水稻赤枯病防治技术研究

2005年,环渤海地区较大面积发生水稻红苗病.对发病田的大量现场调查发现,大多数田块的发病症状属于根中毒型赤枯病,少数田块属于缺锌、缺钾型赤枯病,个别田块是由于稻水象甲危害造成.诱发赤枯病的因素很多,但主要是低温缺氧造成的.其防治措施主要有改进耕作技术、改革水层管理和科学施肥等.     

棉花红叶茎枯病的发生与防治

棉花红叶茎枯病以往在本市很少发生,但2001年棉花红叶茎枯病却在转Bt基因抗虫棉上大发生.据调查,棉花红叶茎枯病的田块发病率48%,病株率26%,严重发病田块病株率在90%以上.棉花红叶茎枯病严重影响棉花叶片的光合作用,引起棉花早衰,从而造成棉花减产,品质下降.     

水稻赤枯病的症状、发病规律及防冶

<正> 水稻赤枯病是一种生理病害,各稻区均有发生。据了解,今年盘锦少数地区有发生。为此,有必要介绍一下该病的知识: 症状水稻赤枯病有三种类型,一是缺钾型:叶片发病初呈现锈色小斑点至暗褐色斑点,以后发展成红褐色、深褐色大小不等的病斑,或成不规则条纹状,发病     

水稻生理性赤枯病发病原因分析及防治措施

2005年,黑龙江省八五八农场大面积发生水稻赤枯病,对发病田的调查发现,土壤缺锌、土壤环境条件恶化（如低洼冷浸田）、秸秆还田后长期深水灌溉等是诱使当地赤枯病发生的主要原因.其防治措施主要是改进耕作技术、改革水层管理和科学施肥等.     

水稻生理性病害的防治措施

介绍了生理性立枯病、缺钾型赤枯病、缺磷型赤枯病、根部中毒型赤枯病和缺锌缩苗病等水稻生理性病害的发生条件、原因和症状识别,提出相应的防治措施,以减少由于生理障碍的存在给水稻生长发育带来的影响以及避免加重其它非生理性病害的发生,提高水稻的产量和品质。     

棉花红叶茎枯病的发生与防治

棉花红叶茎枯病为生理性病害。近年来 ,随着产量的提高 ,土壤中供肥结构都有不同程度的发生。发病的棉株 ,上部座不住桃 ,中部桃子小 ,整个棉株吐絮不畅 ,造成大幅度减产。棉株一般从主枝或侧枝顶端叶片开始发病 ,自上而下 ,由外向内失绿 ,失绿部分由紫红变成暗红色 ,后期全叶红褐色 ,叶片发脆 ,叶边翻卷 ,逐渐变褐 ,焦枯 ,叶柄失水干枯 ,引起大量落叶 ,形成茎枯死亡。引起棉花红叶茎枯病的主要原因是干旱 ,其次肥水不足 ,特别是缺钾田块 ,造成营养失调 ,更易发病。另外 ,花期阴雨天多 ,田间积水 ,有机肥缺乏 ,沙碱性过重 ,重茬田均易引发此…     

早稻赤枯病的发生与防治

赤枯病 (俗称铁锈病 )是水稻上一种较普遍的生理性病害 ,在早、中、晚稻上均有发生 ,特别是近年来本地早稻此病呈蔓延趋势 ,造成生育期延迟 ,产量降低 ,发病严重的田块减产在２０%以上 ,不少农户误认此病为白叶枯病 ,结果错过防治时机 ,造成损失。一、发病症状该病一般在早稻栽插后１５天左右开始出现 ,初期植株矮小 ,分蘖少而小 ,上部叶片挺直 ,新叶生长速度减慢 ,但嫩叶通常呈现深绿色 ,根系为深褐色或有少量黑烂根出现 ;到分蘖盛期发病达到高峰 ,表现症状更为明显 :植株矮小 ,老叶开始下垂黄化 ,而心叶较窄挺拔 ,植株茎秆较细 ,分蘖明显…     

水稻赤枯病的发生与防治

针对盘锦地区水稻赤枯病发生情况,对其病害进行研究。介绍了盘锦地区水稻赤枯病的发生时期、症状和发病原因,并从合理施肥、预防根部中毒、选用抗病品种、采取壮秧早播、浅水灌溉等技术措施方面提出了行之有效的预防与防治措施。     

水稻赤枯病的发生与防治

针对盘锦地区水稻赤枯病发生情况，对其病害进行研究。介绍了盘锦地区水稻赤枯病的发生时期、症状和发病原因，并从合理施肥、预防根部中毒、选用抗病品种、采取壮秧早播、浅水灌溉等技术措施方面提出了行之有效的预防与防治措施。     

棉花早枯现象的发生及防治

棉花早枯是在江苏沿海及里下河地区经常发生的现象 ,近两年有不断加重的趋势 ,2 0 0 2年发生尤其严重 ,建湖县棉田早枯面积约为 30 % ,一般发病田块产量损失 5 %～ 2 0 % ,最严重田块产量损失3成以上。1早枯病发生的特点早枯病发生在棉花生长后期 ,一般在 8月中旬以后 ,这阶段正是秋桃盖顶和棉铃充实的关键时期 ,也是棉花开始走向衰老的时期 ,早枯病的发生对棉花产量影响尤其严重。1 .1多样性。早枯病一般表现为老叶先枯萎 ,很快扩展到全株 ,最终叶片全部枯焦。叶片枯焦症状并不完全一致 ,有的表现为轮状病斑 ,一张叶片上有一个或多个病斑 ,…     

Model development for surface drainage loading estimates from paddy rice fields

A field experiment was performed at two Korean research sites to evaluate water and nutrient behavior in paddy rice culture operations for 2 years. One site was irrigated with groundwater, whereas the other site was irrigated with surface water. Both sites received average annual rainfall of about 1,300 mm, and about 70–80% of it was concentrated during July–September coinciding with rice growing season. Although most of the nutrient outflow was attributed to plant uptake, nutrient loss by surface drainage was substantial. The simplified computer model, PADDIMOD, was developed to simulate water and nutrient behaviors in the paddy rice field. The model predicts daily ponded water depth, surface drainage, and nutrient concentrations. It was formulated with a few equations and simplified assumptions, but its application and a model fitness test indicated that the simulation results reasonably matched the observed data. It is a simple and practical planning model that could be used to evaluate nutrient loading from paddy rice fields alone or in combination with other complex watershed models. Further validation might be required for general application of the PADDIMOD to the simulation of paddy rice fields with various agricultural environments.     

一份抗纹枯病水稻品种ZH5的抗病虫特性和生物学性状

两年的温室、大田人工接种和自然诱发等抗病虫鉴定结果表明,ZH5除抗纹枯病外,对稻瘟病、白叶枯病和稻飞虱也具有较好的抗性。生育期、株型观察和稻米外观品质分析表明,ZH5综合农艺性状好,具备“理想株型”的特征。由于具有优质、高产、多抗的特性,ZH5是无公害优质稻生产的理想品种,也是优质、多抗育种,特别是抗纹枯病育种的理想抗源材料。     

Selection of Rice Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance Through Morpho-Biochemical Assessment

The present study reported the morpho-biochemical evaluation of 15 selected rice genotypes for salt tolerance at the seedling stage. Growth parameters including shoot length, root length, plant biomass, plant turgid weight, plant dry weight along with relative water content were measured after exposure to saline solution （with electrical conductivity value of 12 dS/m）. Genotypes, showing significant differential responses towards salinity in the fields, were assessed through 14 salinity-linked morpho-biochemical attributes, measured at 14 d after exposure of seedling in saline nutrient solution. Relative water content, chlorophyll a/b, peroxidase activity and plant biomass were identified as potential indicators of salt tolerance. Principal component analysis and successive Hierarchical clustering using Euclidean distance revealed that Talmugur, Gheus, Ghunsi, Langalmura, Sabitapalui, and Sholerpona were promising genotypes for further breeding programmes in rice. The maximum Euclidean distance was plotted between Thavallakanan and Talmugur （7.49）, followed by Thavallakanan and Langalmura （6.82）, indicating these combinations may be exploited as parental lines in hybridization programmes to develop salinity tolerant variety.     

稻田田埂植物的生物多样性

 在浙江安吉两个村对利用不同污染程度水源进行灌溉的稻田田埂植物进行了调查。利用未受工业污染的水灌溉的禹山坞稻田田埂植物种数高于受工业废水污染的城北村。在相同类型植物群落中, 禹山坞稻田田埂的植物种总重要值Iv(t)显著高于城北村,两村的田埂植物生物多样性指数也存在类似的变化趋势。不同类型植物群落的生物多样性参数差异极为显著, 矮秆植物占优势群落的植物种数、植物种总重要值和生物多样性指数(H')显著高于高秆植物占优势群落和外来植物占优势群落。应重视防除外来植物空心莲子草, 控制高秆植物和保护矮秆植物。     

Evaluation of Transplanting Date and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Adapted by Farmers to Toposequential Variation ofEnvironmental Resources in a Mini-Watershed (Nong) in Northeast Thailand

Environmental resources for rainfed rice production show large variability even within a small area in Northeast Thailand, and it is said that farmer’s management is well adapted to the variability. This study evaluated transplanting date and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate in the management to improve rice productivity. The effect of transplanting date and N fertilizer rate on rice productivity was analyzed by investigating rice growth, and also by dividing rainfed rice fields located in a mini-watershed into 4 subecosystems: (1) medium deep water, waterlogged (MDW), (2) shallow water, favorable (SWf), (3) shallow water, drought- and submergence-prone (SWds), and (4) shallow water, drought-prone (SWd). Rice grew at almost a constant rate until maturity and the growth rate was higher at a lower field. The difference in productivity was derived from not only a water condition but also soil fertility, and was associated with the rate of N uptake. Small leaf area index was found to be one of the causes for low productivity in rice. Statistic analysis showed that earlier transplanting increased biomass production in all subecosystems. The biomass-increase resulted in a higher yield in SWds and SWd fields while it resulted in a reduced harvest index (HI) and did not increase yield in MDW and SWf fields. The effect of N fertilizer was apparent in the field where rice biomass was small due to later transplanting or unfertile soil, but the effect was generally small. Earlier transplanting in upper fields and later transplanting in lower fields in mini-watersheds were suggested to improve rice production, and proper distribution of N fertilizer use is considered necessary.     

Impact of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium on Brown Planthopper and Tolerance of Its Host Rice Plants

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages, and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants, and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants, which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents, which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.     

Genetic diversity of rice sheath blight isolates (Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA) from different rice cultivars

Rhizoctonia solani AG 1 IA, the non specific, soil borne, and plant casual agent of rice sheath blight, occurring world widely in rice fields, has become a major disease to rice. In this study,relationships among R. solani AG 1 IA isolates, collected from different rice cultivars were reported.     

Modeling of water and nitrogen balance in the ponded water of rice fields

A water and nitrogen balance model for the surface ponded water compartment of rice fields was developed. The model estimates the daily ponded water depth and the daily losses and the uses of NH₄–N and NO₃–N in their transformation processes. The model was applied with data obtained from two rice fields during 2005 at Thessaloniki plain in northern Greece. Significant amounts of applied irrigation water were lost with the surface runoff and deep percolation to groundwater. The gaseous losses of nitrogen (volatilization and denitrification) and nitrogen uptake by algae were the main processes of nitrogen reduction in the ponded water of rice fields. The study showed that the system of a rice field is a natural system where an important amount of influent nitrogen applied by irrigation water can be reduced. These processes decrease the possibilities of water resources contamination.     

节水抗旱稻的培育与产业发展

节水抗旱稻（Water-saving and drought-resistance rice,WDR）是指既具有水稻高产优质特性,又具有旱稻节水抗旱特性的一种新的栽培稻类型（NY/T 2862-2015）,是在水稻科技进步的基础上,通过进一步整合现代优良水稻与旱稻品种的优良特性而成。节水抗旱稻的节水、抗旱和耐直播能力较强,可采用“旱直播旱管”的绿色栽培模式,可在水田不淹水栽培,大幅度节约灌溉用水,减少面源污染和甲烷排放,也可在旱地或山坡地种植,拓展水稻种植空间。本文简要介绍了节水抗旱稻的概念、特点以及培育与改良策略,表列了团队育成审定的23个节水抗旱稻品种及各自主要特点及适种区域,对节水抗旱稻的产业发展目标进行了讨论。     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。