犬贾第虫包囊排出规律的研究

对自然感染贾第虫的比格犬进行粪检调查 ,结果表明犬贾第虫包囊排出呈间歇性 ,其间歇期为 7～ 8d ,排囊后 1 2～ 1 4d达到排囊高峰期 ,峰期持续 2～ 3d,排囊持续时间为 2 5～ 2 7d。用 2只幼犬进行免疫抑制接种犬贾第虫 ,接种后第 7天出现排包囊 ,排囊后 6～ 7d达到排囊高峰期 ,峰期持续 4～ 5d。受染动物出现腹泻 ,体重减轻     

硝唑尼特对四翼无刺线虫的驱虫效果

20只自然感染四翼无刺线虫的雌性昆明系小鼠,随机分成4组,每组5只,常规饲喂。第1~3组小鼠分别以200、400、800 mg/kg剂量的硝唑尼特灌胃,第4组设为空白对照组,每24 h一次,连续灌胃5 d。用虫卵减少率和粗计驱虫率作为评价药物效果的指标。结果显示,硝唑尼特对四翼无刺线虫的驱虫效果随药物剂量的增加而提高,以800 mg/kg剂量效果最好。     

犬贾第虫包囊排出规律的研究

对自然感染贾第虫的比格犬进行粪检调查,结果表明犬贾第虫包囊排出呈间歇性,其间歇期为７～８ｄ,排囊后１２～１４ｄ达到排囊高峰期,峰期持续２～３ｄ,排囊持续时间为２５～２７ｄ。用２只幼犬进行免疫抑制接种犬贾第虫,接种后第７ｄ出现排包囊,排囊后６～７ｄ达到排囊高峰期,高峰期持续４～５ｄ。受染动物出现腹泻,体重减轻。     

硝硫氰醚防治猪巨吻棘头虫病

2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年在四川省洪雅县从 5乡 1 1村 30 1 1家养猪农户中选 75 2 8头 5 0 kg架子猪进行猪蛭形巨吻棘头虫病治疗试验。共分 3批试验。第 1批是类检选出 30头棘头虫病阳性猪。 1 0头不服药对照。 2 0头服硝硫氰醚2 0 m g/ kg,隔 1天 1次 ,共服 3次。 2 0天后粪检 EPG,服药组 EPG均明显减少 5 0 .6 %～ 1 0 0 %。 5个月后称重。服药组猪平均比对照组猪增重 2 5 .6 kg/只。第 2、3批作普治试验 ,共治疗 4 2 6 8头架子猪     

硝唑尼特抗免疫抑制小鼠隐孢子虫活性试验

研究硝唑尼特抗隐孢子虫的活性,采用地塞米松抑制昆明鼠免疫功能,经口接种感染微小隐孢子虫孢子化卵囊,成功制备出微小隐孢子虫感染的动物模型。将感染微小隐孢子虫的小鼠随机分为感染对照组以及高、中、低剂量3个药物剂量组,连续经口灌服硝唑尼特治疗1周,观察每只小鼠每天排出微小隐孢子虫卵囊的数量,以感染抑制率来评价硝唑尼特抗微小隐孢子虫的活性。结果表明,200 mg/(kg.d)剂量组能显著减少小鼠排出隐孢子虫卵囊的数量,对治疗微小隐孢子虫感染具有较好的疗效。     

蜘蛛香胶囊对靶动物犬的安全性试验

为了评价蜘蛛香胶囊对靶动物犬的安全性,试验选择24只试验犬,随机分为3组,分别为1倍推荐剂量(50 mg/kg)组、3倍推荐剂量(150 mg/kg)组和5倍推荐剂量(250 mg/kg)组,每天口服给药2次,连续给药3 d。分别在给药前1天、给药后第1天、第3天、第5天采集血液,对犬的血常规和血液生化指标进行分析比较,并观察给药前后犬的临床症状变化。结果表明:试验期间各剂量组犬临床症状正常,给药后的血常规和血液生化指标与给药前相比无显著差异(P0.05)。说明蜘蛛香胶囊在5倍推荐剂量(250 mg/kg)范围内连续给药3 d,对靶动物犬的临床体征和血液生理生化指标无明显影响,该药临床应用安全。     

阿维菌素对小鼠初级精母细胞致突变性的研究

以小鼠初级精母细胞染色畸变分析方法研究阿维菌素（Avermectin)对小鼠雄性生殖细胞的诱变性。将昆明系雄性小鼠50只随机分为5组，每组10只，第1－3组为阿维菌素高、中和低剂是组，分别为9．60、4．80和1．92mg/kg体重（相当于1／2、1／4和1／10LD50）剂量的阿维菌素与1，2－丙二醇 1次灌胃；第4组为阳性对照组，以60mg/kg体重剂量的环磷酰胺1次腹腔注射；第5组为阴性对照组，仅灌服溶剂，于给药后第12d和13d每组取5只小鼠，每只按2mg/kg体重剂量腹腔注射秋水仙素2h后取材。试验结果表明，无论检药后第12d和13d，环磷酰胺阳性对照组与相应阴性对照组相比，其差异均极显著（P＜0．01），阿维菌素高、中和低3个剂量组与相应阴性对照相比，其差异均不显著（P＞0．05），证明阿维菌素对初级精母细胞不具诱变性。     

人工感染犬贾第虫包囊排出规律的观察

用犬贾第虫滋养体感染试验幼犬后进行粪便检查,结果表明,滋养体可以感染试验幼犬,且包囊排出规律呈间歇性,其间歇期为7～8 d,第3天开始排出包囊,排囊后第10天达到高峰期,高峰期持续3～4 d,在间歇期持续排出少量包囊。感染试验犬有腹泻,厌食,体重减轻等症状。     

硝唑尼特的多重作用机制及应用研究进展

硝唑尼特(NTZ)是上世纪七十年代开发的一个抗寄生虫药物,已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于治疗隐孢子虫或蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫引起的腹泻,被中国农业农村部批准用于治疗犬绦虫病。近年来的研究发现,硝唑尼特不仅能抗多种寄生虫,而且对多种危害严重的人或动物病原菌、病毒也具有很好的活性,但是研究发现硝唑尼特对各种病原体的活性作用机制却各不相同。本文主要综述了硝唑尼特对多种病原体的作用及其可能的机制,从而为硝唑尼特的利用和相关研究提供资料。     

一例犬冠状病毒合并贾第虫病的病例分析

2012年1月16日接诊李村姚某一只罗威那犬,经诊断为犬冠状病毒合并贾第虫病,经过7d治疗已完全康复,现将该病例的诊疗报告如下。1病例介绍罗威那犬,2个月零19d,体重3.9kg,一直未免疫。该犬于2d前发病,开始精神不振,食欲差,轻微稀泻,大便为灰色。犬主喂思密达(0.5包/次,2次/d),灌庆大霉素(4万IU/次,2次/d)未见好转。昨晚突然开始呕吐,大便呈灰绿色,水样,腥臭味。5月16日早来本院就诊,初诊     

Nitazoxanide(NTZ)干混悬剂驱除犬复孔绦虫作用研究

为了考察Nitazoxanide干混悬剂驱除犬复孔绦虫的效果，选择自然感染复孔绦虫的犬，按200mg/kg bw的剂量口服此干混悬剂进行驱虫效果研究。结果表明该制剂对犬复孔绦虫有良好的驱杀作用，效果确实、可靠。     

Doxycycline clearance of experimentally induced chronic Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs

BACKGROUND: Ineffective clearance of Ehrlichia canis after doxycycline administration has been reported despite the fact that the recommended treatment for canine ehrlichiosis is doxycycline. The effectiveness of doxycycline in clearing E canis infection from the blood and tissues of dogs requires additional evaluation. HYPOTHESIS: Doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h), administered for 4 weeks, will eliminate E canis infection from the blood and tissues of experimentally infected dogs. ANIMALS: Fifteen Walker hound-mixed breed dogs were inoculated subcutaneously with E canis-infected canine histiocytic cells 4 months before doxycycline treatment. METHODS: Four dogs were treated with doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 weeks), 5 dogs were treated with doxycycline at the same dosage for 4 weeks, and 5 control dogs were not treated. Dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg i.v.) was given after treatment to precipitate recrudescence of any remaining E canis organisms. Platelet counts, anti-E canis immunofluorescent antibodies, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of E canis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in blood and tissues were evaluated. RESULTS: E canis DNA was not detected in the blood and tissues of doxycycline-treated dogs after treatment. Platelet counts were within reference intervals, and E canis antibodies decreased. Spontaneous clearance of E canis infection occurred in 2 of 5 control dogs. Three control dogs had E canis DNA detected in blood and tissues, platelet counts remained low or within the reference interval, and E canis antibodies remained high. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: As administered in this study, doxycycline cleared E canis from the blood and tissues of experimentally infected dogs.     

Efficacy of a combination febantel-praziquantel-pyrantel product, with or without vaccination with a commercial Giardia vaccine, for treatment of dogs with naturally occurring giardiasis

OBJECTIVE: To determine efficacy of treatment with a combination febantel-praziquantel-pyrantel product, with or without vaccination with a commercial Giardia vaccine, in dogs with naturally occurring giardiasis. DESIGN: Prospective trial. ANIMALS: 16 Beagles naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis. PROCEDURES: During phase 1, 6 dogs were treated with the parasiticide for 3 days (4 were also vaccinated). Four weeks later, all 6 dogs were treated with the parasiticide again for 5 days and were bathed and moved to clean cages after the last treatment (phase 2). Nine dogs were treated with the parasiticide for 3 (n = 4) or 5 (5) days and bathed and moved to clean cages after the last treatment (phase 3). Fecal samples were collected twice weekly for 24 days after treatment and tested for cysts with a quantitative zinc sulfate flotation technique and for Giardia antigen with an immunoassay. RESULTS: Dogs in phase 1 were all shedding cysts again by day 24. In phase 2, only 1 dog shed cysts after treatment, and shedding was transient (day 17). In phase 3, neither cysts nor antigen was detected in fecal samples from 2 of 4 dogs treated for 3 days and 4 of 5 dogs treated for 5 days. In 18 of 57 (31.6%) fecal samples, cysts were seen, but results of the immunoassay were negative. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that when a combination febantel-praziquantel-pyrantel product is used to treat dogs with giardiasis, bathing and changing the environment after treatment may be more important in preventing recurrence than duration of treatment.     

Exposure to pasture borne nematodes affects individual milk yield in Swedish dairy herds

Infections with the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia in dogs and cats are common. Clinical signs vary from asymptomatic to small bowel diarrhea and associated discomfort. The control of infections in dogs is frequently a frustrating issue for animal owners and veterinarians. Drugs with antiprotozoal activity such as fenbendazole and metronidazole are recommended, however, they do not show 100% efficacy and superinfections occur regularly. Ronidazole is currently the drug of choice for the treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats and there is now limited information available about its efficacy against Giardia spp. In the kennel investigated, dogs regularly showed loose feces and the presence of Giardia (assemblage C, renamed as G. canis) cysts. An elimination strategy of this parasite involving strict hygiene management and disinfection of the enclosures with 4-chlorine-M-cresol, oral treatment with ronidazole (30-50mg/kg BW bid for 7 days) and two shampooings (containing chlorhexidine) at the beginning and the end of the treatments was implemented for a group of 6 dogs. As a control another group of 7 dogs was transferred to the disinfected enclosures and shampooed, but left untreated. Dog feces were tested for the presence of Giardia cysts (SAF concentration technique) or Giardia antigen with a commercial ELISA (NOVITEC(?)) and a quick immunochromatography-based test (SensPERT(?)) before and between 5 and 40 days after the last treatment. All ronidazole-treated dogs were negative for Giardia cysts and antigen up to 26 days after the last treatment, while between 1 and 5 of the control animals tested positive in each of the test series. At this point, also dogs of the control group were again moved into clean enclosures, shampooed twice and treated with ronidazole. Five, 12 and 19 days after the last treatment, the dogs in the control group tested negative for Giardia cysts and antigen. However, all animals had again positive results at later time points in at least one of the three applied diagnostic techniques within 33-61 days after treatment. Furthermore, all dogs had episodes of diarrhea (for 1-4 days) within 14-31 days after treatment and unformed feces during the whole experiment. The positive effect of ronidazole against Giardia infections in dogs could be confirmed in this study. In particular, the combination of ronidazole treatment combined with the disinfection of the environment and shampooing of the dogs was highly effective in reducing Giardia cyst excretion and may therefore constitute an alternative control strategy for canine giardiosis.     

Imidocarb: A chemoprophylactic experiment with Babesia canis

Summary

Eight dogs, given imidocarb dipropionate subcutaneously at a dose of 6 mg/kg, were challenged with a sporozoite stabilate of a French strain of Babesia canis, prepared from infected Dermacentor reticulatus ticks, 2, 3, 4 or 5 weeks after treatment. Three control dogs were similarly infected but not preventively treated. One of the controls and one of the dogs treated 5 weeks prior to challenge died of babesiosis. Prepatent and incubation periods were similar in treated and control dogs, and all dogs showed important reductions in the packed cell volume. Relaps'es were commonly seen after recovery from the initial reaction. Although further work is needed before a final conclusion can be drawn to whether imidocarb is suitable as a chemoprophylactic against B. canis infection, it can be used as a curative drug.     

Uredofos: anthelmintic activity against nematodes and cestodes in dogs with naturally occurring infections.

A new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, uredofos, was tested in 146 dogs by single and multiple oral dosing. Single doses of 100 and 50 (but not 25) mg/kg were totally effective in removing Dipylidium caninum and Taenia spp from 46 dogs with infections of tapeworms. Among groups of 15 to 20 dogs, the average percentage efficacies against Toxocara canis for single soese of 100, 50, and 25 mg/kg were 98, 96, and 81%, respectively. The average percentage of efficacies against hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) were greater than 96% in dogs treated with single doses of 100, 50, or 25 mg/kg and were 100% in the 35 dogs given 2 or 3 treatments (24-hour intervals) at dose levels of either 25 or 50 mg/kg. The whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, was not efficaciously eliminated by single doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg (av percentage of efficacies of 30, 35, and 71%, respectively). Efficacy against T vulpis markedly improved when 2 doses were given at a 24-hour interval (av percentage of efficacies were 89% at dose level of 25 mg/kg and 99% at dose level of 50 mg/kg). At either dose (25 or 50 mg/kg), 3 daily treatments were no more efficacious against whipworms than were 2 doses. There was no evidence of drug toxicosis in any dogs tested. It was concluded that uredofos is highly effective against canine tapeworms, ascarids, and hookworms when given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg and against whipworm when given at dose level of 50 mg/kg/day for 2 days.     

Effect of fenbendazole on Toxocara canis larvae in tissues of infected dogs.

The effect of fenbendazole therapy was studied in six dogs fed 10,000 embryonated Toxocara canis eggs. At 47 days after they were fed T canis, four dogs were given fenbendazole in two divided doses totaling 50 mg/kg of body weight each day for 14 days. Two infected dogs were not given fenbendazole. All dogs were necropsied at the end of treatment and the foci were counted in the lungs; their skeletal muscles were digested in 1% trypsin for the recovery of larvae. The T canis larvae were not recovered from the skeletal muscle of the four infected dogs treated with fenbendazole; 15 and 42 larvae/100 g of skeletal muscle were recovered from the two nonmedicated infeected dogs. The number of grossly visible foci on surfaces of lungs in treated dogs was markedly less than in the nonmedicated infected dogs. The results indicate that fenbendazole might be effective in preventing prenatal infection in dogs.     

Metronidazole for the treatment of feline giardiasis

There are several drugs available for the treatment of giardiasis in cats, including metronidazole. The purpose of this study was to determine whether metronidazole benzoate administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg, orally, twice a day for 7 days lessens or eliminates Giardia cyst shedding in cats with chronic infection. Twenty-six, adult, laboratory-reared cats were used in this study. Sixteen cats had been inoculated orally with cysts of a human Giardia sp. isolate and had completed a Giardia vaccine study in one animal holding room. The other ten cats were infected with the same Giardia sp. presumably by contamination from the adjacent room where the Giardia vaccine study cats were located. From each cat, a fecal sample was collected within 1 week of the start of treatment and then every 2 to 4 days for 15 days after treatment was completed. Fecal samples were analyzed for the presence of Giardia cysts using a commercially available direct immunofluorescence test (IFA). Clinical signs of drug toxicity were not detected during the study.     

Treatment of feline giardiasis with metronidazole

Seven cats from a single household with 17 cats were shedding cysts of Giardia species as detected by a modified zinc sulfate concentration technique. All the cats were housed individually in Horsfal isolation units for the duration of the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up monitoring. Each of the infected cats was treated with metronidazole at a dose of 22 mg per kg of body weight, twice a day, for 5 days. Post-treatment examination of four or five stool samples from each cat during the following 17 days did not reveal the presence of any giardial cysts in the treated cats. After treatment, the diarrhea either ceased or was markedly diminished. Therefore, metronidazole appears to be an effective form of therapy for feline giardiasis.     

Experimental infection of calves and sheep with bovine Giardia isolates

9 Giardia-free calves were artificially infected with 1.5-5.1 x 10(6) Giardia cysts originating from Swiss cattle ("bovine isolates"). In 4 of these animals the course of infection was examined. After prepatent periods of 7-8 days all calves excreted high numbers of Giardia cysts for 60-112 days. During patency on 44% of the examination days Giardia cysts and antigen could be detected simultaneously in faecal samples using the flotation method and a sandwich-ELISA, respectively. With the exception of light diarrhoea lasting only for some days at the beginning of patency no other symptoms occurred. Further 5 artificially infected calves were submitted to autopsy. Giardia trophozoites were detected in 4 calves in the jejunum and in 1 animal in the ileum (peroxidase-antiperoxidase method). All animals were simultaneously infected with Campylobacter spp. and/or Rota- and Corona-virus. Electronmicroscopically mucosal attachment sites of Giardia trophozoites had intact microvilli and enterocytes. In various parts of the intestine blunting and flattening of the villi and cellular infiltrations of the mucosa were present. These alterations in calves are generally associated with bacterial and/or viral infections of calves. A Swiss bovine Giardia cyst-isolate was transmitted to 4 Giardia-free conventionally maintained lambs which excreted Giardia cysts after prepatent periods of 10-21 days for 31-61 days.