兽用消毒剂二氧化氯检测方法的研究进展

二氧化氯由于对细菌和病毒有广谱、快速、高效的杀灭特点及使用安全的优势,在畜禽养殖业中得到越来越广泛的应用。本文主要对目前国内外已有的二氧化氯检测方法进行介绍,并对各方法的优缺点进行评述。     

稳定性二氧化氯的应用

新鲜无污染的饵料和饲料是生产出安全和优质水产品的重要条件。无数的实践经验表明,如果用腐败或者受到污染的饵料和饲料喂养水产养殖动物,就必然会危及水产养殖动物的健康与安全。采用稳定性二氧化氯(主要成分是含量为6.6%的稳定性粉状二氧化氯)替代漂白粉进行了饵料消毒的试验,获得了十分理想的效果。这里仅将采用稳定性二氧化氯进行水产动物的饵料和饲料消毒的具体操作方法介绍如下:对新鲜饵料消毒的方法用稳定性二氧化氯给水产动物的新鲜饵料消毒,应该根据新鲜饵料的种类选择比较适宜的方法。(1)对新鲜鱼肉、田螺与河蚌肉消毒时,可以采…     

二氧化氯奶牛乳头消毒剂杀菌效果评价及杀菌机理研究

试验旨在对本实验室研发的用于奶牛乳头消毒的二氧化氯消毒剂进行实验室杀菌效果评价,并对二氧化氯的杀菌机理进行初步研究。采用定量法杀菌试验对二氧化氯奶牛乳头消毒剂进行实验室杀菌效果评价;利用透射电子显微镜观察二氧化氯作用后金黄色葡萄球菌超微结构的改变;利用流式细胞仪测定二氧化氯作用后金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜通透性的变化。定量法杀菌试验结果显示,当该消毒剂中二氧化氯的含量高于1.2 mg/L时,对无乳链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌的杀灭对数值高于3.00,即杀菌率高于99.9%;二氧化氯含量高于0.6 mg/L时,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌杀灭对数值高于3.00,即杀菌率高于99.9%;二氧化氯的含量为0.3 mg/L时,仍能有效杀灭表皮葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌;而二氧化氯含量高于28 mg/L,对于枯草芽孢杆菌的杀菌率才能达到100%。透射电子显微镜超微结构观察结果显示,100 mg/L二氧化氯作用于金黄色葡萄球菌5 min时,细胞膜出现了轻微的皱缩,细胞壁与胞膜之间出现了轻微的空隙,绝大多数细胞仍保持原有形态;作用15 min后,金黄色葡萄球菌形态发生了较明显的变化,细胞膜发生了明显的皱缩,细胞壁与细胞膜完全脱离,细胞质也出现了凝集。流式细胞仪检测金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜通透性变化发现,二氧化氯处理后金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜通透性发生了改变,其中含量为50 mg/L二氧化氯作用15 min后细胞膜通透性改变最明显。结合实验室杀菌效果评价结果发现,二氧化氯对细菌细胞膜通透性的改变仅仅是致死细菌的原因之一,二氧化氯对细菌的杀灭机理较复杂,仍需进一步的探索。     

关于二氧化氯与禽用抗生素混合溶液稳定性的研究

现代家禽养殖为了能提供健康优质的饮用水,普遍用消毒剂对供水系统和饮用水进行消毒净化处理。二氧化氯是一种安全高效的氧化类消毒剂,广泛用于家禽养殖的全过程饮用水消毒。同时为了有效防控疫病,常在家禽饮水中添加水溶性抗生素类药物。饮水给药高效便捷,适用于规模化养殖,因此现场就形成了低浓度二氧化氯和家禽常用抗生素的混合溶液。为了了解二氧化氯和家禽6种常用抗生素混合溶液的稳定性和影响因素,本试验采用二氧化氯和抗生素对应国家标准方法检测该混合溶液的稳定性。结果发现溶液中0.002 mg/mL的二氧化氯能分别被6种抗生素基本完全消耗;抗生素浓度降低比例从0.3%～36.8%不等,说明混合溶液对抗生素的稳定性有不同程度的影响。     

几种化学方法对鲜蛋表面杀菌效果的对比研究

鲜蛋的消毒杀菌是洁蛋生产的必要步骤。本试验参照相应国标,采用经济适用、操作简便的几种不同化学试剂(乙醇、次氯酸钠、高锰酸钾、氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、过氧化氢、二氧化氯)对鲜蛋蛋壳表面进行杀菌处理,并进行菌落总数、大肠菌落数的测定及37℃贮藏期间保鲜试验,以确定较为优良的鲜蛋消毒方法。杀菌试验结果显示二氧化氯、乙醇、高锰酸钾及次氯酸钠处理效果均较为优良,但综合贮藏期间的保鲜效果,二氧化氯处理组和次氯酸钠处理组效果最佳。     

二氧化氯的鸡蛋保鲜效果研究

为延长鸡蛋的储藏期,本文采用不同处理的固载二氧化氯和二氧化氯溶液对鸡蛋进行保鲜效果试验。在温度30℃、湿度70%的条件下存放20d,取出鸡蛋进行主要新鲜度指标的分析与评定。结果表明,与对照组相比,不同二氧化氯处理均对鸡蛋具有显著的保鲜效果(P0.05)。用浓度为2.2g/L二氧化氯溶液浸泡鸡蛋8min后与0.03g固载二氧化氯同时放入样品盒中储藏,能起到较好的保鲜效果。     

二氧化氯残留对发酵乳生产及原奶中抗生素残留量的影响

二氧化氯具有杀菌、消毒、保鲜等作用,在食品工业中可用于原料消毒、保鲜等无害化处理。通过发酵试验,验证了二氧化氯的残留会对牛奶的发酵产生延时作用,同时也会减少原奶中抗生素残留量检验阳性结果的误判。结果表明,待二氧化氯衰减完毕,再进行发酵乳的生产,不会对生产有任何影响。     

二氧化氯的特性及其在养殖业中的应用

综述了二氧化氯(ClO2)的特性及在养殖业中的应用效果和方法,以达到有利于促进二氧化氯的推广应用、提高养殖业消毒效果和畜禽生产性能、减少环境污染的目的.     

“二氧化氯泡腾片”对家禽主要病原微生物杀灭效果试验

为了观察“二氧化氯泡腾片”对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、禽流感H9亚型病毒及鸡新城疫病毒的杀菌及杀病毒效果,采用悬液定量杀菌试验和通过固定病毒稀释消毒液法进行实验室观察。结果：二氧化氯5mg／L作用5min即可对大肠杆菌临床分离株产生t00％的杀菌效果。二氧化氯5mg／L作用10min或二氧化氯10mg／L作用5min均能对金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株产生100％的杀菌效果。2mg／L二氧化氯就能对10砸ID50新城疫病毒有100％的杀灭作用,而1mg／L不能全部杀灭新城疫病毒。禽流感病毒H9亚型对二氧化氯比新城疫病毒敏感,1mg／L二氧化氯即可对10^3EID50禽流感病毒H9有较好的杀灭作用。结论：“二氧化氯泡腾片”是一种方便、高效的消毒剂,在较低的浓度条件下,就能对家禽主要病原微生物有杀灭效果。     

二氧化氯缓释剂对畜禽饮用水消毒的应用研究

二氧化氯消毒剂是国内外公认的高效、广谱、安全的消毒剂,被世界卫生组织列为AI级消毒剂。作为传统饮用水消毒剂理想的更新换代产品,二氧化氯已被越来越多的国家用于饮用水的消毒,但由于二氧化氯的不稳定性导致了畜禽养殖场的使用局限。北京康牧兽医药械中心制药厂生产的蓝光系列消毒剂很好地解决了二氧化氯应用的不稳定性,被广泛应用于畜禽养殖场的环境消毒、带畜（禽）消毒、饮水消毒、器械消毒等方面。现代畜禽养殖场饮用水污染现象非常普遍．本研究应用精准加药机将二氧化氯溶液加入总水管．对饮用水进行了现场消毒试验，取得了比较理想的效果，现将结果报告如下。     

二氧化氯在猪场的应用及前景

非洲猪瘟疫情暴发之后,猪场很重视消毒工作。但是如何正确选择和使用消毒药,还存在一些误区。二氧化氯作为第四代杀菌消毒剂,目前在猪场还没有得到广泛的使用,文旨在介绍二氧化氯的特性,杀菌机理,以及在猪场如何正确的使用二氧化氯,从而达到高效,安全,有效消毒的目的,简述二氧化氯在猪场的应用前景。     

Respiratory responses of the domestic fowl to low level carbon dioxide exposure

Respiratory function in the restrained, conscious domestic fowl was measured using a non-invasive technique and computer aided analysis to examine respiratory flow, and in-dwelling arterial catheters to monitor blood carbon dioxide levels. The effects of two low ranges of inspiratory carbon dioxide (0.2 to 1.0 per cent and 0.25 to 2.25 per cent) were studied, simulating levels of carbon dioxide that may occur in commercial poultry units and representing a mild environmental stress for the birds. A linear increase in minute volume with inspiratory carbon dioxide was observed, due primarily to increases in tidal volume. Arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tension also rose as the inspiratory carbon dioxide concentration was raised, but higher inspiratory carbon dioxide levels were required to affect significantly blood carbon dioxide concentration than to modify respiratory parameters. Variation was observed in the individual bird's response to carbon dioxide (bird X carbon dioxide interaction), suggesting that resting values of the respiratory parameters measured were important in determining the bird's ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.     

乳制品中二氧化硅抗结剂的测定研究

提出一种经典的质量分析法,进行乳制品中二氧化硅含量测定。结果表明：本方法最低检出限0．4g＆g,最低定量限为2．0g／kg,含量大于最低定量限时回收率介于91％～112％之间。该方法简单、快捷、有效,可用于乳制品中二氧化硅的测定。     

Capnographic Monitoring during Anesthesia with Controlled Ventilation in the Horse

Forty-five horses were maintained on halothane or isoflurane anesthesia for at least 90 minutes and received positive pressure ventilation after the first 30 minutes of anesthesia. Parameters monitored included end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (ETPCO2), arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gases and pH. There was a statistically significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for both halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. There was no significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and either body weight or systolic blood pressure. No statistically significant difference was found in arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide difference nor in alveolar dead space because of time or positioning over anesthetic periods of up to 3 hours. It is concluded that end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring is a satisfactory measure of changes in respiratory acid-base balance with inhalation anesthesia in horses when ventilation is controlled.     

Equipment for inhalation anesthesia

Inhalation anesthesia has three requirements: delivery of oxygen, delivery of an appropriate concentration of a volatile anesthetic agent, and removal of carbon dioxide. Halothane and isoflurane are the most commonly used anesthetic agents. They are usually delivered with a semiclosed circle system using an out-of-the-circuit vaporizer. Carbon dioxide is eliminated by chemical absorption and by flow of excess oxygen and waste anesthetic agent through the pop-off valve. These gases should be scavenged to prevent room contamination. A variety of ancillary equipment is available to assist the anesthetist during the procedure.     

Effect of rate of induction of carbon dioxide anaesthesia on the time of onset of unconsciousness and convulsions

The effect of different rates of induction of carbon dioxide anaesthesia on the time to loss of consciousness was investigated in broilers and hens. In experiment 1, 24 and 17 broilers, respectively, were exposed to 45 per cent carbon dioxide within 8 or 18 seconds (accession time). In experiment 2, 18 to 20 broilers and hens were exposed to either 35, 45, 55 or 65 per cent carbon dioxide within 8 seconds. The results indicated that, in general, the rate of accession is more critical than the final concentration of carbon dioxide; however, in 35 per cent carbon dioxide an exposure time of longer than 5 minutes is required to kill the birds. The time to sustained eye closure, time to onset of clonic and tonic convulsions and the duration of convulsive episodes were shorter in broilers than in hens. It is suggested that under commercial situations a final concentration of 55 per cent carbon dioxide would be suitable for killing broilers and hens.     

Investigation into the batch stunning/killing of chickens using carbon dioxide or argon-induced hypoxia

Three hundred and twenty broilers were stunned for 2 minutes in batches of 10 per crate in four treatments: 45 per cent carbon dioxide; 55 per cent carbon dioxide; 2 per cent oxygen, or 5 per cent oxygen presented as air diluted by argon. The number of survivors and the time to resumption of consciousness were recorded using the time to eye opening and response to comb pinching as indicators of consciousness. In 45 per cent and 55 per cent carbon dioxide and 2 per cent oxygen, 28, none and eight birds, respectively, survived out of 100 in each group. In 5 per cent oxygen the birds were still fully conscious after a 2 minute exposure period, and the test was discontinued. The time to recovery could be rapid after stunning in both the gases. It is suggested that a concentration of 55 per cent carbon dioxide or less than 1 per cent oxygen are required to kill broilers within a 2 minute exposure period, and that care should be taken to ensure that there is sufficient turbulence within the stunning chamber to avoid air pockets being trapped between the birds.     

Autoagglutination and the specificity of the indirect fluorescent antibody test applied to the identification of Taylorella equigenitalis

Because the first strains of Taylorella equigenitalis isolated in the Netherlands autoagglutinated, identification was difficult. The source of carbon dioxide to create a carbon dioxide atmosphere for incubation influenced the emulsifiability of these strains. Strains were emulsifiable when cultivated in a carbon dioxide incubator (7 per cent carbon dioxide in air), but were autoagglutinable when cultivated in a candle jar, or in a jar with a carbon dioxide system or anaerobic system without the palladium catalyst. When strains autoagglutinated, they were identified by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Although strains of other bacterial species, in particular Pasteurella haemolytica, also showed fluorescence, which was partly caused by autofluorescence, the indirect fluorescent antibody test appeared to be a reliable additional test for identifying T equigenitalis.