浅谈蜜蜂营养物质的质量

<正>蜜蜂的营养大致分为三大类:糖类、花粉、水,这些营养物质的质量对蜜蜂寿命有不同的影响。1糖类物质糖类物质为蜜蜂无氧酵解、氧化供能,作为结构物质与花粉中的蛋白或脂类结合,饲喂幼虫、幼蜂、雄蜂,对蜜蜂而言,不同的糖类物质,其使用效果差异显著:蜂蜜:使用不同的蜂蜜对蜜蜂寿命有不同的影响。优质成熟、浅色的封盖蜜是蜜     

保幼激素对蜜蜂生长发育调控作用的研究进展

蜜蜂是一类社会性昆虫,具有级型分化体系,不同级型蜜蜂在发育时间和寿命上存在明显差异。保幼激素(Juvenile hormone,JH)是一类蜜蜂体内的重要激素,对蜜蜂的生长发育、级型分化,以及寿命等方面具有显著的调控作用。该文从JH生物合成、JH对蜜蜂生长和行为发育、级型分化和寿命调控等方面的研究进展进行综述。通过探索环境、激素和蛋白共同调控蜜蜂级型分化和寿命的作用机制,进一步揭示JH在蜜蜂生长发育中的生理功能及作用机理。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫对中华蜜蜂的感染性和寿命的影响

为了探讨东方蜜蜂微孢子虫对中华蜜蜂工蜂的感染性和寿命的影响,用不同浓度梯度东方蜜蜂微孢子虫溶液感染刚出房的中蜂,并置于恒温箱内(30℃、RH:70~80%)培养。结果发现,接种14天后,与对照组相比,随着感染浓度的升高,感染浓度较高组的孢子感染量和感染率显著高于感染浓度较低组(P<0.05);而根据每天记录的蜜蜂死亡情况分析,与对照组相比,感染浓度越高,中蜂的死亡率出现显著性差异的时间更早,这说明东方蜜蜂微孢子虫对中蜂寿命有影响。     

延长蜜蜂寿命的理论和实践

蜜蜂(工蜂)的寿命不仅短暂,而且在外因影响下,表现出明显的可塑性,变幅可达3倍左右,这是改善外部条件延长蜜蜂寿命的生物学基础。养蜂者从管理入手,善待蜜蜂,把加速蜜蜂繁殖和延长个体寿命结合起来,积聚数量提高质量,维持和增强群势,以期取得更好的经济效益。     

矿物质、维生素C、鞣酸对蜜蜂寿命的影响

本文对矿物质、维生素C、鞣酸对蜜蜂寿命的影响进行了研究。实验结果,矿物质复合饲料使蜜蜂平均寿命延长16.5～32.7％;维生素C使蜜蜂平均寿命延长15.6％;鞣酸使蜜蜂寿命延长17.8％,效果极为显著,为探讨蜜蜂的营养提供了新的依据。     

利用电子标签技术研究中华蜜蜂冬季出巢活动规律

蜜蜂采集行为对农作物的授粉和蜂群的生存和发展都非常重要。为探究中华蜜蜂在冬季的出巢活动规律,本研究利用电子标签技术对新出房的工蜂进行标记,进而持续跟踪检测这些标记蜜蜂一生的出巢活动情况。结果表明,中华蜜蜂羽化后1星期内就会首次出巢,随后的2个星期内每天会进行一次认巢飞行,之后进入真正的采集飞行。中华蜜蜂的寿命不同个体之间差异较大,平均为48天,天敌、气候等是影响中华蜜蜂寿命的最主要因素。冬季中华蜜蜂出巢活动受气候因素的影响较大。一般出巢活动时间为半小时,出巢活动之间在巢内的时间为20分钟。本研究系统的研究了冬季中华蜜蜂一生的出巢采集活动规律,对了解中华蜜蜂的出巢采集行为、相关的生物学特性以及授粉实践等都具有积极的作用。     

电子防螫器的应用研究

为检测一种新型防护用具的防螫效果，及其是否影响蜜蜂的出勤、采集力、哺育及蜜蜂的寿命。经多次试验，结果表明：电子防螫器对蜜蜂有明显的镇服作用，不仅在养蜂生产中应用有很好的防螫效果，且不影响蜜蜂的出勤、采集、哺育和蜂王产卵。同时在蜂群转运过程中，有延长蜜蜂寿命、节约饲料的作用。     

如何延长工蜂的寿命

工蜂寿命的长短 ,直接关系蜂群的兴衰 ,蜜蜂健康 ,寿命长 ,积累蜂多 ,采集力强 ,经济效益就高 ;反之产量和收入就低。所以延长蜜蜂寿命 ,也是养蜂提高经济效益必须注意的问题。影响蜜蜂寿命的因素 ,除遗传因素外 ,主要是营养因素 ;劳损因素 ;伤害因素。营养充足 ,劳损程度低 ,意外伤害少 ,蜜蜂就健康 ,寿命长。一是营养因素。营养是否充足全面 ,直接关系到蜜蜂的生长发育和寿命长短。蜜蜂的营养主要来自蜂蜜和花粉。花粉是蜜蜂蛋白质的唯一来源 ,而蛋白质是构成蜜蜂组织、腺体、血液等的物质 ,没有足够的蛋白质 ,幼虫难以发育生长 ,新蜂腺体…     

影响吉林省蜂群安全越冬因素分析

蜂群越冬效果决定养蜂生产的成败,通过近3年的蜜蜂越冬情况调查分析:多变的气候造成蜜蜂越冬起止时间推迟、蜜源破坏严重不能满足蜂群繁殖需要、病虫害消耗蜜蜂体质缩短寿命以及饲料营养不足等是造成蜜蜂越冬失败的主要原因。     

花粉品质和种类多样性对蜜蜂健康的影响

以蜜蜂为代表的授粉者对于植物的授粉活动,不管是对自然生态的多样性还是对农业生产都是一个关键因素。花粉是影响蜜蜂健康和寿命的主要因素。同时影响了蜜蜂的生理和对于微孢子虫的耐受性,脂质可能也影响了蜜蜂的健康。     

雌性蜜蜂级型决定的分子机制

环境不同,蜜蜂受精卵发育成的二倍体雌性蜂会选择性地发育成蜂王或工蜂。这一发育转变的基础并非蜂王和工蜂之间的基因组差异,而是调控幼虫发育命运的一套基因的差异表达。从营养、激素、蛋白质组、基因转录产物和DNA甲基化等方面对决定蜜蜂级型分化的分子机制进行了综述,并对以后的研究方向进行了展望。     

人工饲粮对幼年工蜂生长发育及生理代谢的影响

本试验利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对幼年工蜂进行代谢组学分析,旨在探究不同人工饲粮对幼年工蜂生长发育及生理代谢的影响,为蜂王邮寄的人工饲粮配制提供一定理论依据.试验选取1日龄的意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)300只,分为5组,分别饲喂5种人工饲粮,每组30只工蜂.对照组饲粮:...     

熊蜂和蜜蜂为日光温室草莓授粉效果的比较

通过熊蜂和蜜蜂在日光温室中为草莓授粉的比较试验得出,熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率(分别为11.52%和17.74%)更低,差异显著(P<0.05);平均单果重(分别为33.9171g和33.1156g)较重,差异不显著(P>0.05);VC平均含量(分别为0.6660mg/g和0.5970mg/g)较高,差异显著(P<0.05);可溶性糖平均值(分别为4.93%和6.03%)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05);可滴定酸平均含量(分别为0.1235mmol/g和0.1265mmol/g)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果进一步说明了熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合为日光温室草莓授粉。     

Circle of life: the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) adaptations to the urban environment

Traditionally, urbanization has been seen as a negative phenomenon for biota. However, changes in the environmental parameters induced by urbanization might be favorable for some species. Over the past half‐century, the common hamster has actively populated cities, establishing populations in some European, Russian and Kazakhstan cities. Based on integrative methods, we investigated free‐range common hamsters inhabiting Simferopol from 2015 to 2018 to reveal possible adaptations to the urbanized environment across several parameters, including lifespan, hibernation period, reproductive activity and body mass. Results show that in urban areas, the common hamster demonstrates an extremely short hibernation period compared to other localities, possibly due to enhanced food resources from urban forestry (walnuts, locus and hazelnut), allowing the species to start breeding very early (February) and finish as late as October. We present the first evidence of polyandry for this species: mating of receptive females with several males and subsequent confirmation of multiple paternity. Despite high reproductive potential, the lifespan of the common hamster in urban conditions is generally very short (less than 1 year). We speculate that in the process of synurbization, the common hamster's innate plasticity across many life history traits permits it to successfully colonize throughout a wide range of habitats, with the ability to form novel adaptations to urban environments.     

First detection of Lake Sinai virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and wild arthropods in Japan

Lake Sinai virus (LSV), an RNA virus, is suspected to be associated with poor health in honeybees (Apis mellifera). We examined LSV in 26 specimens of healthy honeybees and 44 specimens of wild arthropods in the Gifu Prefecture, Japan. LSV was found more frequently in honeybee specimens (11/26, 42.3%) than in wild arthropod specimens (1/44, 2.3%) (P<0.01). Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analysis revealed two lineages: LSV3 in honeybees, and LSV4 in both honeybees and wild arthropods. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LSV prevalence in honeybees and wild arthropods in Japan.     

影响蜜蜂采集信息传递内在因素的研究

蜜蜂营社会性生活,靠采集花粉和花蜜为生。蜜蜂采集行为是蜂群社会得以延续的基础,信息传递是蜂群正常生活的纽带。为了解蜜蜂采集行为信息传递机制,分析影响蜜蜂采集行为信息传递的内在因素,我们借鉴了已有的蜜蜂行为实验方法进行了深入研究。通过采用剪触角和AB胶覆盖触角阻断蜜蜂嗅觉信息输入的方法,证明了蜜蜂可以只通过视觉找到采食地点;通过用甜味物质（糖水）和苦味物质分剐刺激与同时刺激相比对的方法,从统计学角度初步证实了蜜蜂对苦味不灵敏;通过观察统计中华蜜蜂、意大利蜜蜂和中、意蜂混合蜂群的舞蹈行为。发现从距离蜂巢100m、300m、500m、700m和900m处采集回巢的中、意蜂的摆尾时间存在显著差异,进一步证实了中、意蜂之间存在不同“方言”。     

Regulation of T cell homeostasis during fetal and early postnatal life

Before parturition the fetal lamb develops a large pool of long-lived recirculating T cells which provides a large population of naive T cells with a diverse TcR repertoire. After birth and concomitant with exposure to environment antigens, fetal T cells are rapidly replaced by short-lived cells formed postnatally. The majority of thymic emigrants homing to spleen in postnatal lambs are short-lived, in contrast to emigrants targeting lymph nodes where a population appears to be long-lived. The lifespan of thymic emigrants in the fetus is unknown as in the relative importance of antigen-driven processes versus developmental programming in regulating T cell homeostasis in early postnatal life.     

综述蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法

蜜蜂微孢子虫可感染蜜蜂,引起蜜蜂孢子虫病,严重影响蜜蜂的生长繁殖,对养蜂业造成巨大损失,是感染蜜蜂的主要病原微生物之一。结合实验室经验,主要从感染前预防和感染后治疗两方面出发,介绍了蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法,为防治蜜蜂孢子虫病提供一个系统而全面的参考。     

Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in honeybee (Apis mellifera) therapy,to control Nosema ceranae invasions in apiary conditions

Nosema ceranae can cause major problems, such as immune suppression, gut epithelial cell degeneration, reduced honeybee lifespan, or suddenly colony collapse. As a novel approach in therapy, we hypothesize the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in honeybee therapy, to control N. ceranae invasions in apiary conditions: BPC 157 treated sugar syrup (0.25 L sugar syrup supplemented with 0.1 μg/ml BPC 157), as well as the pure sugar syrup (0.25 L sugar syrup; control), was administered to honeybee colonies in feeders situated under the roof of the hives, during 21 consecutive days, at the end of beekeeping season. The strength of honeybee colonies was increased 20 and 30 days after initial feeding with BPC 157 supplement (Day 1, 36.100 ± 698; Day 20, 64.860 ± 468; Day 30, 53.214 ± 312 estimated number of honeybees), in field conditions. The similar successful outcome occurs with the N. ceranae spore loads counted in the homogenates of sampled adult honeybees (Day 1, 6.286 ± 2.336; Day 20, 3.753 ± 1.835; Day 30, 2.005 ± 1.534 million spores/bee). Accordingly, with the noted increased strength of the colonies fed with sugar syrup supplemented with BPC 157, the number of N. ceranae spores per honeybee gradually decreased as well. Besides, honeybees infected with N. ceranae fed with sugar syrup exhibited severe damage of midgut wall layers and epithelial cells. By contrast, in honeybees infected with N. ceranae fed with sugar syrup supplemented with BPC 157, all damages were markedly attenuated, damages of the outer muscular coat, in particular. In conclusion, the results of the first field trial on diseased honeybee colonies with BPC 157 indicate significant therapeutic effects with the used oral therapy with BPC 157 supplementation.     

蜜蜂的数量分类研究

本文运用电子计算机对蜜蜂种类进行了数量分类研究。结果表明 :聚类分析有助于揭示蜂种间的亲缘关系 ,是蜂种分类的一种有效方法。