 896 days, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of patients had recurrence, with a median disease‐free period of 588 days. Both absolute and normalized postoperative cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with recurrence than in dogs without recurrence. High ACTH 5 hours after surgery, high cortisol 1 and 4 hours after surgery, high normalized ACTH 3 hours after surgery, high normalized cortisol 4 hours after surgery and the random slope of cortisol were associated with a shorter disease‐free period.Conclusions and clinical importance
Individual perioperative hormone curves provide valuable information about the risk of recurrence after hypophysectomy. However, because no single cutoff point could be identified, combination with other variables, such as the pituitary height/brain area (P/B) ratio, is still needed to obtain a good estimate of the risk for recurrence of hypercortisolism after hypophysectomy. 相似文献3.
K.‐D. Cho J. Paek J.‐H. Kang D. Chang K.‐J. Na M.‐P. Yang 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):429-436
Background
An excess of intra‐abdominal fat is observed frequently in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Adipokine dysregulation is a possible cause of complications related to visceral obesity, but little information is available on adipokine in dogs with naturally occurring HAC.Objectives
To examine the differences in the circulating adipokines concentrations in overweight dogs with and without pituitary‐dependent HAC (PDH).Animals
Thirty healthy dogs and 15 client‐owned dogs with PDH.Methods
Case–controlled observational study, which enrolled 15 overweight dogs diagnosed with PDH and 30 otherwise healthy dogs of similar body condition score. Nine of 15 dogs with PDH were treated with low‐dose trilostane twice daily and reassessed after treatment.Results
The serum leptin (P < .0001) and insulin (P < .0001) concentrations were significantly higher in the PDH group (leptin, 22.8 ± 8.8 [mean ± SD]; insulin, 9.1 ± 6.1) than the healthy group (leptin, 4.9 ± 3.7; insulin, 1.9 ± 0.9). However, there were no significant differences in the adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, and IL‐18 levels between the 2 groups. In the PDH group, the serum cortisol concentrations had a linear association with the leptin concentrations, and there were significant decreases in the leptin (P = .0039) and insulin (P = .0039) levels after trilostane treatment. However, the leptin and insulin levels remained higher after trilostane treatment than in healthy control dogs with similar body condition score.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Hypercortisolemia in dogs with PDH might upregulate the circulating leptin levels. However, a large population‐based study will be necessary to determine whether the upregulation of leptin is involved directly with the complications caused by HAC. 相似文献4.
5.
Kaae JA Callan MB Brooks MB 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2007,21(5):976-981
BACKGROUND: Hereditary factor VII (FVII) deficiency is characterized as a mild bleeding disorder in Beagles, caused by a missense mutation in exon 5 of the FVII gene. An Alaskan Klee Kai dog with severe bleeding after trauma was diagnosed with FVII deficiency based on coagulation testing. Molecular analyses were undertaken to identify the genetic basis of the defect in this breed. HYPOTHESIS: FVII deficiency in Alaskan Klee Kai dogs is caused by a mutation in the FVII gene. ANIMALS: Eighteen client-owned Alaskan Klee Kai. METHODS: Coagulation screening tests and factor assays were performed to characterize the coagulopathy. All coding regions of the propositus' FVII gene were sequenced. Amplification of exon 5, sequencing, and Mnl I restriction digest experiments were performed to screen for a point mutation in the remaining 17 dogs. RESULTS: FVII deficiency was diagnosed in 6 dogs with a median FVII activity (FVII: C) of 5% (reference range, 50 150%). All FVII-deficient Alaskan Klee Kai were homozygous for the same mutation as FVII-deficient Beagles (ie, a G to A transition), resulting in substitution of glycine 96 by glutamic acid. An overlap in the FVII: C values obtained from heterozygote and wild-type dogs precluded accurate detection of carriers without genetic screening. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: FVII deficiency may be associated with a bleeding tendency and should be considered in Alaskan Klee Kai dogs with prolonged prothrombin times. Plasma FVII: C accurately identifies affected dogs, but deoxyribonucleic acid testing is required for identification of carriers. 相似文献
6.
P. Lathan J.C. Scott‐Moncrieff R.W. Wills 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1546-1550
Background
The ACTH stimulation test is currently required for definitive diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. Increased cost of synthetic ACTH (cosyntropin) has prompted a search for alternative diagnostic methods.Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a cortisol‐to‐ACTH ratio (CAR) can be used to differentiate dogs with hypoadrenocorticism from normal dogs and those with nonadrenal illness.Animals
Eight healthy dogs (H), 19 dogs with nonadrenal illness (NAI), and 15 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism (HAD).Methods
Dogs in the HAD group were retrospectively identified from PUVTH medical records. The NAI group consisted of hospitalized dogs with clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, or both, consistent with a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism, but in which hypoadrenocorticism was ruled out based on ACTH stimulation test results. Healthy dogs were recruited from hospital staff and students. Endogenous ACTH concentrations and cortisol concentrations before and after ACTH stimulation were measured in all dogs.Results
Baseline cortisol concentration was significantly lower, and ACTH concentration was significantly higher, in the HAD group versus the H and NAI group (P < .001). However, there was overlap among groups. Cortisol‐to‐ACTH ratio was significantly lower in the HAD group versus the H and NAI groups (P < .001), and there was no overlap between the HAD group and the other 2 groups.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
CAR can be used for definitive diagnosis of primary hypoadrenocorticism. 相似文献7.
8.
S.J. Viitanen A. Lappalainen M.M. Rajamäki 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):544-551
Background
Bacterial pneumonia (BP) is an inflammation of the lower airways and lung parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection. The pathogenesis of BP in dogs is complex and the role of canine respiratory viruses has not been fully evaluated.Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of viral co‐infections in dogs with BP and to assess demographic or clinical variables as well as disease severity associated with viral co‐infections.Animals
Twenty household dogs with BP caused by opportunistic bacteria and 13 dogs with chronic (>30 days) tracheobronchitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (BBTB).Methods
Prospective cross‐sectional observational study. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, and cytologic and microbiologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage or transtracheal wash fluid. Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus, canine herpes virus, canine influenzavirus, canine distemper virus, canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and canine pneumovirus, as well as B. bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma spp. were analyzed in respiratory samples using PCR assays.Results
CPIV was detected in 7/20 and CRCoV in 1/20 dogs with BP. Respiratory viruses were not detected in dogs with BBTB. There were no significant differences in clinical variables between BP dogs with and without a viral co‐infection.Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Respiratory viruses were found frequently in dogs with BP and may therefore play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of BP. Clinical variables and disease severity did not differ between BP dogs with and without viral co‐infection. 相似文献9.
兰州市犬瘟热、犬细小病毒病及犬副流感的感染调查分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为查清兰州市宠物犬犬瘟热、犬细小病毒病、犬副流感的感染情况,本研究对2004年~2009年前来宠物医院就诊的有临床症状的犬进行检测,共采集犬瘟热疑似病犬眼鼻分泌物、唾液2238份;犬细小病毒病疑似病犬粪便2423份;犬副流感疑似病犬眼、鼻分泌物334份。用快速检测试纸卡进行检测,结果显示兰州市宠物犬犬瘟热平均阳性率达27.52%,自2004~2009年间呈逐渐下降趋势。犬细小病毒病平均阳性率为25.88%,自2004~2008年间呈逐渐下降趋势,2009年略有反弹。首次证实犬副流感在兰州市宠物犬中流行,其中犬副流感病毒平均阳性率为37.72%,犬腺病毒Ⅱ型平均阳性率为19.46%,从流行周期看,2004年以犬副流感病毒感染为主,2005年以犬腺病毒Ⅱ型感染为主,而后连续两年以混合感染为主,到2008年又以犬副流感病毒感染为主,2009年再次以混合感染为主。 相似文献
10.
S. Galac V.J. Kars S. Klarenbeek K.J. Teerds J.A. Mol H.S. Kooistra 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2010
Hypercortisolism caused by an adrenocortical tumor (AT) results from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent hypersecretion of glucocorticoids. Studies in humans demonstrate that steroidogenesis in ATs may be stimulated by ectopic or overexpressed eutopic G protein-coupled receptors. We report on a screening of 23 surgically removed, cortisol-secreting ATs for the expression of receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH), gastric-inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and vasopressin (V1a, V1b, and V2). Normal adrenal glands served as control tissues. Abundance of mRNA for these receptors was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), and the presence and localization of these receptors were determined by immunohistochemistry. In both normal adrenal glands and ATs, mRNA encoding for all receptors was present, although the expression abundance of the V1b receptor was very low. The mRNA expression abundance for GIP and V2 receptors in ATs were significantly lower (0.03 and 0.01, respectively) than in normal adrenal glands. The zona fasciculata of normal adrenal glands stained immunonegative for the GIP receptor. In contrast, islands of GIP receptor-immunopositive cells were detected in about half of the ATs. The zona fasciculata of both normal adrenal glands and AT tissue were immunopositive for LH receptor; in ATs in a homogenous or heterogenous pattern. In normal adrenal glands, no immunolabeling for V1bR and V2 receptor was present, but in ATs, V2 receptor-immunopositive cells were detected. In conclusion, QPCR analysis did not reveal overexpression of LH, GIP, V1a, V1b, or V2 receptors in the ATs. However, the ectopic expression of GIP and V2 receptor proteins in tumorous zona fasciculata tissue may play a role in the pathogenesis of canine cortisol-secreting ATs. 相似文献
11.
Global research knowledge has accumulated over the past few decades, and there is reasonable evidence for a positive association between Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease in humans, although its role as a human pathogen has not been entirely accepted. For this reason, management of public health risk due to M. paratuberculosis remains an important policy issue in agri‐food public health arenas in many countries. Responsible authorities must decide whether existing mitigation strategies are sufficient to prevent or reduce human exposure to M. paratuberculosis. A Web‐based questionnaire was administered to topic specialists to elicit empirical knowledge and opinion on the overall public health impact of M. paratuberculosis, the importance of various routes of human exposure to the pathogen, existing mitigation strategies and the need for future strategies. The questionnaire had four sections and consisted of 20 closed and five open questions. Topic specialists believed that M. paratuberculosis is likely a risk to human health (44.8%) and, given the paucity of available evidence, most frequently ranked it as a moderate public health issue (40.1%). A significant correlation was detected between topic specialists' commitment to M. paratuberculosis in terms of the number of years or proportion of work dedicated to this topic, and the likelihood of an extreme answer (high or low) to the above questions. Topic specialists identified contact with ruminants and dairy products as the most likely routes of exposure for humans. There was consensus on exposure routes for ruminants and what commodities to target in mitigation efforts. Described mandatory programmes mainly focused on culling diseased animals and voluntary on‐farm prevention programmes. Despite ongoing difficulties in the identification of subclinical infections in animals, the topic specialists largely agreed that further enhancement of on‐farm programmes in affected commodities by the agri‐food industry (68.4%) and allocation of resources by governments to monitor the issue (92%) are most appropriate given the current state of evidence. 相似文献
12.
R. Lavoué J.J. Van Der Lugt M.J. Day M. Georges V. Busoni A.C. Merveille A. Poujade D. Peeters 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2010,24(2):314-322
Background: Familial juvenile glomerulonephropathy (JGN) is reported in several breeds of dogs. The mode of inheritance and spectrum of pathological lesions vary among breeds. A progressive JGN was detected in a pedigree of French Mastiff (FM) dogs. Objectives: To describe clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic findings in related FM dogs suffering from progressive JGN and to determine the mode of inheritance of this condition. Animals: Sixteen affected and 35 healthy related FM dogs Methods: FM dogs <24 months of age and diagnosed with chronic kidney disease with evidence of proteinuria entered the study. Clinical, laboratory, histopathologic findings, and pedigree data were recorded. Results: Clinical signs were typical of progressive glomerulopathy with resultant renal failure. Increased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and total cholesterol concentrations, and proteinuria were found in all patients. Affected dogs had abnormal kidney structure on abdominal ultrasound examination. Histopathologic examination revealed extensive cystic glomerular atrophy, glomerular hypercellularity, and capillary wall thickening without immune complex deposition when tested with immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy did not disclose specific primary glomerular lesions. Mean age at death was 20 months and mean length of survival after diagnosis was 6 months. Both males and females from healthy parents were affected. An autosomal recessive mode of transmission is suspected, but a more complex mode of inheritance cannot be excluded. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Progressive familial JGN occurs in FM dogs. Characterization of the pathogenesis and mode of inheritance of this disease warrants additional study. 相似文献
13.
Takahiro Teshima Yasushi Hara Susumu Takekoshi Yoshinori Nezu Yasuji Harada Takuya Yogo Akira Teramoto Robert Y. Osamura Masahiro Tagawa 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2009
Cushing's disease caused by pituitary corticotroph adenoma in dogs is usually treated by medical treatment, and the efficacy of this treatment has been reported. However, controversy remains as to whether reduced negative feedback through the inhibition of cortisol secretion, similar to Nelson's syndrome, may appear as an adverse effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reduced negative feedback through the inhibition of cortisol secretion by daily trilostane administration on the pituitary–adrenal axis in clinically normal dogs. Dogs were administered 5 mg/kg trilostane twice a day every day for 8 weeks (n = 8) or 16 weeks (n = 3). After the initiation of trilostane administration, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were increased remarkably. As assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during administration, the pituitary became enlarged. After trilostane administration, the cytoplasmic areas of the pituitary corticotrophs were increased and the ratio of pituitary corticotrophs to all cells in the anterior lobe was greater in the trilostane-treated dogs than that in untreated animals. In addition, histological examinations revealed bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Using real-time PCR quantification, the expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in the pituitary and ACTH receptor (ACTH-R) mRNA in the adrenal gland was greater in the dogs treated with trilostane than in untreated dogs. These results indicate that reduced negative feedback induced hyperfunction of the pituitary corticotrophs and pituitary enlargement in healthy dogs. These changes suggest that the inhibition of cortisol secretion by trilostane may increase the risk for accelerating the growth of corticotroph adenomas in dogs with Cushing's disease. 相似文献
14.
15.
16.
In human patients with hypoadrenocorticism, a secondary dilated cardiomyopathy is noted that has been reported to resolve with replacement steroid therapy. A similar secondary dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism has not been previously described. We present three dogs concurrently diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism and ventricular dilation with systolic dysfunction. Two dogs were presented with clinical signs consistent with biventricular congestive heart failure and a third dog was presented with signs of acute hypoadrenocorticism without congestive heart failure. All dogs recovered to normal cardiac size and function with therapy. Hypoadrenocorticism should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs that present with ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction if there are other indicators in the clinical and laboratory testing. Additionally, a thorough cardiac evaluation should be recommended for dogs that are found to have a heart murmur at the time of diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. 相似文献
17.
D.I. Rendle M. Duz J. Beech T. Parkin A.E. Durham 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(1):355-361
Background
Paired measurement of ACTH concentration may be more reliable than a single measurement.Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine whether the mean of 2 measurements of ACTH concentration is more reliable in assessing pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) than a single measurement.Animals
Paired ACTH measurements were performed on (1) 148 occasions from 124 horses being investigated for PPID, (2) 90 occasions from 76 horses with PPID that were receiving treatment with pergolide, and (3) 63 occasions from 50 horses in which there was no clinical suspicion of PPID. Histologic examination of the pars intermedia was performed in 67 of the untreated horses.Methods
Outcome of testing using single and the mean of paired samples was compared directly and both methods were compared against histology, which was considered the gold standard.Results
Paired ACTH measurement altered binary classification as healthy or diseased in 6 of 211 cases, all off which had equivocal initial ACTH concentrations between 20 and 39 pg/mL. Using histology as the gold standard, optimal sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing PPID were 69.4 and 80.9%, respectively, for a single measurement and 72.2 and 76.2%, respectively, for paired measurements. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.72 and 0.73 for single and paired measurements compared with histopathologic diagnosis, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Paired measurement of ACTH concentration offers no advantage over a single measurement. 相似文献18.
Abstract— Decreased levels of total body zinc can lead to profound effects on both the immune and integumentary systems. Unfortunately, accurate measurements of total body zinc are difficult because the mineral is ubiquitous in the environment and many endogenous and exogenous factors can falsely elevate or depress measurements. In man, various dermatologic and non-dermatologic diseases have been associated with low serum zinc levels. The objective of this study was to analyse by atomic absorption and compare the serum zinc levels of healthy dogs, dogs with non-dermatologic diseases, dogs with allergic skin diseases and dogs with other dermatologic diseases. Using the Student-Newman-Keuls test, no significant differences in the mean serum zinc levels were demonstrated among any of the four groups (P > 0.05). Résumé— Une diminution des taux zinc total dans le corps peut avoir de profondes répercussions sur la réponse immunitaire et les systèmes tégumentaires. Malheureusement, La mesure du taux global de zinc corporel ets difficile car ce miniral est ubiquitaire dans l'environnement et de nombreux facteurs endogènes ou exogènes peuvent élever ou diminuer de façon erronnée les dosages. Chez l'homme, quelques maladies, dermatologiques ou non, ont été associées à des zincémies faibles, objectif de cette étude était d'analyser par absorptio atomique et comparer les zincémies plasmatiques de chiens sains, atteints de maladies générales et de maladies cutanées. En utilisant le test de Student-Newman-Keuls, aucune difference significative n'a été retrouvée entre les 4 groupes (P > 0.05). Resumen Niveles bajos de zinc pueden conducir a profundos efectos en tanto el sistema inmunitario, como en el integumentario. Desafortunadamente la medida de la cantidad total de zinc en el organismo es compleja debido a la ubicuidad del mineral en el medio ambiente, y a la gran cantidad de factores endógenos y exógenos que pueden producir medidas falsas del mismo. En medicina humana se han asociado varias enfermedades dermatólogicas y sistémicas con bajos niveles de zinc. El objetivo de éste estudio es el análisis por medio del método de absorción atómica y la comparación de los niveles de zinc en el suero de perros sanos, perros con enfermedades de tipo general, perros con enfermedades de piel de tipo alérgico, y perros que presentaban enfermedades cutáneas de tipo no alérgico. Utilizando el test de Student-Newman-Keuls no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la cantidad media de zinc en suero delos cuatro grupos (P > 0.05). 相似文献
19.
Enzyme and glycogen structure studies have been carried out on tissues of a glycogenotic dog, the clinical and pathological characteristics of which are reported in the accompanying paper. Liver glucose-6-phosphatase, leukocyte and liver acid maltase, and liver and skeletal muscle glycogen Phosphorylase all appeared largely unaffected. The activity of the muscle and liver debranching enzyme (amylo-l,6-glucosidase), determined by two independent assay methods, was, however, reduced to between 0 and 7 % of normal activity. Glycogen structure studies with Phosphorylase or iodine spectra revealed that the abnormally large amounts of glycogen found in liver and skeletal muscle had abnormally short branches, as would be expected for a deficiency of debranching enzyme. It is thus clear that the dog had suffered from the equivalent of Cori''s disease (limit dextrinosis, type III glycogen storage disease). Preliminary data indicate that it may be possible to identify heterozygotes based on a study of the debranching enzyme of leukocytes. 相似文献
20.
Sera of pigs from élite breeding herds, of boars and sows collected at slaughter-houses, and of pigs from herds known to be infected, were examined for antibody to Aujeszky virus. The conventional and a modified virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) test and a modified direct complement fixation (CF) test were employed. In simultaneous titrations of positive sera the modified VNA test gave titers approx. 4 log2 units above the titers obtained by the conventional test. The conventional VNA test was found insufficiently sensitive. Unspecific neutralization in the modified VNA test was infrequent in serum dilution 1/2 and rare in dilution 1/4. The GF tests on sera of slaughter sows and animals from known infected herds showed a remarkable consistency with the VNA tests. Inconsistent results were obtained with but few sera. Abt. 5 % of the sera could not be examined because of complement fixation with control antigen. 相似文献