兽药制剂新工艺开发过程中相关问题的探讨

对兽药制剂新工艺开发过程中所面临的产品安全性、有效性、设备要求、检测方法的建立、产品的价格及市场接受程度等问题进行了探讨,以期为兽药制剂新工艺的开发提供参考。     

中兽药制剂中喹噁啉类药物检测方法的研究

建立了中兽药制剂中喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹、卡巴氧、喹烯酮等药物含量测定的高效液相色谱法。样品经三氯甲烷：甲醇（3：1）提取后,苯基柱分离,在360nm处检测。四种喹嗯啉类药物在0．2～100μg／mL浓度范围内呈线性相关。在空白样品中添加50～150mg／kg,回收率范围在87．90％～96．82％之间,批内变异系数为0．55％～4．65％。本方法的检测限为20mg／kg,定量限为50mg／kg。结果表明,本方法适合中兽药制剂中喹嗯啉类药物的测定。     

浅谈推进我国中兽医药产业发展的科技策略

通过对我国目前中兽药产业发展的重要性、必要性以及发展现状、存在问题等分析,提出了推动我国中兽药产业发展的一些科技对策和建议。     

HPLC法测定兽用中药散剂中非法添加利巴韦林方法研究

建立高效液相色谱法检测白龙散、黄连解毒散、苍术香连散等7种兽用中药散剂中非法添加利巴韦林的方法。用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱,以水(用稀硫酸调节pH值至2.5±0.1)为流动相,检测波长207 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量20μL。结果显示,利巴韦林的线性范围为1.016-20.32μg/mL,线性方程为Y=5.68×10 X-5.61×10-(2r=0.999 9,n=6),回收率为81.28%～119.46%,RSD为0.88%～1.65%。本方法准确可靠,适用于兽用中药散剂中非法添加利巴韦林的检测。     

中兽药防治大肠杆菌性仔猪腹泻研究

仔猪腹泻是严重的仔猪疾病之一,常用抗生素进行治疗,但细菌耐药性导致药物的治疗效果下降。目前,有很多研究报道中草药防治仔猪腹泻取得了良好的疗效。本文从中药抗动物腹泻的作用机理、仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻的中兽医辨证、中药抗仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻的作用机理三个方面展开论述中药防治仔猪腹泻的研究进展,为防治仔猪腹泻的中兽药开发提供理论基础。     

The role of lectures in veterinary education

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of lectures from the perspective of staff and students involved in the veterinary course at The University of Queensland. METHODS: The Nominal Group Technique of Delbecq et al, which provides the maximum opportunity for group members to put forward points, was used to help develop a questionnaire which was completed by 351 students (a response rate of 84%) and 35 staff (76%) from the five years of the veterinary course, and was analysed using the SAS System for Windows. RESULTS: Almost all the staff and students agreed that lectures should fulfil many roles including stimulating and motivating students and encouraging them to think, as well as presenting ideas and concepts and an indication of the structure and relevance of the material. They should provide a guide for effective deep learning, but not encourage rote (or superficial) learning. A smaller percentage of staff and even fewer students agreed that lectures did fulfil these roles, especially those directed at encouraging students to look beyond simple memorisation of facts. The perceived disparity between reality and the ideal was greater amongst the older, clinical students than amongst their more junior colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: The focus of attention in lectures needs to change from the superficial, rote learning of information to deep, active learning directed at using information to solve problems that are perceived by the students to be relevant. If done in a stimulating and interesting way, this should develop skills in reasoning and critical analysis as well as providing a framework for storage and recall. It should also increase the motivation towards learning both during the veterinary course, and over the professional lifetime. Furthermore, the place of the lecture in veterinary education needs to be reassessed regularly in the face of newly-emerging educational technology.     

高职高专中兽医教学改革与创新初探

高职高专中兽医教学的目的是使学生掌握中兽医的基本理论和技能,初步具备运用中兽医诊疗技术对畜禽疾病进行临床诊断、预防和治疗的实际工作能力。针对高职高专人才培养的要求和畜牧兽医高职高专教育自身的特点,以＂培养实用型、应用型人才＂为目标,对中兽医课程教学进行了大胆的改革与探索,突破了原有本科式《中兽医学》的课程体系和教学模式,重组教学内容,构建适宜于高职高专的理论和实践教学体系。在教学设计上充分考虑高职特点,本着＂理论够用＂的原则,突出技能培养和强化实践性教学为特色,旨在探索和创新一种全新的高职高专中兽医教学模式。     

中兽医药防治鸡大肠杆菌病应用

鸡大肠杆菌病是由埃希氏大肠杆菌引起,以心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎、腹膜炎、输卵管炎、滑膜炎等主要病变。目前鸡大肠杆菌病的流行日趋复杂化,防控难度加大,发病率和死亡率均较高,给养鸡业带来严重经济损失。抗生素在一定程度上能够起到较好的治疗效果,但是由于长时间不规范的应用,致使大肠杆菌的耐药菌株不断出现,疗效越来越不明显。中兽药由于无抗药性,在防治鸡大肠杆菌病中已取得显著效果。     

The Coombs' test in veterinary medicine: past, present, future

The Coombs' test, also known as the antiglobulin test, is used most frequently in veterinary medicine as an aid in the diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The test also is used widely in human medicine to screen for red blood cell alloantibodies. Polyspecific reagents for veterinary use typically contain anti-IgG, anti-IgM, and anti-C3. Monospecific reagents also are available. False-positive and false-negative test results can be obtained. Inadequate sensitivity of the standard test in human and veterinary medicine has necessitated development of alternate, more sensitive technologies.     

The experience of dog bites: A survey of veterinary science and veterinary nursing students

AIM: To investigate the circumstances of dogs biting people in New Zealand.

METHODS: Veterinary science and veterinary nursing students enrolled at Massey University in 2003 completed a questionnaire detailing their lifetime experience of dog bites and their opinions of dog control legislation.

RESULTS: The response rate was 100%. There were 228 completed responses to the survey, and 87 (38%) respondents had been bitten by a dog. Most bites caused minor injury, but 17 (20%) required medical attention. Male respondents were more likely to have been bitten. The highest proportion of respondents (27; 31%) had been bitten while between 6 and 10 years of age, and the hand was the part of the body most often injured. Eighteen (21%) bites involved a stranger's dog, but most bites were by a dog known to the victim. Respondents from rural areas were three times more likely to have been bitten than city dwellers. The victim's home was the place where most (31; 36%) bites occurred. Male dogs were responsible for a larger proportion of bites (38; 44%) than females (24; 28%); respondents were unsure about the sex of the remainder of the dogs (25; 29%) that bit them. Protecting the home, play, accidents, rough handling and pain were identified as the common reasons for dogs to bite. Most (46; 52%) respondents did not believe legislation could have prevented their bite. Only four (5%) bites were reported to authorities.

CONCLUSION: Rural dwellers, people with more experience of dogs, children <11 years of age, and male respondents were bitten by dogs most often. Only legislation relating to the fencing of dog owners′ properties may have prevented a reasonable proportion (25; 29%) of the bites reported here.     

我国兽药科技创新及成果转化的实践与问题研究

在问卷调查和数据统计的基础上,分析了我国兽药科技创新主体、创新模式、国家课题安排、成果转化情况,总结了兽药科技成果转化实践经验,探讨了现有体制机制下兽药科技创新与科技成果转化存在的问题并提出建议,以期为相关工作提供参考。     

Length of veterinary working life

Objective To estimate the time veterinary graduates spend in private practice and in veterinary work generally, and to determine what factors influence this.
Methods Questionnaires were completed in the sixth year after graduation by 119 veterinarians who had participated in this longitudinal study since starting the veterinary course, and the data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.
Results Of those who started the veterinary course, 90% graduated, and 96% of these then entered private practice. Five years later 94% (73% in full-time equivalents) were working as veterinarians, and 64% (50% in full-time equivalents) were still in private practice in Australia. Hours, attitudes of principals and clients, and inadequate rewards were the main reasons for leaving private practice. The likelihood of being still in private practice was greater for those who had had significant responsibility for animals before they entered the course, but it was not related to geographical origin (city vs country), age at entry or gender. Women were, however, more likely than men to be working part time as veterinarians. Predictions of veterinary working life were not affected by geographical origin or by previous experience with animals or on farms, but men expected to work longer than women.
Conclusion The average veterinary career, estimated by veterinarians who graduated 5 years earlier, is 24 years in fulltime equivalents for men, and 16 years for women. Almost all (94%, representing 73% in full-time equivalents) still work as veterinarians after 5 years, most of them (76%, representing 59% in full-time equivalents) in private practice. The likelihood of remaining in private practice is related to previous responsibility for animals.     

社会需求与兽医系统实验室能力提升

兽医系统实验室在指导动物疫病防控、维护公共卫生安全等方面占有举足轻重的地位。随着动物疫病防控工作的不断深化,加强兽医系统实验室能力建设显得尤为紧迫。本文着重介绍了近年来重庆市兽医实验室体系建设的一些实践措施,以期为其他省份兽医系统实验室的进一步发展提供参考。     

兽用药品无菌检验用硫乙醇酸盐培养基的研究

按《中国兽药典》（2005年版）灵敏度法以5种质控菌株对不同配方T．G进行对比试验,筛选出T．G培养基C,其对大肠杆菌C83549株、乙型溶血性链球菌C55943株、铜绿假单孢菌CMCC（B）10110株、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538株、生孢梭菌CMCC（B）64941株灵敏度达10^-9的试验统计次数分别为4／6、2／7、7／13、8／17、9／9,高于其它配方。又按《欧洲药典》（2005年版）微生物促生长方法用3种质控菌株进行配制用水、pH值、高压方式的对比试验,确定配制用水的电导率低于0．5μs／cm、pH值为6．8—7．0,高压灭菌方式为116℃30min。研制的4批培养基用于接种1CFU金黄色葡萄球菌、2CFU铜绿假单孢菌、6CFU生孢梭菌均达3／3生长,结果与进口培养基一致,而国产同类培养基达1／3～2／3生长,结果显示研制的培养基促生长性能均达到或超过国外同类产品,高于国内同类产品。     

兽药对生态环境影响的研究进展

综述了兽药对陆生和水生生态环境影响方面的研究进展，探讨了兽药对陆生植物、土壤动物、土壤微生物与原生生物等陆生生态环境的影响及对浮游类生物与微生物、鱼虾与水体甲壳动物等水生生态环境的影响及其生态毒理效应。     

The use of veterinary medicinal products in equine practices in The Netherlands: Balancing between the law and good veterinary practice

This study investigates the present situation with respect to the use and abuse of (veterinary) medicinal products (VMPs) by equine practitioners and endeavours to substantiate the perceived discrepancies and friction between the availability of VMPs, legislation in force, code of Good Veterinary Practice and reality of day‐today equine practice. It can be concluded that practising equine medicine in The Netherlands using only authorised equine VMPs is impossible. In most cases the ‘cascade’ or list of essential substances is needed to legitimise the use or, even worse, the use is not legitimised at all. Existing differences between European Union member states in the outcome of procedures for obtaining a marketing authorisation for the same product is seen as an obstacle for the availability and development of equine VMPs needed for safeguarding the future of a professional equine veterinary healthcare.     

Perspectives on veterinary education in Thailand

Veterinary education is the foundation of veterinary services in the country. Starting from the service sector in the army, veterinary education and practice in Thailand have been standardized and progressed toward international veterinary standards. The 6-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine core curriculum is deployed to develop the curriculum for each Veterinary Education Establishment (VEE). The challenges for veterinary education and practices reflect the country’s expectations of veterinary services. With regional and global collaboration, the VEEs have been developing tools and learning platforms for delivering qualified veterinary graduates that fit fast-growing society needs.     

基于文献计量分析的我国黄芪、当归、党参在畜牧与动物医学领域的研究

目的：了解国内黄芪、当归、党参等3类中草药在＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域的研究状况,为后续研究提供参考。方法：运用文献计量学与计算机统计分析的研究方法,以国内3种中草药在＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域研究的期刊文献为样本,进行文献学特征、文献主题内容的分析与研究。结果：当归是3种中草药中＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域研究最早、时间跨度最大的中药材;3种中草药的主要饲喂或治疗对象有鸡、猪、牛、鼠、犬等;主要饲喂或用药类型有单药、组方、提取物、注射液、散剂、汤剂等;主要对症有增强免疫机能、生长性能、生产性能、治疗前胃疾病等。结论：在国内,高校是3种中草药＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域研究最主要机构,3种中草药在＂畜牧与动物医学＂领域应用范围较广、应用技术日趋成熟,普遍遵循着扶正祛邪、调节阴阳平衡的中兽医治疗原则。