‘海沃德’猕猴桃组培快繁技术

正猕猴桃是猕猴桃科猕猴桃属多年生浆果,风味鲜美,营养丰富。我国是猕猴桃原产地,近年来,猕猴桃产业发展迅速[1]。‘海沃德’是我国猕猴桃主栽品种之一,其果肉翠绿,味道甜酸可口,货架期长,丰产性强,种植效益较高[2]。本试验对‘海沃德’猕猴桃的组培快繁技术进行研究,旨在为‘海沃德’猕猴桃的快速、大量繁殖提供技术依据。     

不同贮藏方式对三个品种猕猴桃品质的影响

以“红阳”“海沃德”“黄金果”3个猕猴桃品种为试材,设置常温贮藏、常温苹果混贮、4℃冷藏3种贮藏方式,测定3个猕猴桃品种果实硬度及维生素C、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖含量,研究不同贮藏方式对猕猴桃品质的影响,以期为猕猴桃的贮藏、运输和货架期的调控提供参考依据。结果表明：不同贮藏方式对猕猴桃品质影响较大。常温贮藏、常温苹果混贮、4℃冷藏时,3个猕猴桃品种果实硬度和可滴定酸含量均呈下降的趋势。3个品种在常温贮藏、常温苹果混贮时可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势;4℃冷藏时均呈上升的趋势。3种贮藏条件下,“黄金果”和“海沃德”维生素C含量均呈下降的趋势,但“红阳”先上升后下降。3个猕猴桃品种果实可溶性固形物含量最大值依次为“黄金果”>“红阳”>“海沃德”,可滴定酸含量降幅依次为“海沃德”>“红阳”>“黄金果”,可溶性糖含量最大值依次为“红阳”>“黄金果”>“海沃德”,果实软化后维生素C含量平均值依次为“黄金果”>“红阳”>“海沃德”。“海沃德”耐贮藏性最好,“红阳”次之,“黄金果”较差。     

猕猴桃品种改良策略

<正>猕猴桃(Actinidia Lindl.)是20世纪野生果树人工驯化栽培最有成就的4大果种之一。由于其风味独特,营养丰富,Vc含量高,经济、营养价值高和医疗效果好而倍受关注。目前世界猕猴桃产业所栽培的美味猕猴桃主栽品种"海沃德"(Hayward)来源于1904年新西兰从湖北宜昌的引种。中国是猕猴桃的起源和分布中心,种质资源极为丰富。近30年来,在猕猴桃资源调查、搜集、整理、鉴评与利     

海沃德芽变新品系“93－01”

美味猕猴桃海沃德产生的芽变新品系──“９３－０１”，果形端正、整齐，坐果率及风味品质等综合经济性状超过海沃德，它克服了海沃德品种表现与雄株花期不完全相遇的缺点，从而提高了丰产性。     

贵州喀斯特山区猕猴桃光合特性研究

为探明红阳、金艳、早黄金以及海沃德猕猴桃在贵州省喀斯特山区的光合日变化特征,试验采用Li-6400XT光合仪测定了其叶幕微环境及光合生理指标。结果表明:4个品种猕猴桃叶片净光合速率、气孔导度以及蒸腾速率日变化都呈现双峰曲线,净光合速率、气孔导度曲线的2个峰值均分别出现在10:00和16:00,蒸腾速率曲线2个峰值分别出现在12:00和16:00,光合"午休"现象较为明显,胞间CO2浓度日变化大致呈"U"形曲线;在喀斯特山区,猕猴桃叶片净光合速率在早、晚时段主要受光合有效辐射的限制,而午间则受叶幕温度和叶幕空气相对湿度的影响,且第1个峰值出现的时间较常态地貌提前2 h。在4个猕猴桃品种中,红阳叶片净光合速率日间均值最高,但其净光合速率在光合"午休"时较上午峰值的降幅比其他3个品种大,光合"午休"程度较深。在喀斯特山区夏季高温干旱条件下,要注意对猕猴桃进行水分补充及合理遮阴。     

不同施肥措施对猕猴桃叶片营养状况及果实品质与产量的影响

以"海沃德"猕猴桃和"红阳"猕猴桃为试材,研究了不同施肥措施对猕猴桃叶片营养状况、果实品质与果实产量的影响,以确定新配方肥的可行性。结果表明:新推配方施肥显著提高了"海沃德"、"红阳"猕猴桃叶片营养成分的含量,丰富了"海沃德"、"红阳"猕猴桃叶片的营养成分;促进了猕猴桃果实的生长发育、提高了猕猴桃果实的品质、耐贮性和产量,说明新推配方肥在秦岭北麓的"海沃德"和"红阳"猕猴桃果园实施是完全可行的。     

新西兰培育出了新的猕猴桃品种

<正> 猕猴桃是新西兰每年大量出口换汇的水果,换汇额占新西兰全部园艺产品换汇值的50％.1990年猕猴桃出口换汇值约达3亿美元,因此新西兰的科学工作者和猕猴桃栽培者一向十分重视在国际上保持其所占的优势。目前世界上栽培的绝大部分都是新西兰的海沃德(Hayward)品种,该品种的最大优点是果实耐藏力强,但树势旺,成熟晚,果实品质并不十分理想,因此新西兰一直在想选育出一些较海沃德成熟早、风味好的品种。据该国《Orchardist》杂志报导     

猕猴桃果实红心新品系海霞

<正>2008年2月,我们采用劈接法将猕猴桃品种金桃枝接在猕猴桃品种海艳3年生树主干中部,共嫁接2株,2011年品尝发现果实风味好、果心周围的心皮呈红色,2011年春高接在徐香、徐冠、海沃德、红美等品种     

猕猴桃光合特性的研究

猕猴桃各品种间叶片的光合特性存在一定的差异。各栽培品种叶片的光合速率从大到小依次为:武植3号、金阳、通山5号、金魁、秦美、海沃德和魁蜜;叶片中叶绿素的含量大小依次为:海沃德、金魁、通山5号、秦美、武植3号、金阳和魁蜜;各品种间叶片的比叶鲜重和比叶干重也有明显差异。     

风媒对猕猴桃授粉作用微弱

据《北方园艺》2013年第19期《风媒对猕猴桃授粉作用的研究》（作者安立成等）报道,为寻找传粉效果的客观规律,为研究猕猴桃授粉技术和解决生产中的授粉问题,作者于2012年以“金龙2号”和“海沃德”猕猴桃为试材。在东、西、南、北4个方向,利用10目尼龙网进行套袋传粉授粉试验,以消除昆虫传粉的影响,研究在自然条件下猕猴桃雄花粉在风力作用下不同距离传粉效果。     

Fruiting position,mineral concentration and incidence of physiological pitting in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit

Summary

‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson) were sampled to identify populations of fruit with differing fruit mineral concentrations and levels of the storage-related disorder physiological pitting. Fruit were taken from different shoot types at different locations within vines. Fruit from short shoots near the tips of canes, in an area of the vine with low leaf:fruit ratios, had low fruit calcium concentrations and more pitting. In contrast, fruit from long shoots and with high leaf:fruit ratios near the base of canes, had high concentrations of calcium and less pitting. At the more distal positions along canes in an area of the vine with low leaf:fruit ratios, increasing leaf:fruit ratios on individual fruiting shoots led to higher inflow of calcium to the fruit. No such relationship was found when fruit were sampled from shoots near the base of canes, an area of the vine with relatively high leaf:fruit ratios. Inconsistent relationships were found between fruit soluble solids concentrations and calcium, probably due to different mobility of calcium and carbohydrates within the vines. Fruiting position and the associated leaf area are a source of variability in mineral concentrations of fruit, and by consequence, in the incidence of physiological pitting in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit, and should be considered when developing sampling techniques.     

核桃种质资源研究进展

核桃是世界范围内的重要果树,无论面积和产量在各类干果中居首位。种质资源是核桃品种选育的基础,对国内外核桃种质资源研究工作进行了全面综述,包括国内外种质资源研究现状、分类和利用现状、品种类型适应性研究等方面,并对美国国家种质资源圃收集及利用情况进行了介绍。提出在今后的核桃种质资源研究工作中,应充分发挥我国资源丰富的优势,加强和利用不同特异类型及生物技术开展核桃的种质资源研究。     

Pollinator selection in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)

SUMMARY

Pollinator performance was evaluated in kiwifruit to select pollinators for cv. Hayward adapted to the cultural conditions of southern Europe. Flowering time was determined in forty male seedlings. From, these, nine were selected for having a flowering period overlapping with ‘Hayward’. In these nine males, as well as in the commercial pollinators‘Matua’ and Tomuri’, the production of pollen was studied over two years, investigating pollen quantity through flower density and pollen production per flower. Likewise, in vitro pollen viability and its in vitro germination were recorded to study pollen quality. Finally, in vivo pollen performance was studied through fruit set and fruit characteristics in controlled hand pollinations. Two males have been selected with a flowering period coincident with ‘Hayward’, which produce more than twice as much germinable pollen than commercial pollinators. Whilst there were no significant differences in pollen quality or in fruit production, clear differences existed for pollen quantity in terms of both flower density and pollen production per flower. As pollen quantity, together with flowering time, can be easily evaluated at an early stage, this is encouraging for future selection ofkiwifruit pollinators.     

早熟、优质、耐贮梨新品种新梨7号选育研究

以库尔勒香梨为母本,早酥梨为父本,有性杂交选育成新梨７号品种。该品种同时兼备优质、早熟与耐贮藏性;该品种遗传了父本的早熟性,比父本更早熟１５~２０ｄ,盛花期~果实可食期约８０~９５ｄ,属于早熟品种;且遗传了母本品质性状的质地酥脆、耐贮、清香、阳面红晕,比母本果个大,果心小。果柄木质化,丰产抗风。新梨７号果实贮藏期的可溶性固形物、果实重量、果实硬度和果实前期腐烂率的变化与库尔勒香梨基本相似,但耐热能力高于母本。凡适宜香梨、早酥、苹果梨和巴梨种植的地区,都适宜该品种的种植。     

苹果树冠不同部位采样对果品品质分析的影响

苹果树体高大,给果实采样、分析带来不便。为了便于比较及准确分析果实品质,在陕西渭北高原以乔化、南北行向的"红富士"苹果树为对象,采集树冠不同部位的果实,测定、分析果实品质,以确立分析果实品质时的合理采样部位。结果表明:苹果树冠不同部位的果形指数、着色指数、光洁指数、果皮花青苷含量、硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量均为树冠上部的较高,下部的较低,外围的较高,内膛的较低;单果质量、果锈指数、果皮叶绿素含量、可滴定酸含量为树冠上部的较低,下部的较高,外围的较低,内膛的较高;相同高度的树冠外围东、南、西、北侧的果实品质之间无显著差异。树冠外围中部、下部的果实品质平均值接近于树冠不同部位品质的平均值。树冠外围中下部可作为分析苹果品质的采样部位。     

‘徐香’与‘海沃德’猕猴桃冷藏期间组织结构与生理变化差异

以猕猴桃‘徐香’（较不耐贮藏）和‘海沃德’（耐贮藏）果实为试材,研究其在0 ℃贮藏期间生理及组织结构的变化差异,从而探究其与耐贮性的关系。结果表明：贮藏期间两品种果肉硬度均不断下将,‘海沃德’果肉硬度降至10 N的时间为150 d,而‘徐香’仅为95 d;‘徐香’的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰的出现分别较‘海沃德’早20 d和10 d,且峰值分别高出16%和250%。贮藏期间‘徐香’果实的质量减少率也显著高于‘海沃德’。在整个贮藏期间,‘海沃德’果实的淀粉、原果胶、纤维素含量均高于‘徐香’,而淀粉酶（AM）、果胶代谢相关酶（多聚半乳糖醛酸酶PG、果胶甲酯酶PE、β–半乳糖苷酶β-Gal）和纤维素酶（Cx）的活性高峰值均低于‘徐香’。‘海沃德’的表皮毛极显著细短于‘徐香’;且角质层厚度及表皮细胞层数都大于‘徐香’;贮藏期间果肉细胞的形变程度‘海沃德’小于‘徐香’;‘海沃德’的细胞壁厚于‘徐香’,且贮藏期间中胶层分裂缓慢,线粒体较完整。总之,耐贮性好的猕猴桃品种角质层和表皮细胞厚,质量减少率较低,呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率慢,细胞壁酶活性低。     

枇杷种质资源坐果的遗传多样性及其相关分析

对国家果树种质福州枇杷资源圃内239份枇杷种质的坐果进行了鉴定评价,结果显示,枇杷种质资源坐果存在丰富的遗传多样性,不同种质类型的枇杷坐果遗传多样性较大,野生枇杷种质坐果达29．5个,大于其他枇杷种质类型,不同国家间枇杷种质坐果遗传多样性不大,但中国13个省（区）间遗传多样性较为丰富,源自云南的种质坐果46．1个,源自台湾的种质坐果仅为9．2个。枇杷种质坐果分布广,种质问差异大,坐果最高的为63．8个,最低的仅为3．8个,平均15．1个,以坐果在6～15个的枇杷种质最多,达150份,占62．8％：高于33个的枇杷种质11份;低于6个的有5份。根据综合分析结果,初步提出了枇杷种质坐果的分级标准。为了解枇杷种质坐果的影响因素,对6个质量性状因子各自不同水平下坐果的差异进行统计分析,结果表明野生枇杷与地方品种、选育品种和野生近缘种的坐果有极显著差异;枇杷种质不同果实排列紧密度间的坐果以及源自云南的枇杷种质与其他省（区）枇杷的坐果均有极显著差异;6个国家（中国、日本、西班牙、新西兰、美国和南非）间、不同果实着生姿态间和果肉颜色间的枇杷种质坐果的差异均不显著。对9个数量性状因子与坐果的相关分析表明,果穗长度和花序支轴数对枇杷种质坐果有极显著影响;花冠直径和侧枝数对坐果有显著影响;其他性状（叶片宽度、总叶片数、叶片长度、中心枝长度和中心枝粗度）对坐果没有影响。本文为枇杷种质资源的坐果生物学研究提供了理论依据。     

美味猕猴桃新品种‘皖翠’

 ‘皖翠’是海沃德(Hayward) 自然芽变品种, 萌芽和展叶期比海沃德提早3~5 d, 新梢开始生长提早6 d, 花期提前3 d, 坐果率比海沃德提高24%, 产量提高30%以上。     

Effect of overhead shading on yield and fruit quality of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)

Summary

Kiwifruit vines (cv. Hayward) were shaded from early spring until fruit harvest at levels of 100% (control), 70% or 45% full sun. Although shoot growth during the early part of the season was not significantly affected by the shading, the percentage bud burst was reduced and the time of full bloom appeared to be slightly delayed. The mean fresh weight of individual fruits was significantly reduced by shading, and fruit on shaded vines reached commercial harvest maturity of 6.2% soluble solids two to three days later than those on unshaded vines. During cool storage, fruit from vines grown under 45% full sun were slightly but consistently less firm and had lower soluble solids concentrations than unshaded fruit. No differences in the starch or total sugar contents were found between shaded or unshaded fruit, either at harvest or after cool storage. Shading vines did not affect either the colour (HunterLab values) or the chlorophyll concentration of fruit. Possible implications of these results for commercial orchards are discussed.     

西藏核桃种质资源研究

核桃是我国的重要果树,也是西藏重要的木本油料作物.种质资源是核桃品种选育的基础,为了科学利用西藏丰富的核桃种质资源,为育种提供基础资料,研究了西藏核桃的起源、历史,详细介绍了西藏核桃的分布、种质资源分类、核桃群落类型划分、命名以及品种选育工作.结果表明,西藏的核桃主要有3个分布区域:雅鲁藏布江流域、怒江流域和澜沧江流域...